review of literature
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REVIEWING THE LITERATURE
Meghana SudhirMeghana Sudhir
INTRODUCTIONResearch is a major force in nursingResearch is a major force in nursingThe knowledge generated from research isThe knowledge generated from research is
• Changing nursing practiceChanging nursing practice• Nursing educationNursing education• Health policyHealth policy
Research is never conducted in an intellectual vacuumResearch is never conducted in an intellectual vacuumStudies are done with in the context of existing knowledge baseStudies are done with in the context of existing knowledge baseTo familiarize with the knowledge base, reviewing the literature To familiarize with the knowledge base, reviewing the literature is very is very
essentialessential
Literature Review
Summary of current theoretical and empirical sources
Generates a picture of known and unknown problem
A critical summary of research topic.
PurposePurpose
Reviewing helps in determining current knowledge Reviewing helps in determining current knowledge
aboutabout
– A particular practice problemA particular practice problem
– Known and not known/past and current problemKnown and not known/past and current problem
– To summarize knowledge for use in practiceTo summarize knowledge for use in practice
– Provides a basis for conducting study.Provides a basis for conducting study.
Scope should be broad enough to-
– Familiarize the problem
– Narrow enough to include relevant source
1. Source of research article:1. Source of research article:
Once the problem is formulated, Once the problem is formulated,
undertake extensive literature survey undertake extensive literature survey
connected with the problem.connected with the problem.
PART –A DETAILS ABOUT
RESEARCH ARTICLE
I. TheoreticalI. Theoretical Concerned with knowledgeConcerned with knowledge Based on theory rather than experience.Based on theory rather than experience. Sources found in periodicals, monographs – written onesSources found in periodicals, monographs – written onesII EmpiricalII Empirical Based on observationsBased on observations Based on experimentsBased on experiments Relevant studies published in journals, books, unpublished Relevant studies published in journals, books, unpublished
studiesstudies
Source of research article:Source of research article: Cont….
Predominantly two important sourcesPredominantly two important sources
Source of research article: Cont………….Source of research article: Cont………….
These two includeThese two include Concept analysisConcept analysis ModelsModels TheoriesTheories Conceptual frameworkConceptual framework
– Supports a research problemSupports a research problem– Reflects on the current understanding of the problemReflects on the current understanding of the problem– Provides basis for study frameworkProvides basis for study framework
Source of research article:Source of research article: Cont……..
Other published information
Description of critical situation Educational literature Position paper
Reviewed but rarely cited as they are more subjective (Pinch, 1995)
Source of research article:Source of research article: Cont…………..
Theoretical and empirical sources Theoretical and empirical sources
A. Primary source
Written by the researcher himself who
conducted the study
Responsible for generating ideas
published – e.g.: empirical publications
Cont…….
B. Secondary sourceB. Secondary source
Summaries or quotes from primary sourceSummaries or quotes from primary source
Authors paraphrase the works of researcherAuthors paraphrase the works of researcher
Writing article is subjective – influenced by the author’s Writing article is subjective – influenced by the author’s
perception and biasperception and bias
Fails to provide details about studyFails to provide details about study
Secondary source is not substitute for primary sourceSecondary source is not substitute for primary source
E.g.:E.g.: original qualitative experience in the ICU- original qualitative experience in the ICU- Primary Primary
sourcesource
Reviewing literature on patients, experience in ICU – Reviewing literature on patients, experience in ICU –
Secondary sourceSecondary source
Theoretical and empirical sources may be available as Cont….
Theoretical and empirical sources may be available as Cont….
Primary sources are cited predominantly Primary sources are cited predominantly
Secondary sources are used only if-Secondary sources are used only if-
– Primary source is not locatedPrimary source is not located
– Primary source does not provide creative ideaPrimary source does not provide creative idea
– Unique organization is not found in Primary sourceUnique organization is not found in Primary source
– Primary source is consulted whenever possiblePrimary source is consulted whenever possible
III . Reading/ Critiquing/ The Literature Article For Review
Research reports need– Identification and critiquing for quality
– Source should be relevant and current (last 5 to 10 years)
– Before writing review know how to read research report
III Reading/ Critiquing/ The Literature Article For Review Cont….
Organization of report / reviewOrganization of report / review In a format In a format Particular style Particular style Consisting of six areas with four Consisting of six areas with four
major sectionsmajor sections 1.1. IntroductionIntroduction2.2. MethodMethod3.3. Results MResults Major sectionsajor sections 4.4. DiscussionDiscussion5.5. AbstractAbstract6.6. ReferenceReference
Organization of report / review Cont…….Organization of report / review Cont…….
