refrigerant environment and legislative update the future of refrigerants customer presentation
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Environmental Legislation and the Future of Refrigerants
Omair FarooqPresented to : Ministry of Health , Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaApril 15, 2014
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 20112
Table of Contents
Review the environmental impact of refrigerants
Discuss types of global refrigerant regulation
Identify the global indicators for the future of refrigerants
Provide examples of likely alternatives for various sectors
Legislation and Future of Refrigerants in Saudi Arabia
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 20113
Global Warming
Ozone Depletion
Johnson Controls is Committed to Sustainability
Leading the Industry to eliminate and minimize:
ODP
GWP
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 20114
What is The Montreal Protocol?
International treaty - 1989
Mandatory phase out of the production of ozone depleting substances
One of the most successful international treaties
Universally ratified: 196 Signatories!
Ozone Depletion- The Montreal ProtocolODP
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 20115
Accepted science
Step-down approach that has allowed for transition
Different time table for developing countries
Flexibility to accelerate when technology is available
Superior reduction in CO2
It’s working!
Why has the Montreal Protocol been successful?
UNEP has strong evidence that the ozone hole is shrinking and estimates that levels are expected to return to their 1980 values by 2050
ODP
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 20116
If the Montreal Protocol has been such a success do we still need to be concerned with ODP substances? ODP
Our work is not done:
Destroy stock piles of CFCs and HCFCs Eliminate the operation of older, less
efficient chillers Eliminate the risk of potential leaks
Accelerate phase out of HCFCs in developing countries
AHRI estimated there are 30,000 CFC and HCFC chillers remaining in service, just in the United States
CFCs&
HCFCs
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 2011
Montreal Protocol Limits: Consumption of HCFCs in Developed & Developing Countries ODP
7
Developed Countries
20302010 2015 20202004
Previous Limit
New Limit
Per
cen
t (%
) o
f a
ll a
llo
wed
cap
Possible Service Tail
0.5%
0
25
10
35
65
100
Year
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 2011
Montreal Protocol Limits: Consumption of HCFCs in Developed & Developing Countries ODP
8
20302010 2015 20202004
Previous Limit
New Limit
Possible Service
Tail 0.5%
0
25
10
35
65
100
Developed Countries
20302010 2015 20402025Year
2020
0
32.5
65
100
90P
erce
nt
(%)
of
all
all
ow
ed c
ap
Previous cap was to be set for 2015 consumption level
Possible Service Tail 2.5%
Developing Countries
New cap set for average 2008-2010 consumption levels
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 20119
What are the possible future steps?
Rapid economic growth in China, the Middle East, and India has resulted in exponential use of refrigerants
Very limited use of CFCs but not HCFC
Proposed idea to utilize Montreal Protocol structure to phase down HFCs
Developing nations are demanding options to meet accelerated 2015 HCFC phase out requirement
What’s Next?ODP
Next
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201110
The Green House Gases (GHG)
Total gas emissions – assumes all gases vented to atmosphere (100% leakage)
1% PFCs, SF6, HFC-23
2% HFCs
5% Nitrous Oxide
84% CO2
8% Methane
Kyoto Protocol
International Climate Change Treaty
Signed in 1997 by 187 countries
United States of American is not currently a signatory
Significant reduction commitments without a defined verification mechanism
Funding for developing nations to conform
Technology transfer requirements
Carbon Dioxide from automotive and power plant emissions is the leading greenhouse gas
HFCs are only 2% of total GHG production but seen as the most easily addressed
GWP
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 2011
GWP
Defining Direct and Indirect Effects
11
Direct
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 2011
GWP
Defining Direct and Indirect Effects
Direct
12
Indirect
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201113
IndirectDirect
Lifetime CO2 Equivalence
GWP
Focusing Only on GWP Can Result in the Wrong Choices for the Environment
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201114
Indirect Effect
Direct Effect
Lifetime CO2 Equivalence
2%
98%
GWP
Focusing Only on GWP Can Result in the Wrong Choices for the Environment
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201115
Table of Contents
Review the environmental impact of refrigerants
Discuss types of global refrigerant regulation
Identify the global indicators for the future of refrigerants
Provide examples of likely alternatives for various sectors
Legislation and Future of Refrigerants in Saudi Arabia
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201116
Current Legislative and Regulative Approaches to Limiting Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Comprehensive Approach
Direct Indirect
Use Restrictions
Containment Regulations
Efficiency Standards
Market Mechanisms
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201117
The Comprehensive Approach: Total Environmental Warming Impact
Safety Considerations
CostConsiderations
Direct Indirect
Total Equivalent Warming Impact
(TEWI)
Indirect Effects
Direct Effects
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201118
The Critical Role of Technology in Minimizing the Environmental Impact
ABCDEFGHIJK
Direct Indirect
Over the last 25 years:
- Average energy efficiency has improved over 35%
- Chiller leak rate has decreased well below 2%
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201119
Minimizing the total Climatic Impact requires a Comprehensive Approach to Refrigerant Choice
How do we minimize total carbon emissions?
