resource and disaster management

RESOURCE AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT The Business of Water in the Philippines

Fernando G. Sajona MAPÚ A UNIVERSITY

WATER CAN BE A BLESSING OR A CURSE

TECTONIC MAP Earthquake generators • 4 Trenches • Major fault • Volcanoes

DISTRIBUTION OF

VOLCANOES

26 Active volcanoes 27 Potentially active

volcanoes Numerous inactive volcanoes

PHILIPPINE CLIMATE

FOREST COVER

HISTORCAL TYPHOON

TRAJECTORIES

Highly susceptible to typhoon; located in the Pacific Typhoon Belt Area

CLIMATE VULNERABILITY

24 Typhoons per year

CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY

Population Density

Land area:

301,780 km2

Population :

103.3 M (2016)

104.9 M (2017)

Water, water everywhere

PHILIPPINE WATER RESOURCES

Dependable surface water supply- 125,790 MCM/year Groundwater potential: ca. 20,200 MCM/year

Administrative Regions

For a more comprehensive planning, the country is divided into 12

water resources region based on hydrological boundaries

II: Cagayan Valley I: Ilocos

III: Central Luzon

IV: Southern Tagalog

V: Bicol

VIII: Eastern Visayas

VI: Western Visayas

VII: Central Visayas

Water Resources Regions

X: Northern Mindanao

XI: Southwestern Mindanao

XII: Southern Mindanao

XII: Southeastern Mindanao

Major River Basins

Mindanao River Basin the

2nd largest – 23,169 sq.km.

drainage area

Agusan River Basin the 3rd

largest – 10,921 sq.km

drainage area

Cagayan River Basin the

largest – 25,649 sq.km

drainage area

Groundwater Availability

Functional Chart of Water Related Agencies

The Water Sector

BFAR

Fisheries

Research

NAPC-WASCO

DOF-CDA

DBP DAR

DPWH MWSS

LWUA-WDs

PTA HUDCC

DILG-PMO

PEZA LGUs

Water Supply

NIA DA

BSWM

Agriculture/

Irrigation

DOE PSALM

NPC PEMC

Hydro Power

DOST-

PCAFNRRD

ERDB

PAF BSWM

Cloud Seeding

EMB DOH

BRL EHS

LGUs MWSS

LWUA-WDs

Water Quality &

Sanitation

FMB BSWM

NIA NPC

PAWB

Watershed

Management

NWRB BRS

NAMRIA LWUA

MGB PAGASA

MWSS NIA

Data

Collection

DPWH-PMO

OCD-NDCC

PAGASA

MMDA

Flood

Management

LLDA RDCs

BOI PEZA

RBCO

Integrated Area

Development

NEDA

Policy Making

NWRB

Coordination / Regulation

Regional, Provincial

LGUS

Academic Institutions

Private Sector, NGOs/CSOs

National

Policy Formulation and

Coordination Resource Regulation

Economic Regulation

The National Water Resources Board

Formulate policies and plans

within the framework of

Integrated Water Resources

Management (IWRM)

o Issues Water Permit

o Resolves Water Use

Conflicts

o Monitors compliance

of conditions of water

permit and policies

Protects consumers and safeguards

the economic viability of water

utilities

o Grant Certificate of Public Convenience (CPC)

o Sets water tariffs of private water providers

o Monitors compliance of laws and policies o Impose sanctions on violators

The National Water Resources Board

20

Purpose Amount %

Power 57.09%

Irrigation 31.35%

Industrial 7.41%

Domestic/ Municipal

3.34%

Others .81%

Municipal 3.34%

Industrial 7.41%

Irrigation 31.35%

Fisheries 0.35%

Power 57.09%

Recreation 0.12%

Livestock 0.01%

Others 0.33%

Water Allocated for Different Uses As of June 2018 in (lps)

Water allocated for different uses based on Water Permits issued by

NWRB

The National Water Resources Board

Purpose Amount %

Irrigation 73.045%

Industrial 17.27%

Domestic/ Municipal

7.787%

Others 2%

Water Allocated for Different Uses (Consumptive Use) As of June 2018 in (lps)

Considering hydropower use as non-consumptive: Agriculture is the major user compared to domestic, industrial and other uses.

Pressures on Local Water Resources

1) POPULATION GROWTH AND RAPID URBANIZATION Population 2017 – 104.9 million

2025 – 120.2 million 2040 – 141.7 million

2) POLLUTION Domestic sewage, industrial waste, fertilizers, pesticides and agro-

chemicals. 10% of rivers are polluted.

3) LAND CONVERSION Alters run-off patterns, inhibits natural recharge, causes siltation, alters natural flood control, water supply and quality

4) INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT Dams, dikes, levees, diversions, etc., alters timing and quantity of river

flows, nutrient and sediment transport, delta replenishment and block fish migrations.

5) OVER-HARVESTING AND EXPLOITATION Depletes groundwater; introduces contaminants; salt-water intrusion

6) CLIMATE CHANGE

Policy and Regulation Challenges

1) Existing regulatory set-up in the Philippines poses problems on conflicts of interests and possible overlapping of responsibilities that hinders effective water resources management (Madrazo, 2002).

2) Fragmented water sector where 32 government agencies are involved directly and indirectly.

3) Lack of clarity and understanding of water issues.

4) Conflicting laws (Philippine Water Code, Provincial Water Utilities Act, Local overnment Code, Indigenous Act, etc.)

5) Weak enforcement. NWRB has no “enforcement powers.”

6) Lack of appreciation of monitoring water (and soil) quality.

7) Insufficient appreciation and, therefore, budget allocation and investment for monitoring and research.

