referencing and citing

Referencing and Referencing and CitingCiting

2.1References and Bibliographies

BibliographyLists sources used for background readingas part of research.

ReferencesLists the particular sources used e.g.journal articles, books, websites, graphics

Bibliographies and References include

AuthorDate of publication Title of book or articlePeriodical titlePlace of publicationPublisherPage numbers for journal articles

Bibliographic software

e.g. Endnote, Refworks etc.

Construct and organise bibliographies for theses and papers

Import citationsFormat citations

Referencing and Referencing and CitingCiting

2.2Plagiarism

When you borrow another person’s words or ideas by quoting, paraphrasing or summarizing them, you must show where you got the ideas by putting certain information in parenthesis immediately after the material you have borrowed.

Source:Oshima & Hogue,1999

All work taken from another source must be acknowledged and documented

2 ways of giving acknowledgement:

Direct method i.e. quotation

Indirect method by summarizing and paraphrasing

Quotation is copying word-for-word from a published text, transcript etc.

However, changing words or sentence structure from the original means it is no longer a direct quote.

Statistics are good supporting details for opinions. Like quotations their source must also be cited.

Ways of quoting

For a short quotation of less than 40 words, use a brief phrase as an introduction to the quotation e.g.

Pennycook (1996) claims “All language learning is to some extent a process of borrowing others’ words”

Longer quotations stand alone in the text e.g.

In a seminal article on plagiarism, Pennycook cautioned

All language learning is to some extent a process of borrowing others’ words and we need to be flexible, not dogmatic, about where we draw boundaries between acceptable and unacceptable textual borrowings.

(1996:227)

Referencing and Referencing and CitingCiting

2.3Documenting sources within the text

What?The practice of citing original sources of

informationWhen?Direct quotations and paraphrased

information from another source, except dictionaries and encyclopedias

Why?Readers can find the original sourceWriter not responsible for all informationPlagiarism is avoided

Although there are other methods for documenting sources,

APA or American Psychological Association

Number reference system

Are frequently used in natural science, social science and technical fields.

The conventions of the APA system are:

1 When author’s name begins a sentence,

place the date of the work in parentheses immediately after the documented information e.g.

As Neville (2007) emphasises, “you should cite all sources and present full details of these in your list of references” (p.36)

Adapted from : Wiggins, C (2009) The University of York

2 When an author is not referred to directly

in a sentence, place both the author’s last name and the year of publication, separated by a comma, in parentheses e.g.

References list full details of all sources used (Neville,2007)

Adapted from : Wiggins, C (2009) The University of York

3 When citing two or more authors within an

in-text citation, use an ampersand in the parentheses e.g.(Burns & Sinfield,2002)

However, when mentioning the authors in the text, use the word “and” e.g.Burns and Sinfield (2002) argue…

Adapted from : Wiggins, C (2009) The University of York

4 When citing two or more authors within

the text, use the full list of names the first time e.g. (White, Green, Brown, Grey, Black & Pink, 2008)

Subsequently, use (White, et al.2008)

Adapted from : Wiggins, C (2009) The University of York

5 When the same author and text is referred

to more than once in a single paragraph, there is no need to give the date for the second reference

6When a direct quotation is used, give the year and page/s numbers immediately after the quotation

7Two works by the same author published in the same year are differentiated by a,b,c and cross-referenced accordingly e.g. In-text (Carroll, 2007a)

References:Carroll, J.(2007a) A handbook for deterring plagiarism in higher education. Oxford Centre for Staff and Learning Development: Oxford Brookes University

Adapted from : Wiggins, C (2009) The University of York

8Two works by the same author published in different years require the year of publication for both works e.g.

Carroll (2005, 2007) maintains….

9When pulling together several sources to support your argument, use one in-text citation. List the names alphabetically as they appear in the bibliography e.g.

As widely stated in the literature…. (Carroll,2002; Mallon, 1991;Neville,2007)

Adapted from : Wiggins, C (2009) The University of York

10When two authors have the same family name include initials to avoid confusion e.g.

Hyland,K (2008) and Hyland,F (2007) reported…

Various studies were conducted on the effectiveness of written feedback (K.Hyland,2008; F.Hyland,2007)

11When there is an omission in a direct quotation use an ellipsis (three spaced periods) e.g.

Williams (2008) asks “Is Persaud a narcissist, in other words, or a man so plagued by self-doubt that he doesn’t obey the rules of academia?…He claims to have been so busy he became confused”(p.37)

Adapted from : Wiggins, C (2009) The University of York

12When there is an omission in a direct quotation at the end of the sentence, use four periods to close the quotation e.g.

Williams (2008) asks “Is Persaud a narcissist, in other words, or a man so plagued by self-doubt ?....”(p.37)

Adapted from : Wiggins, C (2009) The University of York