Containment: Refrigerant Leak Detection, Reclaim
rates, destruction or reuse
Maintenance Practices over
Equipment Life
Optimum Operation at Actual Load Conditions
Direct GWP Effects
Indirect GWP Effects
Cycle Efficiency and Technology Choice
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201120
Table of Contents
Review the environmental impact of refrigerants
Discuss types of global refrigerant regulation
Identify the global indicators for the future of refrigerants
Provide examples of likely alternatives for various sectors
Legislation and Future of Refrigerants in Saudi Arabia
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201121
Navigating the future of refrigerants can seem daunting. Several indicators can help show us the way:
HVAC&R refrigerants are useful gases not a waste by-product
Lifetime energy efficiency has a substantial impact
Different types of equipment have different refrigerant requirements
Safety codes pace industry and government decisions
Equipment innovation & refrigerant adaptation is continuous
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201122
Global Indicators of Refrigerant Direction
HVAC&R Refrigerants are considered useful gases
Contained in closed-loop systems
Essential for energy efficiency
A cap and trade scenario with all GHGs would create un-intended price and availability problems
Only a Phase-down has been proposed because alternatives do not exist for all applications
In domestic and International legislation HFCs are being considered separately from other green house gases and only the context of a phase-down approach.
phase
down
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201123
Separating HFCs from the larger basket of gases and a phase-down approach
What’s Johnson Controls Doing:
We are actively engaged in shaping international and domestic regulation.Phase
Down
phase
down
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201124
Global Indicators of Refrigerant Direction
Lifetime energy efficiency can have a greater impact than GWP
Refrigerant Evaluation must employ at comprehensive TEWI approach
Over 90% of the CO2 emissions are from the power generated to run
the equipment
efficiency
Low GWP refrigerant alternatives must result in HVAC&R equipment that has energy efficiency levels equal to or better than our current equipment Direct Emissions
Power Generation
phase
down
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201125
A Low GWP Solution Must Maintain High Energy Efficiency
Over 90% of the CO2 emissions are from the power generated to run
the equipment
efficiency
What’s Johnson Controls doing:
Considering our customer’s needs, we advocate for regulation that employees a comprehensive approach.
We work with refrigerant manufactures to develop next generation, energy efficient alternatives.
Efficiency
phase
down
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 2011
Global Indicators of Refrigerant Direction
Different types of equipment have different refrigerant requirements based on: Maintenance practices
Equipment life
Recovery / End of Life
95% of global HFC use is currently between 700 and 4000 GWP
TEAP proposed to classify GWPs by considering “Use Patterns”
GWP Classification
GWP >30 Ultra-low-GWP
GWP > 100 Very low-GWP
GWP > 300 Low-GWP
GWP > 1000 Moderate-GWP
GWP > 3000 High-GWP
GWP > 10,000 Very High GWP
GWP > 10,000 Ultra-High GWP
Application
Charge size
Leak rate
Low and High GWP are relative terms, applications need to be treated differently
26
efficiency
GWP limits
phase
down
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201127
What is Considered Low GWP will Depend on the Application
What’s Johnson Controls doing:
We are educating regulators that the acceptable level of GWP for a given
application is dependant on many factors.
efficiency
GWP limits
GWP limits vary
phase
down
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201128
Global Indicators of Refrigerant Direction
Safety codes pace industry and government decisions
Safety codes will be developed based on application type
Time will be required to update the safety codes
There will be additional costs to apply the safety codes
For example: Recent EPA ruling allows propane and isobutane in residential refrigerators and freezers
Maximum charge amount
Specific applications
Prescribed safety code compliance
Adapting to some solutions will take time, money, and cooperation between the industry and government
efficiency
safety
GWP limits
phase
down
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201129
Safety Codes will Pace Adaption of New Refrigerant Solutions
What’s Johnson Controls doing:
We are taking a leading role with government regulators and industry organization to set effective safety standards that look out for the well being of our customers in a practical manner.
efficiency
GWP limits
Safety
safety
phase
down
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201130
Global Indicators of Refrigerant Direction
Equipment innovation and refrigerant adaptation is continuous
Direct refrigerant replacement will only be a temporary solution
Market needs will change, equipment designs will change, and refrigerants will change
For example: “near zero” building designs require more efficient heat-recovery and heat pump designs
The efficiency equation also includes technologies like variable speed drives, permanent magnet motors, controls, etc. - not just refrigerant
There is no single long-term solution for every application. HVAC&R equipment will continue to evolve to meet more stringent energy efficiency demands.
