real life writing
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REAL-LIFE
WRITINGby
Eleanor Angeles
Real-Life Writing Scholastic Teaching Resources
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Photography: PhotoDisk/Getty Images
Illustration: Sols
Cover design: Sols
Interior design: Sols
Scholastic grants teachers permission to photocopy the reproducible pages for classroom use.
No other part of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part, or stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission of the publisher.
For information regarding permission, write to
Permission Dept., Scholastic Inc., 557 Broadway, New York, NY 10012
ISBN: 0-439-23778-5
Copyright 2002
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REAL-LIFE
WRITINGTo the Teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Section 1: Spelling
1. Spelling Words That Sound the Same . . . .6
2. More Words That Sound the Same. . . . . . 8
3. Spelling Contractions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104. More Contractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5. Spelling Words to Tell About the Past. . . 14
6. More Words About the Past . . . . . . . . . . 16
7. Using Alphabetical Order . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
8. Using Capital Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Section 1 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Section 2: Nouns and Verbs
1. Identifying Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2. Pronouns: Words That Stand for Nouns . 26
3. Compound Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4. Identifying Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5. Using Regular Verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6. Using Irregular Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7. Words That Can Be Nouns or Verbs . . . . 36
8. Turning Verbs Into Nouns and
Vice-Versa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Section 2 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Section 3: Adjectives and Adverbs
1. Recognizing and Using Adjectives . . . . . 42
2. Comparing Two Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3. Comparing More Than Two Things . . . . .46
4. Recognizing and Using Adverbs . . . . . . 48
5. More Ways to Use Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . 50
6. Using Adverbs in Comparisons . . . . . . . 52
7. Playing With Adjectives, Adverbs, and
Nouns.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Section 3 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Section 4: Building Sentences
1. Subjects and Predicates. . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2. Different Kinds of Sentences . . . . . . . . . 60
3. Combining Sentences With And. . . . . . . 62
4. Combining Sentences With But and
Because . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5. Using Phrases to Build Sentences . . . . . 66
6. Using Clauses to Build Sentences . . . . . 68
7. Finding the Right Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Section 4 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Section 5: Handbook
1. Rules for Capitalization and Punctuation.74
2. Synonyms and Antonyms . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3. Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4. Words Often Confused. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5. Idiomatic Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6. Irregular Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
7. Taking Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
8. Writing Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
CONTENTS
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4
To the Teacher
Real-Life Writing is designed to help young adults apply the most basic spelling skillsand English grammar conventions to their own writing. The lessons will be of particular value
to ESL students, as well as to native English speakers who need intensive review of the
elementary skills and conventions.Here are the main features of the program:
1. Each lesson leads up to a brief independent writing assignment. In this way, students
see immediately how a mastery of the skills and conventions improves their own writing.
2.A useful redundancy or built-in review helps students revisit rules and broaden
concepts. For example, in lessons 5 and 6 of Section 1, students are introduced to present
and past tenses of verbs, and then review these forms in lessons 5 and 6 of Section 2 as
they learn how to write past participles.
3. The lesson format helps students learn in three ways: with you to instruct; with a part-
ner to practice, review, and extend the skills; and with a writing assignment that asks them
to independently use what theyve learned.
Suggested Procedure1. Teacher works with the class
to read and discuss the opening page for each section, and
to read and carry out the activities in the discuss section of each lesson.
2. In each lesson, students practice the skill individually through Writing Practice.
3. In Partner Work, students work with a classmate
to review and correct their Writing Practice work, and
to apply the concept or skill to an extension of it.Note: During Partner Work, you may wish to act as sort of wandering mentor to help
partners describe and resolve any problems they have.
4. In Writing on Your Ownas the title implieseach student independently applies
what she or he has learned through prior practice and partner work.
Notes: (1) As mentor, consider always being available to help students correct and amend
their independent writing. (2) Encourage students to share their corrected Writing on Your
Own products. The following are a few suggestions for sharing:
a. Students read their work aloud to the class or to a small group.
b. You or a student reads the final version of the work aloud to the class.
c. Students post their final versions on a bulletin board, or distribute copies toclassmates.
d. Encourage students to build a portfolio incorporating all the Writing on Your Own
work they do for this book. In individual conferences, discuss with the student what
she or he likes best about each product.
In conclusion, remember that we all learn about good writing through being exposed to it.
A good way to begin each writing/grammar lesson is to read to your class a wonderful literary
passage that has moved you through its command of English and through its precise choice
of words. Your enthusiasm for the brilliance of language will encourage your students to
aspire to it in their own writing.
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Contents
1. Spelling Words That Sound the Same . . 6
2. More Words That Sound the Same . . . . 8
3. Spelling Contractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
4. More Contractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125. Spelling Words to Tell About the Past. . 14
6. More Words About the Past. . . . . . . . . 16
7. Using Alphabetical Order.. . . . . . . . . . . 18
8. Using Capital Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Section 1 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1section
Spelling
When you write, you are sharing your ideas withother people. You want your readers to focus on those
ideas and move ahead with them. You dont want your
readers to get confused by spelling errors so that they
have to stop, go back, and figure out what you mean.
For example, write means to form letters with a toolsuch as a pencil, pen, or word processor. Right hasmany meanings. Among them are correct or true, and the
side opposite the left. So, whats confusing about the
sentences below?
Did you right a story about your family?
Go write when you get to Elm Street.
She cant do anything write.
I want to right a letter to my aunt.
In this section, youll get some tips about how to use the
right spelling in the things you write.
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1. Spelling Words That Sound the Same
Discuss
Many words sound the same when you say them, but they have different meanings
and different spellings. These words are called homophones. Here are someexamples of homophones. Say aloud the words in dark letters. Notice the different
meanings when the words are written.
Writing Practice
Complete the sentences by writing the correct words on the lines.
1. My _______________ is coming to visit us. She _______________ us a letter.ant aunt cent sent scent
2. This will _______________ a great day. I cant wait to _______________ her!bee be meet meat
3. She will be _______________ for a _______________ week.here hear whole hole
6
antan insect
aunta relative
beis; exist
beea kind of insect
centpenny
scentodor
sentdid send
chewsbites
chooseselect
hearlisten
herethis place
holeopening
wholecomplete
meatbeef
meetgreet
raphit
wrapcover
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Writing on Your Own
1. Choose five words from the box on page 6. Write the words and their meanings.
a. Word: __________________________________________ Meaning: ______________________________________
b. Word:__________________________________________ Meaning: ______________________________________
c. Word: __________________________________________ Meaning: ______________________________________
d. Word:__________________________________________ Meaning: ______________________________________
e. Word: __________________________________________ Meaning: ______________________________________
2. Now, write your own sentences using these words.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Use what youve learned.
