respiratory pharmacology
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Respiratory Respiratory PharmacologyPharmacology
Dr Mike IredaleDr Mike Iredale
October 2010October 2010
CASE PRESENTATIONCASE PRESENTATION
23 yr female; presents to A&E23 yr female; presents to A&E
5/7 URTI5/7 URTI
3/7 cough + wheeze 3/7 cough + wheeze
- waking at night- waking at night
- relief inhaler (Salbutamol) less - relief inhaler (Salbutamol) less effectiveeffective
- peak flow dropping- peak flow dropping
CASE PRESENTATIONCASE PRESENTATION
Asthma for 10 years, 1 previous admissionAsthma for 10 years, 1 previous admission
Best peak flow (when well): 350 l/minBest peak flow (when well): 350 l/min
Rx:Rx:
Fluticasone / Salmeterol combination Fluticasone / Salmeterol combination MDI; bdMDI; bd
MontelukastMontelukast
Salbutamol MDI; prnSalbutamol MDI; prn
CASE PRESENTATIONCASE PRESENTATION
Ox: Ox: unable to complete sentencesunable to complete sentencespulse: 110/minpulse: 110/minRR: 35/minRR: 35/minPeak Flow: 150 l/minPeak Flow: 150 l/minBilateral polyphonic wheezeBilateral polyphonic wheezeSaOSaO22: 93% on high flow oxygen: 93% on high flow oxygenABG: pOABG: pO22 8.6 kPa; pCO 8.6 kPa; pCO22 4.7 kPa 4.7 kPaCXR: hyperinflation onlyCXR: hyperinflation only
CASE PRESENTATIONCASE PRESENTATION
Rx: Rx: High Flow OxygenHigh Flow Oxygen
Nebulised SalbutamolNebulised Salbutamol
Nebulised Ipratropium (as poor Nebulised Ipratropium (as poor response)response)
Hydrocortisone + Prednisolone Hydrocortisone + Prednisolone prescribedprescribed
Review: Review: remains wheezy / distressed,remains wheezy / distressed,
peak flow 200/minpeak flow 200/min
CASE PRESENTATIONCASE PRESENTATION
Rx: Rx: IV MagnesiumIV Magnesium
IV AminophyllineIV Aminophylline
repeated nebulised bronchodilatorsrepeated nebulised bronchodilators
admitted to HDU – for close admitted to HDU – for close monitoringmonitoring
CASE PRESENTATIONCASE PRESENTATION
Outcome:Outcome:slow recovery over 5 daysslow recovery over 5 daysinitial improvement in pm peak initial improvement in pm peak
flowflowlater improvement in am peak flowlater improvement in am peak flow
review of maintenance therapy + review of maintenance therapy + inhaler inhaler technique pre-dischargetechnique pre-discharge
asthma clinic review after 4/52asthma clinic review after 4/52
Drugs for Airway DiseaseDrugs for Airway Disease
BB22-agonist – short & long acting-agonist – short & long acting Anticholinergic – Ipratropium / Anticholinergic – Ipratropium /
TiotropiumTiotropium Corticosteroids - inhaledCorticosteroids - inhaled Leukotriene receptor antagonistLeukotriene receptor antagonist Theophylline Theophylline
(Mucolytics)(Mucolytics) OmalizumabOmalizumab
BB22-agonists-agonists
Selective betaSelective beta22-adrenoceptor agonists-adrenoceptor agonists
- bronchodilatation via cAMP - bronchodilatation via cAMP dependent mechanismdependent mechanism
BB22-agonists-agonists
Short acting: Salbutamol / TerbutalineShort acting: Salbutamol / Terbutaline- rapid onset of action (within 5 min)- rapid onset of action (within 5 min)- short duration (4 hours)- short duration (4 hours)
- inhaled (100mcg / puff – Salbutamol)- inhaled (100mcg / puff – Salbutamol)- nebulised (5mg)- nebulised (5mg)- IV or sub-cut (terbutaline)- IV or sub-cut (terbutaline)- oral (slow release preparations)- oral (slow release preparations)
BB22-agonists-agonists
Long acting: Salmeterol / FormoterolLong acting: Salmeterol / Formoterol
- salmeterol: slower onset of action - salmeterol: slower onset of action (15min)(15min)
- long duration of action (>12 hours)- long duration of action (>12 hours)
- used as maintenance therapy- used as maintenance therapy
BB22-agonists-agonists
Side-effects:Side-effects:
fine tremorfine tremor
palpitationspalpitations
headache / nervous tensionheadache / nervous tension
hypokalaemia (high doses)hypokalaemia (high doses)
AnticholinergicsAnticholinergics
muscarinic receptor antagonists muscarinic receptor antagonists (parasympathetic)(parasympathetic)
- bronchodilatation via cGMP - bronchodilatation via cGMP mediated mechanismmediated mechanism
AnticholinergicsAnticholinergics
Short-acting:Short-acting:
Ipratropium: Ipratropium: onset within 30 onset within 30 minmin
duration 6 hoursduration 6 hours
- inhaled (20mcg / puff)- inhaled (20mcg / puff)