efficiency
evolve
GWP limits
safety
phase
down
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201131
Refrigerant Solutions will Continue to Evolve
What’s Johnson Controls doing:At Johnson Controls we are uniquely
positioned to provide HVAC&R solutions for the next generation of
high performance buildings
efficiency
evolve
GWP limits
safety
Evolve
phase
down
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 2011
Solutions that Meet our Core Values: The Challenge
GWP limits vary
Safety
Evolve
Efficiency
Phase Down
32
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201133
Table of Contents
Review the environmental impact of refrigerants
Discuss types of global refrigerant regulation
Identify the global indicators for the future of refrigerants
Provide examples of likely alternatives for various sectors
Legislation and Future of Refrigerants in Saudi Arabia
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201134
Generation of Refrigerants
1850-1930’s
NH3, CO2, Hydrocarbons,
Ammonia
1930-1990’s
CFC’s, HCFC’s
1990-2010’s
HFC’s
2010’s – beyond
Natural Refrigerants
2010’s – beyond
Low GWP HFCs- Produced cooling
- but had toxicity, flammability
- and poor efficiency
- Highly efficient
- Safe
- Non-flammable
- but damaging to the ozone layer
- and very high GWP
- Highly efficient
- Safe
- Non-flammable,
- Zero ozone depletion
- but higher GWP
Must be:
- Safe
- Zero ODP
- High Efficiency
- Low GWP
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 2011
(NH3, CO2, Hydrocarbons, etc.)
Consistent properties and characteristics:
• Flammability
• Toxicity
• High Working Pressure
• Low Efficiency
Engineer solutions have improved
Primarily Applications: Refrigeration and mobile AC
HFO-1234yf:
•Leading candidate to replace R-134a in mobile applications
•Low GWP (4), no Toxicity, slightly flammable
•Possible applications: stationary HVAC equipment, will require significant engineering and safety code changes
HFO-1234ze:
•Ideal application: Foam Blowing, not HVAC
HFO/HFC/? Blends:
•Better Performance at the cost of higher GWP
Significant technical and legislative challenges
Natural Refrigerants
Next Generation Zero ODP/Low GWP Refrigerants
Low GWP Man-Made Refrigerants
35
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201136
What will the future look like?
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 2011
Practical use is dependant on:
Charge Amount
Relative Level of Flammability
Location of Equipment
Cost of required safety measures
HFO 1234yf
Propane/Isobutane
R-32?
When do flammable refrigerants make sense?
37
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 2011
Natural Refrigerants remain excellent solutions in some very specific applications:
Ammonia for refrigeration
C02 cascaded systems for supermarket refrigerators/freezers
Energy efficiency of resulting systems must remain at HFC levels or better.
System cost and application cost can be a barrier to adoption.
Li-Br AbsorptionCO2
When do natural refrigerants make sense?
Ammonia
38
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 2011
Because of the requirements of safety, efficiency and cost, chemical refrigerants must remain an option:
HFOs
HFCs
Blends of HFOs & HFCs
Equipment Size and application will dictate types used:
Most economical solution when higher GWPs can be tolerated
When do HFOs and HFCs refrigerants make sense?
39
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201140
What to do today?
R-134a
R-400 Series
R-123
• Efficient, safe, inexpensive• Will continue to be an option• Easily Available
• Only non-flammable alternatives to R-22 currently on the market
• Will be available in service quantities for equipment sold today
• Will be phased-out• Decision to continue to
manufacture is dependant on demand from other sectors .
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 2011
Johnson Controls is experienced in finding you solutions in an uncertain world
1989- First to offer HFC and HCFC options
Continue to invest in technology because efficiency is not dependant on refrigerant choice alone
2004-Discontinued R-123 Chiller because of concerns about its availability over the expected life of the chiller
Heavily engaged in the development of future of refrigerants and an advocate for responsible regulation
Johnson Controls will continue to provide the broadest product offerings including natural refrigerants, hydrocarbons, and HFC solutions that meet the needs of our customers
41
Past
Present
Future
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201142
Table of Contents
Review the environmental impact of refrigerants
Discuss types of global refrigerant regulation
Identify the global indicators for the future of refrigerants
Provide examples of likely alternatives for various sectors
Legislation and Future of Refrigerants in Saudi Arabia
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201143
Saudi Arabia : The power horse of Middle East
Largest Economy in the Middle East and 19th Largest in the World
Among the top 20 Biggest Consumers of Electricity in the World.
8% Annual Growth in Electricity Demand each year in the last decade
70 percent of electricity consumption in Saudi Arabia goes into air conditioning
Around 1165 metric tons of HCFCs imported in 2011 for refrigeration.
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201144
Legislation and Future of Refrigerants in Saudi Arabia
Ban on importing of refrigeration equipment / appliances operating on R-22 and R123 effective 31 December 2014 by Saudi Meteorology Department.
Around 35% reduction in HCFC Consumption required to meet the minimum requirements of Montreal Protocol till 2020.
Manufacturers and Importers advised to move to R-134a, R-410a and R-404
Local Manufacturers to follow International trends in adoption of refrigerants
Johnson Controls will continue to provide product offerings including natural refrigerants, hydrocarbons, and HFC solutions in accordance with local legislation.
© Johnson Controls, Inc. 201145
Questions?
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