Partner Work
1. With a partner, discuss the words you chose
in Writing Practice. Why did you choose
them? Make any corrections that you think
are needed.
2. In the sentences below, the underlined
words are not correct for the meaning of the
sentence. Read the sentences aloud withyour partner. Then write each sentence to
make it correct.
a. Please chews a gift and rap it.
____________________________________________
b. I can here the be buzz.
____________________________________________
c. An aunt came out of the whole.
____________________________________________d. The cent of meet made me hungry.
____________________________________________
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2. More Words That Sound the Same
Discuss
In the box below, there are more homophones. Remember: Homophones are words
that sound the same but have different meanings and spellings. Say the words.Discuss the meanings.
Writing Practice
Complete the sentences by writing the correct words on the lines.
1. I am voting _______________ Louisa as Most Helpful Teacher.four for
2. She _______________ do anything for her students.wood would
3. She is _______________ in the grades she gives us.
fare fair
4. I learn something in every _______________ I spend with her.our hour
5. I was _______________ in English before I met Louisa.week weak
6. Now I can speak English better, and write it better, _______________.too two
8
forin favor of
foura number
fairhonest
farecost of
transportation
hoursixty minutes
ourbelonging to us
woodtree product
wouldwilling to
tooalso
twoa number
weaknot strong
weekseven days
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Writing on Your Own1. Write the meanings of the following words.
a. hole ________________________________________________________________________________________
b. wood ______________________________________________________________________________________
c. fare ________________________________________________________________________________________
d. our ________________________________________________________________________________________
e. two ________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Now, write your own sentences using the words above.
Use what youve learned.
Partner Work
Choose a word from the box on page 8 or the box on page 6. Say the word aloud in a sentence of
your own. Then say the word again. Ask your partner to spell the word.
Example:
Say: I sat there for an hour. HOUR.
Partner: h-o-u-r
Discuss the spelling. Is it right or wrong? Tell why.
Take turns doing this until you have discussed ten words altogether.
a. ____________________________________________
____________________________________________
b. ____________________________________________
____________________________________________
c. ____________________________________________
____________________________________________
d. ____________________________________________
____________________________________________
e. ____________________________________________
____________________________________________
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3. Spelling Contractions
Discuss
Acontraction is a shortened form of two words. Say the examples below.
What letter is left out in the contraction? What mark takes the place of the letterthat is left out?
Writing Practice
Complete the sentences by writing the contraction for the words under the line. Refer to the
chart above. Be sure to put the apostrophe () in the right place.
1. _______________ going to the movies with Laura.I am
2. I _______________ really like the stars, but _______________ Lauras favorites.do not they are
3. Next week,_______________ going to see Slime From Outer Space.we are
4. _______________ a movie I really want to see!That is
5. The alien is ugly, but _______________ also very friendly.he is
10
Two Words Contraction Two Words Contraction
I am Im it is its
he is hes that is thats
she is shes is not isnt
we are were are not arent
you are youre does not doesnt
they are theyre do not dont
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Writing on Your Own
Rewrite the following paragraph. Use contractions for the underlined words.
We are taking a test tomorrow. I am not looking forward to it. It is a science test and science is not my
best subject. Jan will help me study because she is a science whiz. I do not know what I would do without
her help.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Use what youve learned.
Partner Work
1. With your partner, go over the contractions
you wrote in Writing Practice. Where did
you put the apostrophes? What letters did
you correctly leave out? Make any correc-
tions that are needed. Then read your sen-
tences aloud to one another.
2. In the following sentences, the underlined
words are not spelled correctly. With your
partner, decide how they should be spelled.
Cross out the incorrect spelling. Write the
correct spelling on the line after the word.
The first one is done for you.
a. Shes Shes a basketball star.
b. I think its __________ too late to go to the
movies.
c. A poem doesnt __________ have to rhyme.
d. That book isnt __________ in our library.
e. My dogs arent __________ allowed to go
out without leashes.
3. With your partner, write the two words thateach correct contraction above stands for.
The first one is done for you.
a.____________________ d. ________________
b.______________________ e.__________________
c.______________________
She is
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4. More Contractions
Discuss
Youve learned that a contraction is a short form of two words. You know that
an apostrophe stands for the letter that is left out.Say the following sentences. Talk about what letter is left out in the contraction.
In some contractions, more than one letter is omitted. Say the following words and
contractions. Talk about what letters are omitted in each contraction. What stands for
the missing letters?
Writing Practice
Complete the sentences. Use a contraction for the words under each line.
1. _________________________ singing.
Tammy is
2. _________________________ playing the guitar.
Steve is
3. _________________________ perform together.
They will
4. _________________________ listen and applaud.
We will
5. _________________________ like this concert.
You will
12
Sentence Contraction
John is asleep. Johns asleep.
Marisa is giving a report. Marisas giving a report.
Jamie is a good student. Jamies a good student.
I will Ill he will hell
she will shell it will itll
we will well they will theyll
you will youll
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Use what youve learned.
Partner Work
1. With your partner, go over the contractions
you wrote in Writing Practice. Where did
you put the apostrophes? What letters do
they replace? Make any corrections that are
needed.
2. In each of the sentences below, an
apostrophe is missing in the underlined
word. With your partner, decide where
the apostrophe belongs. Then write the
sentence correctly.
a. Ill help you do your homework.
__________________________________________
b. Sarah said shell help you, too.
__________________________________________
c. Alex says hell win the race.
__________________________________________
d. Do you think itll be fun?
__________________________________________
e. I think well be the winners.
__________________________________________
Writing on Your Own
1. Rewrite the following paragraph. Use contractions
for the underlined words.
You will like the play we are going to present. We will
do a modern version of Romeo and Juliet.Adell is
great in the part of Juliet. John plays Romeo, and
he will surprise you with his talent. I hope I will see
you at the theater on opening night.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. Now, rewrite the following sentences, changing the
underlined contractions to make them two words.
Example: The plays the thing that will get your attentionThe play is the thing that will get your attention.
a. Theyll be the ushers at the theater.
____________________________________________________
b. Lanas taking the tickets.