1. Introduction1. Introduction Acquainting readers with research problem and its contentAcquainting readers with research problem and its content May or may not be labeled May or may not be labeled Follow immediately after the abstract Follow immediately after the abstract Describes central phenomena, concepts/ variables understudy/ Describes central phenomena, concepts/ variables understudy/
problem areasproblem areas Review of related literatureReview of related literature Knowledge relating to study problemsKnowledge relating to study problems How study fits with previous findingsHow study fits with previous findings Contribution of the new study / importance to nursingContribution of the new study / importance to nursing Introduction sets stage for description of what is done and Introduction sets stage for description of what is done and
what was learnedwhat was learned by researcher
Organization of report / review Cont…….Organization of report / review Cont…….2.Method2.MethodResearch designResearch designPlan for collecting data Plan for collecting data
Steps adapted to minimize biasSteps adapted to minimize biasInterpretation of results Interpretation of results Subjects – population under studySubjects – population under study• specification of the criteria of sampling specification of the criteria of sampling
• Actual sample – selection and number Actual sample – selection and number
Measures and data collection Measures and data collection • Method and procedure Method and procedure • Operationalization of variablesOperationalization of variables• Quality of measuringQuality of measuring
Study procedure Study procedure • To conduct studyTo conduct study• Description of intervention Description of intervention • Protection of rights of human subjectsProtection of rights of human subjects
Organization of report / review Cont…….Organization of report / review Cont…….
3. Results3. Results Research findingsResearch findings
Summaries of the findings with tables and figuresSummaries of the findings with tables and figures
Highlight of note worthy resultsHighlight of note worthy results
Key variables using simple statistics. Eg:- prenatal drug Key variables using simple statistics. Eg:- prenatal drug
exposure on birth outcomes of infant describesexposure on birth outcomes of infant describes
– average birth weightaverage birth weight
– APGAR score of infantsAPGAR score of infants
3. Results Cont…….3. Results Cont…….
Significance Significance
Results of statistical test – probably valid and Results of statistical test – probably valid and
replicable with new sample of subjects replicable with new sample of subjects
Level of significance – how probable the findings Level of significance – how probable the findings
are reliable are reliable .e.g.:-.e.g.:-findings are significant at 0.05 findings are significant at 0.05
levellevel
4. Discussion Qualitative and quantitative report Interpretation of results Draws conclusions about meaning of the findings Translation of findings into practical, conceptual and theoretical
meaning Application of findings
– Study limitations– Sample deficiencies– Design problems– Weakness in data collection
Demonstrates that author was aware of limitation and interprets the findings based on the results
5.Abstract5.AbstractBrief description of the study placed in the beginning of the articleBrief description of the study placed in the beginning of the articleIs about 100 – 200 wordsIs about 100 – 200 wordsContent Content
•Research questionResearch question•Method used to address the questionMethod used to address the question•FindingsFindings•Implication for nursing practiceImplication for nursing practice
Traditional organization of abstractTraditional organization of abstract•BackgroundBackground
•ObjectivesObjectives•MethodMethod•ResultsResults
•ConclusionConclusion•Key wordsKey words
6.Reference
Article conclude with a list of –books,
reports referred
Reference is an excellent place to
begin in
perusing information / additional
reading
Tips For Reading Research Article
1. Preliminary hints on digesting report 1. Preliminary hints on digesting report and dealing with issuesand dealing with issues
Get accustomed to the style by repeated frequent Get accustomed to the style by repeated frequent readingreadingRead slowly and carefully to get major points Read slowly and carefully to get major points Read critically while preparing a written reviewRead critically while preparing a written reviewKeep underlying rationale of research in mind Keep underlying rationale of research in mind Use highlighter for underliningUse highlighter for underliningWrite questions/ notes in the marginWrite questions/ notes in the margin
Tips For Reading Research Article Cont……..
Train yourself to become active reader Train yourself to become active reader
Ask research instructor/ faculty member for clarificationAsk research instructor/ faculty member for clarification
if problem in comprehensionif problem in comprehension
Look up unfamiliar terms in glossary/indexLook up unfamiliar terms in glossary/index
Grasp the gist of the story without letting formulas and Grasp the gist of the story without letting formulas and
numbersnumbers
Translate them mentally/ in writing till you accustom to Translate them mentally/ in writing till you accustom to
the style and Jargon of articlethe style and Jargon of article
IV Depth And Breadth Of Literature IV Depth And Breadth Of Literature
CoverageCoverageHow broad the literature should be?How broad the literature should be?
•No convenient formula for the number of reference and also No convenient formula for the number of reference and also
pagespages
Extensiveness / Depth depends on number of factorsExtensiveness / Depth depends on number of factors
•Major determinantsMajor determinants
•Nature of document being preparedNature of document being prepared
1. A review included in a research report1. A review included in a research report
2. A review included in a research proposal2. A review included in a research proposal
3. A review is a Thesis / dissertation3. A review is a Thesis / dissertation
4. Free – standing LR4. Free – standing LR
Breadth of LR Depends on the topic and extensivity of the topic For some topic – non nursing literature (sociology,
psychology, biology/medicine)reviewed Relevance and quality are the key criteria Literature related to the problems merits more
detailed coverage Study indirectly related – summarized/ omitted if
page is restricted
Locating relevant literature articles for reviewLocating relevant literature articles for review Ability to identify and locate document is
important , skill It requires adaptability to
– Rapid technological changes – internet– Manual method of findings of information from
print source
Internet / online search Internet / online search
An important bibliographic
development
accessed through , Yahoo, Google etc
Internet bibliographic information is not
comprehensive
May create frustration with searching
Internet / online search Cont……..Internet / online search Cont……..