- nebulised (250 – 500 mcg)- nebulised (250 – 500 mcg)
AnticholinergicsAnticholinergics
Long Acting:Long Acting:
Tiotropium: Tiotropium: duration of action >24 duration of action >24 hourshours
once dailyonce daily
Handihaler: 18 mcgHandihaler: 18 mcg
Respimat: 5 mcgRespimat: 5 mcg
AnticholinergicsAnticholinergicsSide effects:Side effects:
dry mouthdry mouthnausea / headache / palpitationnausea / headache / palpitationurinary retentionurinary retentionblurred visionblurred visionangle-closure glaucomaangle-closure glaucoma
Caution:Caution:prostatic hyperplasia / bladder prostatic hyperplasia / bladder
outlet outlet obstruction / glaucomaobstruction / glaucoma
Inhaled CorticosteroidsInhaled Corticosteroids
Anti-inflammatory therapyAnti-inflammatory therapy Transported into cell nucleus for Transported into cell nucleus for
effecteffect Influence transcriptionInfluence transcription Preventative / maintenance therapyPreventative / maintenance therapy
‘‘topical therapy’topical therapy’- clinical benefit, whilst - clinical benefit, whilst
minimising side-minimising side- effects effects
Inhaled CorticosteroidsInhaled Corticosteroids
Beclomethasone (BDP)Beclomethasone (BDP) BudesonideBudesonide FluticasoneFluticasone MometasoneMometasone CiclesonideCiclesonide
- numerous doses / devices- numerous doses / devices- dose response curve not linear- dose response curve not linear
Inhaled CorticosteroidsInhaled Corticosteroids
Common adult starting dose 400mcg BDPCommon adult starting dose 400mcg BDP
Top doses: 2,000mg Fluticasone (10x Top doses: 2,000mg Fluticasone (10x higher)higher)
Combinations (with LABA):Combinations (with LABA):Fluticasone / SalmeterolFluticasone / SalmeterolBudesonide / FormoterolBudesonide / Formoterol
(Beclomethasone / Formoterol)(Beclomethasone / Formoterol)
Inhaled Steroid Inhaled Steroid ComparisonComparison
Against Beclomethasone (BDP) (CFC)Against Beclomethasone (BDP) (CFC)
Budesonide Budesonide 1:11:1Fluticasone Fluticasone 1:21:2Mometasone Mometasone 1:21:2Ciclesonide Ciclesonide ? ?
HFA BDP pMDI (QVAR)HFA BDP pMDI (QVAR) 1:21:2Non-QVAR HFA BDPNon-QVAR HFA BDP 1:11:1
Inhaled CorticosteroidsInhaled Corticosteroids
Side- Effects: - much less than oral Side- Effects: - much less than oral steroidsteroidoral candidiasisoral candidiasisdysphoniadysphonia
bruisingbruisingosteoporosis ?osteoporosis ?growth retardation (children)growth retardation (children)(adrenal suppression)(adrenal suppression)
Leukotriene AntagonistsLeukotriene Antagonists
Competetive anataginist of Competetive anataginist of leukotriene receptors (affect action of leukotriene receptors (affect action of cysteinyl leukotrienes)cysteinyl leukotrienes) Mucosal oedemaMucosal oedema Mucus productionMucus production Inflammatory cell recruitmentInflammatory cell recruitment
Used in addition to inhaled Used in addition to inhaled corticosteroidcorticosteroid
LeukotrienesLeukotrienesArachadonic acidArachadonic acid
5-lipoxygenase5-lipoxygenase
cyclo-oxygenasecyclo-oxygenase Leukotriene ALeukotriene A44
ProstaglandinsProstaglandins Leukotriene BLeukotriene B44
Leukotriene CLeukotriene C44
Leukotriene DLeukotriene D44
Leukotriene ELeukotriene E44
Leukotriene AntagonistsLeukotriene Antagonists
Montelukast: 10 mg once daily Montelukast: 10 mg once daily (evening)(evening)
Zafirlukast:Zafirlukast: 20mg twice daily20mg twice daily
Onset of action usually within a few Onset of action usually within a few daysdays
Leukotriene Receptor Leukotriene Receptor AntagonistsAntagonists
effective in asthmaeffective in asthma improve lung functionimprove lung function reduce symptomsreduce symptoms reduce relief bronchodilator usereduce relief bronchodilator use
effective at all asthma severityeffective at all asthma severity rapid onset of actionrapid onset of action equivalent to 400 -500 mcg equivalent to 400 -500 mcg
beclomethasonebeclomethasone effective in 73 % patientseffective in 73 % patients
Leukotriene AntagonistsLeukotriene Antagonists
Side-effects:Side-effects:
Headache / GI disturbanceHeadache / GI disturbance
?? Churg-Strauss syndrome?? Churg-Strauss syndrome
TheophyllineTheophylline
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor (7 Phosphodiesterase inhibitor (7 isoenzymes)isoenzymes)
- bronchodilatation- bronchodilatation
- ? Anti-inflammatory- ? Anti-inflammatory