____________________________________________________
c. Itll be a wonderful night.
____________________________________________________
d. I hope well see you there.
____________________________________________________
e. The usher says hell look for you.
____________________________________________________
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5. Spelling Words to Tell About the Past
Discuss
Read the sentence pairs aloud. Which sentence in the pair tells about the past?
Notice that to form the past, or past tense, of the words above, you add -ed
or -d. Many words are like that. Read these pairs aloud. Say each word in a sentence.
Writing Practice
Complete the sentences. Use the past tense of the word below each line.
1. We _______________ that movie!love
2. We _______________ all the actors.
like3. We _______________ about the movie for a long time.
talk
4. It _______________ how different people act in emergencies.show
5. The movie _______________ a lot of questions about being a hero.answer
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They answer the questions. They answered the questions.
Theyjump over the stream. Theyjumped over the stream.
They like the movie. They liked the movie.
They walk in the woods. They walked in the woods.
Present Tense Past Tense
talk talked
look looked
show showed
love loved
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Writing on Your OwnWrite a story about something that happened to you in the past. It could be an event at school, at home,
or with a friend.
Here are some story ideas:
A movie you just saw, why you like it, and why you would recommend it to friends.
A goal you reached and felt happy about.
A frightening thing that happened to you.
A big problem that happened in your neighborhood.
In your story, you must use all four past-tense words from the list under Discuss on page 14.
Write your story on the lines below. Underline the past-tense words.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Use what youve learned.
Partner Work
1. Spell aloud the words you wrote in Writing Practice. Make
any corrections that are needed.
2. With your partner, rewrite the following sentences to make
the underlined words tell about the present.
a. We walked in the woods.
__________________________________________________________
b. Wejumped over fallen trees.
__________________________________________________________
c. We talked about what we see.
__________________________________________________________
d. I showed my friend a birds nest.
__________________________________________________________
e. We looked at it carefully.
__________________________________________________________
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6. More Words About the Past
Discuss
With many words, spelling the past tense is not as easy as adding -ed or -d. Often,
the word changes a lot in the spelling. Read aloud the sentence pairs below.
Below, match each past-tense word in the box to the correct present-tense word. Say
each past tense aloud.
catch do bring draw keep hold
Writing Practice
Complete the sentences. Write the past tense of the word shown below each line.
1. We _______________ a map.draw
2. I _______________ a fish.
catch3. I _______________ that movie.
see
4. She _______________ a partner.choose
5. They _______________ the answer.find
6. They _______________ about the test.think16
Present Tense Past Tense
I think about the story. I thought about the story.
I choose a book. I chose a book.
I see the title. I saw the title.
I saythe title. I said the title.
I find the book. I found the book.
drew held caught did brought kept
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Writing on Your OwnWrite at least one paragraph on one of the subjects
below. Circle the subject you choose.
In your paragraph, you must use at least five past-
tense words from the boxes on page 16. Write your
paragraph on the lines below. Underline your past-
tense words.
Example: I saw a job in the newspaper. I drew acircle around it.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Use what youve learned.
Partner Work
1. With your partner, discuss the past-tense
words you wrote for Writing Practice. Is your
spelling correct? Say your sentences. Rewrite
any words that you didnt spell correctly.
2. With your partner, rewrite each sentence
below by changing the underlined word to
the present tense. Say your sentences.
We kept the secret.
____________________________________________
I held his hand.
____________________________________________
They brought their kids to school.
____________________________________________
Did you like the movie?
____________________________________
friendship
shopping
jobs
pets
food
television
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7. Using Alphabetical Order
Discuss
If you want to find the correct spelling of a word, the best place to look is the
dictionary. Words in a dictionary are listed in alphabetical order.
What letter or letters are missing in each group below? Write the missing letters,
then read aloud the whole group.
Writing Practice
Rewrite each group below so that the words are in alphabetical order.
1. hand enter ill grow fall
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ever dandy candy gun fun
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. many kick open never low
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4. time see very run under
________________________________________________________________________________________
5. next play jam box van
________________________________________________________________________________________
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A B ___ D
e f ___ h
I J ___ L
d ___ ___ g
K ___ ___ N
T ___ ___ W
p q ___ s
___ g h ___
___ h ___ j
___ ___ Q ___
O ___ ___ R
M ___ ___ P
Capital letters: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Lower-case letters: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
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Writing on Your OwnFind the following words in a dictionary. Each word
has more than one meaning. Write one of themeanings for the word. Then use the word in a
sentence of your own.
1. stop
Meaning:________________________________________
My sentence: ____________________________________
__________________________________________________
2. stoop
Meaning:________________________________________
My sentence: ____________________________________
________________________________________________
3. cape
Meaning:________________________________________
My sentence: ____________________________________
__________________________________________________
4. cap
Meaning: ________________________________________
My sentence: ____________________________________
__________________________________________________
5. fine
Meaning:________________________________________
My sentence: ____________________________________
__________________________________________________
6. find
Meaning:________________________________________
My sentence: ____________________________________
__________________________________________________
Use what youve learned.
Partner Work
1. With your partner, go over your Writing
Practice work. Make any corrections that are
needed.
2. If words begin with the same letter or letters,
you must look at the next letters to put the
words in alphabetical order.
Examples: cake cheese (a comes before h)
coffee cola (f comes before l)
cream crew (a comes before w)
With your partner, put each list below in
alphabetical order.
pear potato pound pint
__________________________________________________
strange stretch stuff straight
______________________________________________
meat market melt meant
______________________________________________
fright frost from fight
______________________________________________
tax tale tall tape
______________________________________________
7. band
Meaning: __________________________________________
My sentence:______________________________________
__________________________________________________
8. ban
Meaning: __________________________________________
My sentence: ____________________________________
__________________________________________________
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8. Using Capital Letters
20
RULE BOXCAPITALIZE:
a. the first word in a sentence
b. the word I
c. the names of particular people and
their titles
d. the names of days and months
e. the names of particular places, such
as streets, cities, states, countries,
and buildings
Discuss
The capital letters in the
sentences below are in bold.Look in the Rule Box.
Which rules found in the Rule Box
are followed in the sentences below?
1. We waited at the corner.
2. I liked the book, but I didnt like the movie.
3. He went to NewYork with his friend Lucia Gomez.
4. The party will be on Monday, March 21, at Sunset Lodge.
5. She drove Mrs. Smith to Dr. Lanes office on Fern Street.
On page 74, youll find more rules for using capital letters.
