repowering and used wind turbined
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Repowering & used turbines
W. HulshorstOct. 2008
Business Connecting and Development
Agenda
• Global Wind market by the end of 2007
• Repowering (examples)
• Used Turbines
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Installed capacity
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Per region or country
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Total installed capacity (MW)
Germany. 22247
US. 16818
Spain. 15145India. 8000
China. 6050
Denmark. 3125
Italy. 2726
France. 2454
UK. 2389
Portugal. 2150
RoW. 13008
Development of wind turbines
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History wind electricity
US Denmark
Germany
Experience from Germany and Danmark is interesting
Danmark
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• Recognized that smaller, aging turbines were an obstacle to new project development
• Wind installation began in 1980s, so relatively large number of <75 kW turbines
• Removing and repowering those turbines would require an overt and explicit incentive
• Result: Denmark’s repowering program led to the repowering of ~2/3rd of the oldest turbines
Danmarks repowering programm
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• First Program: 2001 – 2003– For turbines <100 kW, “repowering certificates” allowed owners to install
three times the capacity removed
– For 100-150 kW turbines twice the capacity removed
– 1.480 turbines totaling 122 MW were replaced with 272 new turbines totaling 332 MW
• Second Program: started 2004– Intends to repower another 175 MW of aging wind turbines
– For turbines <450 kW, “repowering certificates“ allow owners to decommission projects from 2004 –2009 and install factory new turbines from 2005 –2009
Germany
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• Germany’s wind additions came later, but repowering expected to accelerate as available new wind sites diminish
• To encourage repowering...– Before 2004, feed-in tariff provided some encouragement by offering
new projects a higher payment than existing projects
– After 2004, feed-in tariff has offered a longer/higher payment to turbines that replace/modernize existing projects built before December 1995 and are at least three times the capacity
• Given siting and permitting barriers, the wind industry argues that the present incentive is insufficient
Why repowering?
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• fewer wind turbines
• more wind power from the same area of land
• higher efficiency, lower costs
• better appearance
• better power grid integration
• wind speed and direction are known.
Why encourage repowering?
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For government and local authorities, the results of repowering can be positive:
• additional wind energy power will create a larger basis for wind energy
• although the wind turbines are higher after repowering, the quality of the landscape is often perceived as being improved, since the number of wind turbines is reduced
• replacement can be used to achieve targets for renewable energy or for CO2 reduction.
Example repowering?
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20 turbines
4 MW
10 million kWh
6 million Euro
7 turbines
14 MW
40 Million kWh
16 MW
Reduction 70%
3,5 fold increase
4 fold increase
3 fold
increase
No of turbines
Installed capacity
Yield
Investment
20 turbines
4 MW
10 million kWh
6 million Euro
7 turbines
14 MW
40 Million kWh
16 MW
Reduction 70%
3,5 fold increase
4 fold increase
3 fold
increase
20 turbines
4 MW
10 million kWh
6 million Euro
7 turbines
14 MW
40 Million kWh
16 MW
Reduction 70%
3,5 fold increase
4 fold increase
3 fold
increase
No of turbines
Installed capacity
Yield
Investment
Impression repowering
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BeforeWindfarm BassensLower Saxony
After
Effects of repowering?
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Effects of repoweringDecrease Increase4 43 Factor 2 Factor 2 3
ExampleSchleswig Holstein
ExampleNiedersachsen
ExampleMecklenburg-Vorpommern
Energy
Height
PowerNumber of turbines
Energy
Height
Power
Number of turbines
Energy
Height
Power
Number of turbines
Effects of repoweringDecrease Increase4 43 Factor 2 Factor 2 3
ExampleSchleswig Holstein
ExampleNiedersachsen
ExampleMecklenburg-Vorpommern
Energy
Height
PowerNumber of turbines
Energy
Height
Power
Number of turbines
Energy
Height
Power
Number of turbines
Expectations Germany
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0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
2026
2028
2030
Inst
alle
d M
W p
er y
ear
onshore onshore repowering offshore offshore repowering
What to do with the older turbines?
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Transport to…?
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Storage for spare parts?
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Or find new markets?
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Or find new markets?
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Or find new markets?
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The used turbine market!
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Used Wind turbines
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• Many wind turbines are designed to achieve a service of 20 years or longer.
• Politicians in many countries have focused their attention on up-scaling wind turbines at existing locations.
• As a result of repowering, interest in used wind turbines with a remaining service life of several years is growing across the world.
Why Used turbines?
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• lower investment capital• shorter project duration • Many manufacturers are no longer
fabricating turbines of small sizes.• maintenance work is easier
• Overhaul during replacement• Contribute to sustainable development• Entering new power markets
Disadvantage used turbines
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• more efforts will be required to select suitable turbines for specific projects
• the life expectancy of overhauled used wind turbines cannot be satisfactorily predicted.
• the procurement of spare parts may also become an obstacle, as most manufacturers’ technical support expires after 20 years.
Price of used WT
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Age [years]
Pri
ce o
f th
e u
sed
tu
rbin
e co
mp
ared
to
th
e p
rice
wh
en n
ew
Example of used WT
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€ 0
€ 500.000
€ 1.000.000
€ 1.500.000
€ 2.000.000
€ 2.500.000
Startingcapital
annualcosts
Startingcapital
annualcosts
3 new turbines 4 used turbines
other annual costs
Annual maintenance
Reserves
Mains Connection
Foundation
Transport
Overhaul
Converter
No problems?
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• Successful utilisation of wind turbines is always dependent on sufficient wind energy potential
• Electrical stability in weak grids with stochastic feeders, limits the permissible load of wind turbines. That is why only small generators in the 150 to 600 kW class are suitable for simple grid connections.
• Turbines of this size are no longer being manufactured and are only available on the second-hand market.
Thanks for your attention
Walter HulshorstEcon International B.V. Florijnweg 14 a6883 JP VelpThe Netherlands
T: + 31 (0)61 047 45 77F: + 31 (0)26 381 64 82E: walter@econ-international.nlW: www.econ-international.nl
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