Conducting a computer search of relevant databases Generates list of references with bibliographic
information Helps to determine quickly the relevancy of study Advantage – comprehensive, affordable, accessible and
easy to conduct Students provided with an account for accessibility to
internet World wide web (www) information service access to
internet resource by content
Internet / online search Cont……..Internet / online search Cont…….. For nurses the
– CINHAL (Cumulative Index to Nursing Allied Health Literature) initiated in 1983
– MEDLARS(Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System)offered by National Library of Medicine(NAL)
– MEDLINE- Medical literature on-line – 6million articles from 3500 Biomedical Journals
– CHID- Combined health information data base– CATLINE- Catalogue on line
Locating source Organize the list of identified sources Search for the source Recording reference systematically
2.Using the Library / Library sources Journals Books Conference proceedings Masters thesis Doctorial dissertation Publication of professional organization Government documents
Cont……..
International nursing Index Cumulative index to nursing and allied health literature
– Nursing study index – Index medicus– Hospital literature index
Indexes are published periodically through out the year with annual cumulative index
Index provides assistance Identifies the appropriate subject heading in the index
Cont………
International nursing Index Cont…….
Proceed to the subject section of the interest Searching the catalogue and indexes Catalogue identifies what is available in the
library and on an online computer Books are excellent sources (do not over look the
value believing the content is too old) for qualitative research.
Books include extensive bibliography
Tips for locating Locating information is like being a
detective Lot of sifting and sorting of the clues to
knowledge on a topic Be prepared for slenthing Ask help from library for detective
work
Part- BPreparing a written literature review
FLOW OF TASK IN LITERATURE REVIEWFLOW OF TASK IN LITERATURE REVIEW
Identify key words
and concepts
Identify potential
references through
electronic or manual search
Retrieve promising references
Screen references for relevance and appropriatene
ss
Read relevant
reference and take
notes
Organize reference
Analyze and integrate materials
Write review
Identify new references through citations
Discard irrelevant
and inappropriate references
Preparing a written literature review
1. . Screening referenceScreening reference
Literature search needs screeningLiterature search needs screening
– Is the list readily availableIs the list readily available
– Relevance of the referenceRelevance of the reference
– Studies methodologic qualityStudies methodologic quality
2. Abstracting and recording notes2. Abstracting and recording notes
Read the entire report carefully and criticallyRead the entire report carefully and critically
Identify material observing Identify material observing
Flows in the studyFlows in the study
Gaps in the reportGaps in the report
Sl. NoSl. No AuthorAuthor Type of Type of studystudy
SampleSample DesignDesign Data Data collection collection approachapproach
Key Key findingsfindings
3.Organizing the review3.Organizing the reviewCritical taskCritical taskLiterature is extensiveLiterature is extensivePrepare a summary tablePrepare a summary table
Table provides quick over view of mass of informationTable provides quick over view of mass of information
Tips- Figure out a way to cluster and compare studiesTips- Figure out a way to cluster and compare studies
•Search for important themesSearch for important themes
3.Organizing the review Cont…….3.Organizing the review Cont…….
Writing a literature review- Is not complete until draft and edited a written product
Content of written literature review Provide objectives Well organized summary on stock of knowledge on a
topic Series of quotes or a series of abstract No need of giving extensive coverage for every reference Information of prevalence of the problem build a core for there new study
Style of research reviewStyle of research review Students will have trouble adjusting to the standardStudents will have trouble adjusting to the standard Hypothesis are not proved, they are supported by research Hypothesis are not proved, they are supported by research
findingsfindings Theories are not verified but tentatively acceptedTheories are not verified but tentatively accepted
Tips-Tips- Phrases are in need while describing study findingsPhrases are in need while describing study findings Several studies have found Several studies have found Finds thus far suggestedFinds thus far suggested Results from a landmark study indicatedResults from a landmark study indicated The data support the hypothesisThe data support the hypothesis There appears to be strong evidence thatThere appears to be strong evidence that
• A related stylistic problem is an inclination of novice reviewers to A related stylistic problem is an inclination of novice reviewers to interpret opinion into the reviewinterpret opinion into the review
• Reviewers own opinion do not belong in a review with exception of Reviewers own opinion do not belong in a review with exception of assessmentassessment
Conclusion Conclusion 11. . Methodology may defer but basic approach remains the Methodology may defer but basic approach remains the
samesame2. Review literature is essential and an important part in a 2. Review literature is essential and an important part in a
research studyresearch study3. Don’t forget to have the following points3. Don’t forget to have the following points
• IntroductionIntroduction• MethodMethod• ResultResult• DiscussionDiscussion• AbstractAbstract• ReferenceReference
4. The significance of research lies in its quality and not in 4. The significance of research lies in its quality and not in quantityquantity
THANK YOU !
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