Writing Practice
Rewrite each sentence to make it correct.
1. is this the right answer?
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. This is the book i told you about.
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. I think mr. ansel lives on second avenue.
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. he went to work on tuesday, april 25.
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. They live at fern gardens in new jersey.
__________________________________________________________________________________
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Writing on Your OwnRead the paragraph in the box. In each sentence,
three words need to be capitalized. Rewrite theparagraph correctly on the lines below the box.
tina and Andre are driving through the state of
new mexico. Its early in the month of april, and
Andre is looking at his guide book, The american
southwest. We have to go to the city of santa
fe! says andre. It was featured in the TV
programland of enchantment, and i want to
check it out. Tina says, Maybe we can staythere overnight on monday with mrs. perez!
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Use what youve learned.
2
Partner Work
1. With your partner, go over your Writing
Practice work. Make any corrections that
are needed.
2. The first word and all the important words
in the titles of books, movies, TV shows, plays
and musicals must also be capitalized.
Examples: Jake and I are readingBaseball
andItsHeroes.
My favorite TV show is Clenda, the
ElderlyWitch.With your partner, rewrite the following
sentences to make them correct.
a. Maria is reading a book called the mystery
of wilderness castle.
__________________________________________
b. I read work in the 21st centuryto get some
tips about good jobs.
__________________________________________
c. The TV showheres george! is based on
the movie wheres george?
__________________________________________
d. I have two tickets for the musical the
phantom cats.
__________________________________________
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Section 1 Review
A. Write the correct word in each sentence.
1. We ____________ her a birthday card.cent sent
2. He has ___________ sisters andtwo too
___________ brothers.for four
3. I cant ____________ the musichere hear
from ____________.here hear
B. Write the contraction for the words undereach line.
1. I think ____________ pass this test.I will
2. Leo ____________ going to the party, butis not
____________ going to be there.Jake is
3. It ____________ look like ____________ win.does not she will
C. Write the past-tense form of the wordunder each line.
1. They ____________ the puppies in a warmkeep
place.
2. We ____________ some fish andcatch
____________ them home.bring
3. She ____________ me the picture sheshow
____________.draw
D. On the line below the box, write the words in
alphabetical order.
quiz quick quit question quiet
________________________________________________
E. Find the two words in each sentence that need
to be capitalized. Write the sentences correctly.
1. We drove to the city of helena, montana.
________________________________________________
2. On tuesday, Laurie and i missed the bus.
________________________________________________
3. who likes the TV programso You Think Youre
So Smart?
________________________________________________
22
With a partner or your instructor, go over the
questions and your answers. Make a check mark
() beside each of your correct answers. Discuss
any answers that are not correct. Make any
changes that are needed.
Check the box that shows how you rateyourself:
Superior:All my answers are correct.
Good: No more than four of my answers
were incorrect.
I Need to Review This Section: Five or more
of my answers had to be corrected.
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Contents
1. Identifying Nouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2. Pronouns: Words That Stand for
Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3. Compound Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4. Identifying Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5. Using Regular Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6. Using Irregular Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7. Words That Can Be Nouns or Verbs. . . 36
8. Turning Verbs Into Nouns and
Vice-Versa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Section 2 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2Nouns and verbs are nothing new to youbecause you use them constantly when you speak. Inthis section, youll become skillful in identifying nouns
and verbs in the material you read and in using nounsand verbs correctly when you write.
In fact, if you can identify the nouns and verbs in the
following sentences, youre already on your way to
success.
1. The audience applauded loudly. (1 noun, 1 verb)
2. The car stopped at the light. (2 nouns, 1 verb)
3. Tomas cooked and served the meal. (2 nouns,
2 verbs)
section
Nouns and Verbs
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1. Identifying Nouns
Discuss
Anoun is a word that names a person, place, animal, or thing. Read aloud the
following examples.
Keep in mind:A thing may also be something you cannot touch or see. Read aloud
the following nouns.
Writing PracticeComplete each sentence with a noun from the boxes above. For some questions,
different answers are possible.
1. The ______________________ didnt fit.
*2. ______________________ is an important language.
*3. ______________________ was his favorite sport.
*4. ______________________ owns a grocery store.
5. The ______________________ scared us.
*6. ______________________ make good pets.
7. The ______________________ was crowded.
*8. ______________________ flew over our house.
*Check your sentences. Each one with an asterisk should begin with a capital letter!
24
person: woman Gloria umpire student George teacher Mr. Perry
place: Ohio Mexico airport Empire State Building house school mall
animal: dog horse butterfly robin snake fish
thing: desk shoe ear window book basketball river flower planes
music English sadness friendship Spanish humor problem idea
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Writing on Your OwnChoose and circle a topic from the box below. Look at the nouns listed after the topic. Write about your
topic using each of the nouns at least once. Underline those nouns.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Use what youve learned.
2
Partner Work
1. With your partner, read aloud your Writing
Practice sentences. Identify the noun you
wrote. Tell whether it names a person, place,
animal, or thing.
2. With your partner, identify and underline
the noun in each sentence below.
a. The house was empty.
b. Jacob went in.
c. Music was playing.
d. The sound was mysterious.e. A bird sang.
f. The flowers wilted and drooped.
g. Two people were dancing.
h. My friend sang along happily.
3. With your partner, write a noun to complete
each sentence below.
a. ___________________ won the prize.
b. _________________ like to eat bananas.
c. _____________ cant come to the party.
d. _____________ are amazing animals.
e. The _____________ seemed confusing.
Topics Nouns to Use
An Awful Situation situation fright adventure family predicament
Good Friends friends helpfulness school people neighborhood
Feeling Sad sadness anger luck lesson person
Feeling Happy happiness pleasure fun places excitement
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2. Pronouns: Words That Stand for Nouns
Discuss
Read aloud the sentence pairs below. Identify which noun or nouns in sentence 1
have been replaced by the underlined word in sentence 2.
Example: 1. Jon hit the ball. 2. He watched it fly out of the park. He stands for Jon.
1. My sister goes to college 2. She studies every night.
1. The building is empty. 2. It is falling apart.
1. The dogs are lonely. 2. They miss their owner.
1. Kim and I like to write. 2. We write stories about our childhood.
1. The books were helpful. 2. They provided the information I needed.
The underlined words above are pronouns. A pronoun is a word used in place of anoun. By using pronouns correctly, you can make your writing smooth and professional.