- improve muscle strength- improve muscle strength
TheophyllineTheophylline
Theophylline:Theophylline:
Nuelin / Slo-phyllin / UniphyllinNuelin / Slo-phyllin / Uniphyllin
Aminophylline:Aminophylline:
Aminophylline SR / PhyllocontinAminophylline SR / Phyllocontin
IV: 250mg bolus / 0.5 mg / Kg / hrIV: 250mg bolus / 0.5 mg / Kg / hr
TheophyllineTheophylline
Metabolism: hepatic, variableMetabolism: hepatic, variable
- variation in ½-life- variation in ½-life
Narrow theraputic window: 10 – 20 Narrow theraputic window: 10 – 20 mg/lmg/l
Interaction: Erythromycin / Interaction: Erythromycin / CiprofloxacinCiprofloxacin
TheophyllineTheophylline
Side-effects:Side-effects:
nauseanausea
palpitationpalpitation
headacheheadache
arrhythmiasarrhythmias
convulsionsconvulsions
MucolyticsMucolytics
Reduce sputum viscosityReduce sputum viscosity
CarbocysteineCarbocysteine ErdosteineErdosteine MecysteineMecysteine
Caution with Hx Peptic UlcerCaution with Hx Peptic Ulcer
Omalizumab – anti-IgEOmalizumab – anti-IgE- humanised monoclonal IgG G1-blocking humanised monoclonal IgG G1-blocking
antibody against IgEantibody against IgE
- forms complexes with IgE without forms complexes with IgE without activation, so removes circulating and activation, so removes circulating and tissue IgE and promotes loss of high tissue IgE and promotes loss of high affinity receptors on effector cellsaffinity receptors on effector cells
- markedly reduces levels of free serum markedly reduces levels of free serum IgEIgE
OmalizumabOmalizumab
UK Licence – adults & children >12UK Licence – adults & children >12
- Patients on high-dose inhaled steroid - Patients on high-dose inhaled steroid and long-acting B2-agonist who have and long-acting B2-agonist who have impaired lung function, are impaired lung function, are symptomatic with frequent symptomatic with frequent exacerbations, and have allergy as exacerbations, and have allergy as an important cause of their asthma.an important cause of their asthma.
OmalizumabOmalizumabDose: 0.016 mg / Kg / unit IgEDose: 0.016 mg / Kg / unit IgE
- only effective if have high IgE (must - only effective if have high IgE (must be less than 700)be less than 700)
- sub-cut injection every 2-4 weeks- sub-cut injection every 2-4 weeks- takes up to 16 weeks for effect- takes up to 16 weeks for effect
- local skin reaction- local skin reaction- anaphylaxis has been reported - anaphylaxis has been reported
(administer only under direct medical (administer only under direct medical supervision)supervision)
Cost: average £8,000 paCost: average £8,000 pa
OmalizumabOmalizumab
Benefits:Benefits:
19% reduction in exacerbation needing oral steroid19% reduction in exacerbation needing oral steroid
26% reduction in severe exacerbation 26% reduction in severe exacerbation
Minor increase in FEV1 and reduction in B2-Minor increase in FEV1 and reduction in B2-agonist useagonist use
13% patients had significant improvement in health 13% patients had significant improvement in health related QoLrelated QoL
Emergency OxygenEmergency Oxygen
Must be prescribedMust be prescribed Target saturation rangeTarget saturation range
94-98% - acutely unwell94-98% - acutely unwell 88-92% - if risk of hypercapnic 88-92% - if risk of hypercapnic
respiratory failurerespiratory failure Appropriate devices & flow ratesAppropriate devices & flow rates Assess responseAssess response
Emergency OxygenEmergency Oxygen
Is patient in Respiratory failure Is patient in Respiratory failure (pO(pO22 < 8kPa)? < 8kPa)? Oxygen saturation (< 92%)Oxygen saturation (< 92%)
Type 1 or Type 2?Type 1 or Type 2? ABGABG
What is the cause?What is the cause? Treat or investigate if cause unknownTreat or investigate if cause unknown
Prescribe oxygen appropriatelyPrescribe oxygen appropriately
Emergency OxygenEmergency Oxygen
Type 1: - high flow oxygen; target Type 1: - high flow oxygen; target 94-98%94-98% Venturi (35-60%) or reservoir maskVenturi (35-60%) or reservoir mask
Type 2: without acidosis; target 88-Type 2: without acidosis; target 88-92%92% Venturi 24-28%Venturi 24-28%
Type 2: with acidosis (pH < 7.35)Type 2: with acidosis (pH < 7.35) Consider augmented ventilation (NIV / Consider augmented ventilation (NIV /
IPPV) + target 88-92%IPPV) + target 88-92%
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