Technical Challenges

1) Water Supply – insufficient understanding of the quantity and spatial/temporal distribution of surface and groundwater resources.

• There needs to be studies on hygrography, stream flow, flood and drought risk, groundwater and aquifer characterization, global budget and climate change effects.

2) Protection of Water Supply – insufficient understanding of the water quality and the benefit of sustainable wastewater management.

• There is need to understand the baseline and trends of surface and groundwater pollution and vulnerability.

• There is need to adapt and develop remediation technology.

3) Water production, development and use – insufficient understanding of water use and allocation.

• Understand withdrawal rate and consumptive use; conveyance rate losses and the value of reclaiming wastewater.

The National Water Resources Board

Ongoing Initiatives

Adoption and Operationalization of Integrated Water Resources Management through the river basin and island basin approach.

Preparation of a Water Security Road Map (Agriculture, Domestic, Economic, Environment, Governance, Resilience and Urban)

Updating of the National Climate Change Action Plan

Executive:

Creation of a an Apex Body to address institutional fragmentation and improved science-based decision making.

Legislative :

Proposed Water Regulatory Commission and Department of Water

Amendment of the Water Code of the Philippines

1) Can Foreigners operate water utilities in the Philippines?

60-40 Foreign company allowed 40% share max

Opportunities

2) Research and knowledge/technology sharing

3) Infrastructures – Design/Engineering and Construction

WATER-RELATED HAZARDS • Rain-induced landslide

• Flooding

• Sinkhole and rapid subsidence

PART 2

GEOHAZARDS STUDY

• Conducted by Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources

• Flood, Landslide and Rapid Subsidence

• Prompted by catastrophic landslide and flooding events since 1999

GEOHAZARD MAPPING IS A PRIMARY TOOL FOR RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT

GEOHAZARDS STUDY 1999 Cherry hills massive landslide

GEOHAZARDS STUDY • 2003 Pana-on Landslide

• 2005 the National Geohazard Mapping and Assessment Programme was proposed, approved and launched, starting with generation of 1:50,000 scale maps

• 2006 - Guinsaugon Landslide on Feb 17, 2006; 6,000 killed

• 2011, the Mines and Geosciences Bureau embarked on the second phase of the Program which is the 1:10,000 scale Geohazard Survey and Assessment.

• 2015 VRA Project. (Vulnerability & Risk Assessment)

GEOHAZARDS STUDY

GUINSAUGON LANDSLIDE (2006) – 6,000 killed

Weak and thick soil overburdened Absence of Vegetation

Steep Slope

NATURAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO

LANDSLIDE OCCURRENCES

Fracture rocks and unconsolidated sediments

PRODUCTION OF GEOHAZARD MAPS

Standardization of

Methodology/Procedures

(15 MGB Regional Offices)

Training of Technical

Personnel

Upgrading of Support

Facilities.

1. Capacity Building

PRODUCTION OF GEOHAZARD MAPS

2. Data acquisition, generation and integration (desktop mapping).

Literature research

Aerial photo

interpretation

GIS analysis of available

data

PRODUCTION OF GEOHAZARD MAPS

Field interviews

Bohol 2007 S. Leyte 2005

Investigation of actual flood extent

3. Conduct of field survey

PRODUCTION OF GEOHAZARD MAPS

MGB FIELD DATA SHEET FOR THE 1:50,000 MAPPING

PRODUCTION OF GEOHAZARD MAPS

Landslide Threat Advisory Form

Summarizes the : 1. Landslide susceptibility of

assessed villages.

2. Corresponding recommendations.

PRODUCTION OF GEOHAZARD MAPS 4. Generation of geohazard maps

Data integration and processing using GIS.

Lands Geological Information

Management Section (LGIMS) of MGB

PRODUCTION OF GEOHAZARD MAPS

1:50,000 Landslide Susceptibility Map

1:50,000 Flood Susceptibility Map

1:10,000 Rain-induced Landslide Hazard Map

MGB’s Geohazard Maps

1:50,000 FLOOD SUSCEPTIBILITY MAP TACLOBAN CITY

1:50,000 LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY MAP TACLOBAN CITY

Unstable areas. High degree of

mass movements are present.

Stable areas with occasional and

localized mass movements

Stable areas with no identified

landslide scars either inactive or

active.

Possible Landslide Debris

Accumulation Zone

Ground Subsidence Prone

Areas.

USES OF THESE MAPS

1: 50,000 GEO-HAZARD MAPS

• indicative maps; • identification of threatened

villages. • used as a regional planning

tool. • for CLUP preparation • for provincial physical

framework planning • disaster risk reduction and

management in the provincial

1: 10,000 GEOHAZARD MAPS

• definitive maps;

• show actual and definite location of geohazard threats;

• may be used in the design of specific and exact mitigating measures.

• May be used in locating evacuation and relocation sites.

• Assessing escape routes

• useful for disaster risk reduction at the local level

• for barangay contingency planning

• preparation of the municipal/city DRRM plan.

1) Private initiatives or contracts for

a) Engineering interventions

• Slope stability

b) Geotechnical Studies

c) Flood control facilities

2) Research and knowledge/technology sharing

Opportunities

1) Among Southeast Asian nations, the Philippines faces the biggest threats and vulnerability in terms of climate condition and climate change.

2) There are increasing pressures in water resources availability, especially for human consumption, brought about mainly be rapid urban growth and its undesirable impacts.

3) Flooding and landslide maps are very useful in disaster risk mitigation and urban, social and land use planning

4) For both water resources and water-related disasters, science and political will (e.g., sensible legislation) are key to the success of managing both separate but important issues.

5) The need for safe and healthy living offer business opportunities for commercial, scientific and academic pursuits.

Conclusions