Decide which pronouns to use in place of the underlined nouns below. Then read
aloud the new second sentence in each pair.
Laura is a nurse. Laura works at Mercy Hospital.
Tim and Robert repaired the car. Tim and Robert replaced the gears and wheels.
The music was soothing. The music helped me calm down.
David owns a truck. David drives hundreds of miles each day.
Stella and I were late for work. Stella and I ran to the bus stop.
Writing Practice
Read the sentence pairs. Rewrite the second sentence in the pair by replacing the underlined
noun or nouns with the correct pronoun.
1. Jane read the book. Jane recommended it to us.
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. The book is exciting. The book is definitely worth reading.
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Laurie and Ben liked the book. Laurie and Ben admired the main character.
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Mr. King talked about the book. Mr. King had read it several times.
________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Fernando and I saw the movie. Fernando and I thought it was better than the book.
__________________________________________________________________________________________26
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Writing on Your OwnRewrite the following paragraph by using the
correct pronouns in place of the underlined words.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Use what youve learned.
2
Partner Work
1. With your partner, read aloud your Writing
Practice sentences. Discuss and make any
corrections that are needed.
2. With your partner, rewrite the second
sentence in each pair below. Use the
noun or nouns that each underlined
pronoun stands for.
a. Arnold gave a report. He did a good job.
______________________________________________
b. I saw the plane take off. It left on time.
______________________________________________
c. Renee avoids the mall on weekends. She
shops on Monday or Tuesday.
______________________________________________
d. The lot was full of used cars. They were
in bad shape.
______________________________________________
e. Lenny and I visited our parents. We try to
see them at least once a month.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
After my sister graduates from high school,
my sister will go to the community college.
The college is near our home, and the college
offers a variety of classes. Business Skills and
Computer Literacy are the two most popular
classes. Business Skills and Computer Literacy
are offered five days a week and on four
evenings. Mr. Lennon teaches the eveningclasses. Mr. Lennon is a great teacher. Rocky
and I studied with him last year, so Rocky and I
advised my sister to register for the evening
classes.
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3. Compound Nouns
Discuss
Acompound noun is two nouns used to name one thing.
Some compound nouns are written as one word; headache is an example.
Some compound nouns are written as two words; tape recorder is an example.
Usually, the first word of a compound noun is stressed when you say the noun.
That is, emphasis is placed on the first noun. Read aloud the compound nouns in the
box below.
Writing Practice
Write the compound noun found in each sentence. Then underline the part of the noun to
stress when you say the noun aloud.
Example: This is a tape recorder. tape recorder
1. Wheres the restroom?
2. Can you read my handwriting?
3. Whats your phone number?
4. Shes my science teacher.
5. Ill buy a notebook.
28
HEADache
TAPE recorder
AIRplane
HOMEwork
BALLgame
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Writing on Your Own
1. First, choose and circle five of the compound
nouns from the following list.
2. Now, use the five compound nouns youve
circled in a paragraph of your own. Check
your spelling.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Use what youve learned.
2
Partner Work
1. With your partner, identify the compound
nouns you wrote for Writing Practice. Read
aloud the compound nouns to make sure
you stress the correct part of the noun.
2. With your partner, write sentences using the
following compound nouns.
a. textbook
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
b. tennis player
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
c. water ski
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
d. math test
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
e. classroom__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
chalkboard
firefighter
handshake
library book
ceiling fan
grammar lesson
guesswork
candlelight
flying saucer
Pacific Ocean
underwater
cottage cheese
traffic light
Thanksgiving Day
United States
driveway
Main Street
mailbox
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4. Identifying Verbs
Discuss
Averb is a word that names an action or a state of being. The verbs in the
sentences below are underlined. Read aloud the sentences, then say the verbs.
Glen stacks the firewood. The boy helps his neighbor.
The logs are heavy. Then the job becomes easier.
The men rest on the porch.
A verb can tell about something that happens now (the present), or about
something that happened in the past. The underlined verbs above are in the
present tense. In the box below, youll find the past tense of the verbs.Say the sentences above again, this time using the past tense.
Example: Glen stacked the firewood.
Writing Practice
1. Complete each sentence with a verb from the box below. Different choices
are possible.
a. The dog the cat.
b. We that movie.
c. A lot of people the fair.
d. Everyone in our class the test.
e. Some of the lessons in the book hard.
2. On the line after each sentence, write the verb in that sentence.
a. My sister works at ValueMart.
b. She trains new employees.
c. Last week she got a raise.
d. The boss praised her.
e. She needs the extra money for her kids.30
rested helped stacked became were
liked hated saw left passed attended were are
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Writing on Your OwnEach noun phrase at right can become part of a
sentence if you add a verb phrase. Write the whole
sentences. Underline the verbs. Remember to capi-
talize the first word in your sentences and to end
the sentence with a period (.).
Examples:
Noun Phrases
the party
the car in the dump
Sentences: The party was a lot of fun.
The car in the dump has no wheels.
Noun Phrases
1. most students
____________________________________________________
2. angry passengers
____________________________________________________
3. all the flights
____________________________________________________
4. bad weather on the
East Coast
____________________________________________________
5. a great many people
____________________________________________________
Use what youve learned.
3
Partner Work
1. With your partner, read aloud the sentences
you completed for part 1 in Writing Practice.
Ask your partner to identify the verb in each
sentence.
2. With your partner, check the verbs you wrote
for part 2 in Writing Practice. Make any
corrections that are needed.
3. Each sentence at right has two verbs. With
your partner, identify the two verbs and
underline them.
Example: We followed the recipe and baked
the cake.
a. I read the schedule and chose a program.
b. She sang the song and danced with her
partner.
c. John likes soccer but hates basketball.
d. Tanya was sad, but now she is happy.
e. He feels proud when he reads his story
aloud to the class.
Verb Phrases
was a lot of fun
has no wheels
Verb Phrases
left for the holiday
wandered aroundthe airport
were late
delayed the flights
spent Christmas atthe airport
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5. Using Regular Verbs
Discuss
Verbs can indicate the time at which something happened. Aregular verb is
one that shows its past tense, or past time, by adding -ed. Read aloud the followingexamples.
The verbs in the box at right are also regular. Say the past and past participle
forms of each.
Example:
jump(s) jumped have jumped, has jumped, had jumped
Look at the chart at right. Can you figure out
when you add -s to the present form
of a verb?
