research process

Research ProcessPiyush Sharma

Define Research Problem

Review the literature

Formulate Hypothesis

Design ResearchCollect DataAnalyze Data

Interpret And Report

1. Formulating the Research Problem

• Clarify the problem on following basis• States of nature• Relationship between variables

• Resolve Ambiguities (if any)• Rephrase the problem into meaningful terms from an

analytical point of view.

Choosing a research topic

Criteria

Clarity

Data recollection

Needed elements

Viability

Justification

Objectives

2. Extensive Literature Survey

• Academic Journals• Conference Proceedings• Govt. Reports• Books etc.

3. Development of Working Hypothesis

• According to Coffey – “A hypothesis is an attempt at explanation, a provisional supposition made in order to explain scientifically some facts or phenomenon.”

• Sources of Hypothesis• Observation• Reflection• Deduction

3. Development of Working Hypothesis

• Origin Of Hypothesis• Induction by Simple Enumeration• Method of Agreement• Analogy

• Characteristic of a good hypothesis• Non-Contradictoriness• Definite and Clear• Verifiable and Simple

4. Preparing the Research Design

1. Defining the information needed.

2. Designing the exploratory, descriptive, and casual phases of the research.

3. Specifying the measurement and scaling procedures.

4. Constructing and pretesting a questionnaire or any other for data collection.

5. Developing a plan of data analysis.

Res

earc

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esig

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Exploratory

ConclusiveDescriptive

Casual

Considerations: Research Design

• The means of obtaining the information.• The availability of skills of the researcher and his staff (if

any).• The time available for research.• The cost factor available for research.

5. Determining the Sample Design

• Simple Random Sampling

• Stratified Random Sampling

• Cluster Sampling• Systematic Sampling

Probability Sampling

• Convenience• Judgmental• Quota• Snowball

Non- Probability Sampling

6. Collecting the Data

• Primary Data• By observation• Personal Interview• Telephone Interviews• Mailing Questionnaires

• Secondary Data• Surveys by other researchers• Surveys by Govt. etc

Data recollection

Trustworthy and valid

Process

1. Choose instrument 2. Apply 3. Coding 4. Prepare

analysis

Instruments

Focus groups, interviews,

observation, surveys and questionnaires,

scale of values

7. Analysis of Data

8. Interpretation

Reference and Bibilography

• Research Methodology - Mukul Gupta, Deepa Gupta.

• Research Methodology (Methods and Techniques) 2nd Revised Edition – C.R. Kothari

• Someone named “Marcela” who uploaded a PowerPoint Presentation on the same topic.

THANK YOU