32
Present Past Past Participle
help(s) helped (have, has, had) helped
move(s) moved (have, has, had) moved
look(s) looked (have, has, had) looked
open(s) opened (have, has, had) opened
save(s)
wonder(s)
work(s)
I help we help
you help they help
he, she, it helps
1. They have organizepast participle ofhelp
the fair.
2. He the door.past of open
3. She all her records.present ofsave
4. He at the garage.present of work
5. They into a larger apartment.past ofmove
6. The children had acrosspast participle ofjump
the stream.
Writing Practice
Complete the sentences. Write each verb in the form named below the line.
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Use what youve learned.
3
Partner Work
1. With your partner, read the sentences you
completed for Writing Practice. Make any
corrections that are needed in the forms and
spellings of verbs.
2. With your partner, discuss the spelling
changes that you need to make when writing
the verbs below.
Present Past Past Participle
cry, cries cried (have, has, had) cried
try, tries tried (have, has, had) tried
pass, passes passed (have, has, had) passed
Which spelling of the present tense of crydo
you use after I?Aftershe?
Which spelling of the present tense ofpass do
you use afterit?
Writing on Your Own1. The present tenses of four regular verbs are
given below. Write the past and past participle ofeach verb.
Present Past Past Participle
hope(s) ____________ (have, has, had) ________
need(s) ____________ (have, has, had) ________
rest(s) ____________ (have, has, had) ________
yell(s) ____________ (have, has, had) ________
2. Write
a. a sentence using the past participle ofrest.
____________________________________________________
b. a sentence using the past ofyell.
____________________________________________________
c. a sentence using the past participle ofneed.
____________________________________________________
d. a sentence using the past ofhope.
____________________________________________________
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6. Using Irregular Verbs
Discuss
Many verbs are irregular. That is, the past and past participle forms dont use -ed.
They are spelled in different ways. Read aloud the sentences in the box below.
Writing Practice
It takes practice to learn the forms of irregular verbs. In the box below, find the correct form to write in
each sentence.
Example: Our teacher has us how to observe birds.past participle ofshow
1. The geese over the pond.past of fly
2. They have this way every year.
past participle of fly
3. I them calling to one another.
past ofhear
4. They have some fish.past participle of eat
5. I have them come down on ponds to find food.
past participle ofsee
6. the birds know we were watching them?
past of do
34
Present Past Past Participle
I write a story. I wrote a story. I have written a story.
I forget the ending. I forgot the ending. I have forgotten the ending.
They build a house. They built a house. They had built a house.
She sees the movie. She saw the movie. She has seen the movie.
shown
Present Past Past Participl
(have, has, ha
fly, flies flew flown
do, does did done
eat, eats ate eaten
see, sees saw seen
hear, hears heard heard
show, shows showed shown
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Writing on Your OwnChoose a verb from the box below. Underline the
present tense of the verb you choose.Then write a paragraph in which you use the
present, past, and past participle of your verb.
Example: wear
Every year she wears an army hat in the July 4th
parade. She wore the hat last year, too. Her dad
had worn the hat when he was a Marine.
Present Past Past Participle
wear, wears wore (have, has, had) worn
pay, pays paid (have, has, had) paid
go, goes went (have, has, had) gone
make, makes made (have, has, had) made
know, knows knew (have, has, had) known
ring, rings rang (have, has, had) rung
grow, grows grew (have, has, had) grown
hurt, hurts hurt (have, has, had) hurt
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Use what youve learned.
3
Partner Work
1. With your partner, read aloud your Writing
Practice sentences. Check one anothers use
of the past, present, and past participle forms
of verbs. Make any corrections that are
needed.
2. With your partner, write a sentence using
each verb below.
Present
take, takes________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Past
took
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Past Participle
(have, has, had) taken
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
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7. Words That Can Be Nouns or Verbs
Discuss
Some words can be used as both nouns and verbs. For example, in the first
sentence below, dance is a verb because it names an action. In the secondsentence, dance is a noun because it names a thing (the dance).
Raisa and Martin dance every Saturday night.
Everybody went to the dance.
Read aloud the sentences below. Decide whether the underlined words are used
as verbs or nouns. Explain your choices.
1. Thepaintwas dry. 5. Our family will drive to Oregon.
2. Shepaints pictures of her family. 6. Its a long drive.
3. They enjoy their work. 7. Theansweris easy.
4. They worksix days a week. 8. Weanswerthe question.
Writing PracticeComplete each sentence with the word below the line. Read the sentence to yourself.
Then write noun or verb on the line after the sentence to show how the word is used in that
sentence.
Example:
We look forward to the .race
1. The lasted for two hours.show
2. Jon and Tina a lot of interest in science.show
3. The baby a lot.cries
4. We heard the of the wolves.cries
5. The of that story was sad.end
6. We thought the show would never .end36
race noun
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Writing on Your OwnWrite a sentence using each of the words below. On
the line after each of your sentences, tell whetheryou used the word as a noun or as a verb.
Examples: like(s)
Jon and Naomi like dogs. ___________
or
She listed her likes and dislikes. ___________
1. face(s)
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
2. help(s)
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
3. hit(s)_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
4. fight(s)
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
5. talk(s)
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
Use what youve learned.
3
Partner Work
1. With your partner, read aloud your Writing
Practice sentences. Explain why each word
you wrote is a noun or a verb.
2. With your partner, use each word below as
instructed. Write your sentences together.
Example: Use cookor cooks as a noun.
He is a cook in a restaurant.
a. Use cookor cooks as a verb.________________________________________________
b. Usesounds as a verb.
________________________________________________
c. Usesoundorsounds as a noun.
________________________________________________
d. Uselove orloves as a verb.
________________________________________________
3. Read your sentences aloud to another
group of students. Note and discuss any
disagreements. Make any corrections that
are needed.
Verb
noun
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8. Turning Verbs Into Nouns and Vice-Versa
Discuss
Language is an exciting thing because you can work with it in different ways.
For example, there are many English verbs that you can change into nounsjust by adding -er or -or. Read aloud and discuss the following examples together.
How do you change the verbs into nouns?
a. He teaches our science class. (Teaches is a verb.)
He is a teacher. (Teacheris a noun.)
b. They collectstamps. (Collectis a verb.)
They are collectors. (Collectors is a noun.)
c. Arno writes stories. (Writes is a verb.)
Arno is a writer. (Writeris a noun.)
d. Naomi conducts an orchestra. (Conducts is a verb.)
Naomi is a conductor. (Conductoris a noun.)
Now try it the other way. Change the underlined noun into a verb, and say the
new sentence. Example: She is a hiker.
She hikes in the hills.
a. Pam is a good speller.
She everything right.
b. Hes a great driver. c. They are mowers of lawns.
He a truck. They lawns.
Writing PracticeComplete each sentence with the word below the line. Read the sentences to yourself.
Then write noun or verb to identify the word you added.
Example: Mark and his band rap music.play
38
verb
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Writing on Your OwnUse the words below in sentences of your own.
Verbs Nouns
1. swim swimmer(s)
2. listen listener(s)
3. run runner(s)
4. speak speaker(s)
5. help helper(s)
1. ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
1. All the went to school together.players
2. They a lot of contests.win
3. Mark and the band are .winners
4. Mark the band.manages
Use what youve learned.
3
Partner Work
1. With your partner, read aloud your Writing
Practice sentences and tell whether the word
you added is a noun or a verb. Make any
corrections that are needed.
2. With your partner, change each verb below
into a noun by adding -er. Then write a
sentence using your noun.
Example: Verb: talk
Noun: talker
Sentence: He was a fast talker.
a. Verb: lead
Noun: ____________________________________
Sentence:________________________________
____________________________________________
b. Verb: read
Noun: ____________________________________
Sentence:________________________________
____________________________________________
c. Verb: work
Noun: ____________________________________
Sentence: ______________________________
____________________________________________
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Section 2 Review
A. On the line after each sentence, write the two
nouns in that sentence. Hint: Several of the
nouns are compound nouns.
1. The classroom was filled with laughter.
__________________________________________________
2. She picked up the package at the post office.
__________________________________________________
3. The soccer game will be held in Central Park.
__________________________________________________
4. The deer ran through the tall grass.
__________________________________________________
5. Jeff signed up for the computer class.
__________________________________________________
B. Write the pronoun that can stand for the
underlined word or words.
1. Mary sat down. Mary said she was tired.
__________________________________________________
2. The storm was destructive. The storm blewdown huge trees.
__________________________________________________
3. The tenants wrote to the landlord. The tenants
complained about the noise.
__________________________________________________
4. Lenny and I studied the map. Lenny and I
planned our trip.
__________________________________________________
5. Tom joined the gym. Tom planned to go there
every day.
__________________________________________________
C. Write the two verbs in each sentence.
1. He wrapped and sent the present.
__________________________________________________
2. She made a turn at Elm Street and then turnedleft on Park.
__________________________________________________
3. The driver swerved and drove off the road.
__________________________________________________
4. They answer the questions and then check their
answers.
__________________________________________________
D. Complete each sentence with the verb form
under the line. You may refer to pages 3435
if you wish.
1. I have Jeanne for ten years.
past participle ofknow
2. We that movie last night.
past ofsee
3. The kids on a hike.
past ofgo
4. I the bell and waited for an answer.
past ofring
5. He has all the assignments.
past participle of do
40
With a partner or your instructor, go over the
questions and your answers. Make a check mark
() beside each of your correct answers. Discuss
any answers that are not correct. Make any
changes that are needed.
Check the box that shows how you rate
yourself:
Superior:All my answers are correct.
Good: No more than four of my answers
were incorrect.
I Need to Review This Section: Five or more
of my answers had to be corrected.
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Contents
1. Recognizing and Using Adjectives . . . . 42
2. Comparing Two Things . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3. Comparing More Than Two Things. . . . 46
4. Recognizing and Using Adverbs . . . . . 485. More Ways to Use Adverbs . . . . . . . . . 50
6. Using Adverbs in Comparisons . . . . . . 52
7. Playing With Adjectives, Adverbs,
and Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Section 3 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3section
Adjectives and Adverbs
Adjectives and adverbs are descriptive words. Youuse adjectives and adverbs all the time when you speak.
Here are two examples:
A tremendous crowd gathered in the park. (Tremendous
is an adjective describing the noun crowd.)
Everyone cheered loudly for the home team.(The verb in this sentence is cheered. Loudlyis an
adverb describing how everyone cheered.)
Can you identify the adjectives and adverbs in the
following sentences? If so, youre already on your way
to success with adjectives and adverbs.
1. A few fans brought cameras.
2. The angry umpire stopped the game.
3. The game stopped suddenly.
4. The umpire walked slowly onto the field.
In this section, youll learn how to use adjectives and
adverbs to add sparkle to your writing.
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1. Recognizing and Using Adjectives
Discuss
An adjective is a word that describes or adds to the meaning of a noun or
pronoun. For example, in the sentence below, strange is an adjective that adds tothe meaning of the noun noise.
The strange noise keeps us awake.
Often an adjective can appear after the noun it describes:
The noise is strange.
In the sentence below, strange modifies the pronoun it:
It is strange.
Read aloud the sentences below. Identify the adjective. Tell what noun or
pronoun it describes.
1. Most students passed the test. 5. A kind family adopted the cat.
2. The test was difficult. 6. She is happy.
3. The homeless cat wandered along the street. 7. The house seems small.
4. It was hungry. 8. The cat sleeps on a tiny cushion.
Writing PracticeChoose an adjective from the box to complete each sentence below. Write your choices on
the lines. Different answers are possible.
1. He made mistakes on the test.
2. She prepared a dessert.
3. It was .
4. The kids didnt like the movie.
5. They made a poster for the fair.
6. The trees are and full of blossoms.
7. Nobody liked that TV program.
8. The contestants won a prize.42
green several scary beautiful silly firstdifficult big delicious little new special
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Use what youve learned.
4
Partner Work
1. With your partner, read aloud the sentences
you completed for Writing Practice. Name
the adjective or adjectives you used in each
sentence. Then tell which word in the
sentence your adjective describes.
Example: He made several mistakes on the
test. The adjectiveseveraldescribes the noun
mistakes.
2. With your partner, write sentences using
each word below as an adjective.
a. gloomy ____________________________________
______________________________________________
b. confusing ____________________________________
______________________________________________
c. horrible ______________________________________
______________________________________________
d. brave ______________________________________
______________________________________________
Writing on Your OwnUse each of the words in the box below as an
adjective in a sentence of your own. Underlinethe adjective. Circle the word it describes.
Example: large
The mail carrier delivered a large box.
1.________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
2.________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
3.________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
4.________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
5.________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
6.________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
7.________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
8.________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
9.________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
large easy purple good different
mysterious sad enormous quiet
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2. Comparing Two Things
Discuss
You can use adjectives to compare two things, or to tell how the two things are
alike or different. Read these examples together. What do you add to show thecomparison?
1. The movie was strange.
It was stranger than the movie I saw last week.
2. The music was loud.
It was louder than the music on the tape.
3. Jake is happyabout the test results.
He is happier than his brother is.
Some adjectives are longer than the ones above. They have more than two syllables.
Say these examples: peculiar interesting amazing fascinating
With long adjectives like these, you dont add -er to compare two things. Instead, you
addmore before the word. Read aloud these examples.
This mystery story was more peculiar than the last one we read.
The plot was more interesting than the one in the other book.
The outcome of the story was more amazing than the one in the first book.
The characters are more fascinating than the ones in the last book.
Writing Practice1. On the line in each sentence, choose and write the correct comparative form of the
adjective. It will help if you say the adjective aloud to yourself first to figure out how many
syllables it has.
a. big Their house is than ours.bigger, more big
b. long Her story is than mine.more long, longer
c. terrifying His ghost story was than the one I wrote.terrifyinger, more terrifying
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Writing on Your OwnUse each adjective below in a sentence of your
own that compares two things.
1.________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
2.__________________________________________________________________________________________________
3.________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
4.________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
5.________________________________________________
__________________________________________________6.________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
7.________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
8.________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
d. deep Sutter Lake is than Long Lake.deeper, more deep
e. unusual The end of her story is than yours.more unusual, unusualer
2. Now, draw an arrow from the adjectives you wrote in part 1 to the nouns they describe.
Example: The end of her story is more unusual than yours.
Use what youve learned.
4
Partner Work
1. With your partner, read aloud the sentences
you completed for part 1 in Writing Practice.
Make any corrections that are needed.
2. With your partner, write the comparative
form of each adjective below.
a. cute ______________________________________
b. nice ______________________________________
c. intelligent ________________________________
d. tough ____________________________________
e. inquisitive ________________________________
easier sweeter more exciting less interesting
funnier more helpful sadder less helpful
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3. Comparing More Than Two Things
Discuss
Read aloud the sentences in the box below. How does the adjective change?
In the second sentences above, two things are being compared. What ending is
added to the adjective?
In the third sentences above,more than two things are being compared. What ending
is added to make the superlative form?
With adjectives that have one syllable, like loud, you usually add -est to form the
superlative. Note: Many two-syllable adjectives that end in -y, like funnyand silly,
change -yto -i before adding -er or -est.
Now, say the base forms and sentences below. How many syllables are in the base
form of each adjective? What is the superlative form of each adjective?
(Base forms)
1. (expensive) This car is the most expensive one on the lot.
2. (beautiful) It is the most beautiful car Ive ever seen.
3. (comfortable) Of all the cars, however, it is the least comfortable.
4. (reasonable) Ill buy the car that is most reasonable.
To form the superlative of longer adjectives, use most or least before the base form.
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Base Form Comparative Form Superlative Form(Describes one thing.) (Compares two things.) (Compares more than two things.)
1. This band is loud. 2. It is louderthan the band 3. In fact, it is the loudestband
we heard yesterday. Ive ever heard!
1. The movie was funny. 2. It was funnierthan the 3. The funniestpart was when the
movie we saw last week. whale ate the car.
1. The riddle was silly. 2. It was sillierthan the one 3. Its the silliestriddle Ive ever heard
you told last week.
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e. They have the garden on ourbeautiful
block.
f. We took the route to the park.short
2. For each sentence in part 1 above, draw an
arrow from the adjective you wrote to the noun
it describes.
Example:
She won the prize for the most unusual costume.
unusual
Writing Practice1. Complete the sentences below. Write the
superlative form of the adjective under the line.
a. Thats the dog Ive ever seen!small
b. It was the test wed had all year.difficult
c. Whats the book youve everlong
read?
d. The mayor holds the jobresponsiblein our town.
Use what youve learned.
4
Writing on Your OwnRead the following paragraph and decide which
adjectives are correct. Circle the correct adjectives.
Then write the paragraph correctly.
The (most new, newest) store at the mall is
SellMore. They claim to have the (lowest, most
low) prices and the (helpfulest, most helpful) staff
of any store around here. However, the signs in
the store are the (confusingest, most confusing)
Ive ever seen. The (most peculiar, peculiarest)
sign said Not in This Section.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Partner Work
With your partner, read aloud the sentences
you completed in Writing Practice. Identify
the superlative form of the adjective and the
noun it describes. If you disagree, explain
your choices, then make any corrections
that are needed.
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4. Recognizing and Using Adverbs
Discuss
Adverbs are descriptive words that usually modify, or add to the meaning of,
verbs. The adverbs tellhow, when, or where an action takes place. For example, inthe following sentences, walks is the verb. The adverbs add to the meaning of walks.
Andre walks slowly. (Slowlyis an adverb tellinghowAndre walks.)
Andrealways walks. (Always is an adverb telling whenAndre walks.)
Andre walks everywhere. (Everywhere is an adverb telling whereAndre walks.)
As a writer, you can use adverbs to make your writing more interesting and exact.
For example,Andre walksslowlygives a more precise description of Andre than
simplyAndre walks.
Read aloud each sentence in the box below. Identify the adverb and the verb.
Tell whether the adverb tellshow, when,
or where.
Writing PracticeChoose a different adverb from the box
below to complete each sentence. Then,
underline the verb that your adverb modifies.
Different answers are possible.
Example: Selma answered the phone .
1. The reports are due __________________________________________.
2. The class listened ____________________________________________.
3. He mislaid his homework ____________________________________.
4. We ___________________________________ followed the directions.
5. They ___________________________________ climbed the steep cliff.
6. She threw the book __________________________________________.
cautiously down somewhere bravely tomorrow suddenly today nervously eager
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1. She carefully opened the package.
2. They often watch TV game shows.
3. The children played outdoors.
4. He quickly completed the assignment.
5. She visited us yesterday.
6. They ran inside.
cautiously
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Writing on Your Own1. Read the following paragraph and decide which
word in parentheses is correct. Circle the correctword. Underline the verb it modifies The first
sentence is done for you as an example.
2. Check the words you chose in 1 above with your
instructor or with a classmate. Then write the
entire paragraph correctly on the lines below.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
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