radar history nw
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RADAR TECHNOLOGY
PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
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1958 FIRST GATSOMETER (NON RADAR)
Two rubber tubes were laid across the road at a fixed distance.
The measured time was converted to speed, using a conversion table.
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LEGISLATIONS/GUIDELINES
Since the 70s the
1st local /country
specific regulations
and specifications for
enforcement equipment
were introduced in
Western Europe
followed by the OIML
guidelines in the 90ties.
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1970 RADAR WITH HORN ANTENNA, 13 GHZ
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Wide radar beam 15-20 degrees
Long range upto a few hundred meters
No fixed measurement angle
Accuracy depends highly on the operator
Mechanical tuning fork for selftest
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DETECTION AREA RADAR WITH HORN ANTENNA
5
300 metres
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THE DOPPLER PRINCIPLE
The Doppler Principle
Transmitted energy reflected off an object will be
changed in frequency in direct proportion to the
relative motion between the transmitter and the
reflection object.
If the energy source and the reflecting object are
moving towards each other, the reflected
Frequency will be higher.
RETURNED
TRANSMITTED
If the energy source and the reflecting object are
moving away from each other, the reflected
frequency will be lower.
RETURNED
TRANSMITTED
The Doppler frequency
is the result of the radar
signal that is reflected.
It has a direct relation
between the transmitted
frequency from the
radar and the received
frequency from a
moving vehicle.
When the vehicle drives towards the radar the reflecting frequency will be higher.
The Doppler Principle
Transmitted energy reflected off an object will be
changed in frequency in direct proportion to the
relative motion between the transmitter and the
reflection object.
If the energy source and the reflecting object are
moving towards each other, the reflected
Frequency will be higher.
RETURNED
TRANSMITTED
If the energy source and the reflecting object are
moving away from each other, the reflected
frequency will be lower.
RETURNED
TRANSMITTED
When the vehicle drives away from the radar the reflecting frequency will be lower.
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1971 RADAR MK II AND MK III, 13 GHZ
Single transceiver; no
direction sensing
Small radar beamwidth
approx. 5
Fixed measurement
angle across the road
resulting in a small
measurement zone
Accuracy depends on
radar and only partly on
the operator
Mechanical and
electronic tuning fork
possible for selftest
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RADAR WITH SLOTTED WAVE GUIDE ANTENNA
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No direction sensing A. Approaching the radar beam
B. Entering the radar beam
C. Continuous measurement
D. Leaving radar beam; end speed calculation
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1971 RADAR PRINTS MK II, III
Various printed circuit boards are used in these radar system.
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1974 RADAR MK IV, 13 GHZ
Direction sensing
Radar beam approx. 5
Fixed measurement angle
Detection of multiple vehicles
in the radar beam
The accuracy depends for a
major part on the radar and
only for a small /minor part on
the operator.
System could be used in
unmanned mode
Mechanical selftest with tuning
fork not possible.
Introduction of electronic
tuning fork for selftest
10
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1974 MK IV MICROWAVE PARTS, 13 GHZ
Micro wave part and slotted
wave guide antenna use a
transmitter and two
receivers.
This results in a system that
is able to detect the direction
of passing vehicles.
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RADAR WITH SLOTTED WAVE GUIDE ANTENNA
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Direction sensing A. Approaching the radar beam
B. Entering the radar beam
C. Continuous measurement
D. Leaving radar beam; end speed calculation
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1975 RESULT PHOTO MK IV RADAR WHILE MOVING
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1980 MICRO RADAR, 13 GHZ
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Same microwave system
as Mk IV.
For signal processing a
-processor is used
resulting in high accuracy
of measured speed and
trigger point of the
offending vehicle even in
multiple lanes
System can run with and
without operator and is
used mainly for unmanned
applications
No mechanical tuning fork
possible
Internal electronic tuning
fork for seltest
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1980 MICRO RADAR, 13 GHZ
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Direction sensing
Fixed measurement angle
Radar beam approx. 5
Distinction between passenger cars and trucks (individual speed thresholds)
High accuracy of speed measurements
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1980 MICRO RADAR, 13 GHZ
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Signal processing for Doppler signal and calculation of speed, direction, multiple vehicles detection and trigger for camera using -processors
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1990 RADAR 24 SLOTTED WAVE GUIDE ANTENNA
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Higher frequency because
of new regulations
New microwave part uses
2 detection diodes to
detect the direction of
travel of the traffic
Measures speed of
passing vehicles,
senses direction,
checks signal quality,
detects multiple vehicles
in the radar beam
Self test with electronic
tuning fork, starting from
microwave part
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34 GHz RADAR CAMERA SYSTEM
RADAR DEVICES 18
Some manufacturers use
the 34 GHz frequency
Not all countries allow use
of 34 GHz, because of
other applications
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RADAR DEVICES 19
1990 RADAR 24 SLOTTED WAVE GUIDE ANTENNA
With direction sensing
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1990 RADAR 24 INSTALLATION IN FIP
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1990 RADAR 24 ON TRIPOD
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1990 RADAR 24 BUILT-IN A VEHICLE
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2004 RADAR 24 PLANAR
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Much lower power output; conform ETSI 300-440 and FCC
Replaces the radar 24 wave guide antenna
Same performance and accuracy
Same 24 GHz frequency
Same fixed angle across the road as the wave guide version
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RADAR 24 RESULT PHOTOS
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RADAR 24 FIP WITH SECONDARY METHOD
The speed of the vehicle can be calculated by measuring the travelled distance between on the 1st and 2nd image.
A fixed interval setting must be set.
RADAR DEVICES 25
With road markers for secondary speed calculation in unmanned use.
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PARABOLIC RADAR 13 GHZ AND 24 GHZ
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13 GHz
24 GHz
For use above the road; single lane monitoring
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PARABOLIC RADAR PLANAR
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For use above the road;
single lane monitoring
Flat design is more
compact
ETSI 300-440 en FCC
compliant
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PARABOLIC RADAR FOR OVERHEAD USE
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PARABOLIC RADAR RESULT PHOTOS
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PARABOLIC RADAR RESULT PHOTOS
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2005 LOOPLESS TRIGGER RADAR
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LTR SET-UP FOR SINGLE OR MULTIPLE LANES
LTR angle settings are
flexible and are set for each
individual LTR for each
individual lane, depending
on height position, distance
to centre of the lane, etc.
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LTR ALIGNMENT
RADAR DEVICES 33
Precise and accurate
alignment with webcam
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Vx
A B C
Start measurement at A
Triggerpoint at B
End measurement C
Receding vehicle
LTR VEHICLE MEASUREMENT The footprint length can vary from
roughly 6 to 25 meters depending
on different installation situations.
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Vx
C B A
Approaching vehicle
Start measurement at A
Triggerpoint at B
End measurement C
LTR VEHICLE MEASUREMENT
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LTR SIGNALS
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A-speed
V-speed
Yellow = speed
Red = LTR signal
Green = trigger
Blue = distance
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LTR MODULATION
The modulation has 4 discrete frequencies that are controlled
by the LTR software. The channels are fixed by the program
code (version). The difference in frequency varies from about 3
MHz to about 25 MHz. The oscillator is temperature stabilized.
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LTR MODULATION
When operational, the DSP software is responsible for modulation and digitization.
The modulation plan provides 4 distinct frequencies.
The difference between these 4 frequencies is the basis for the distance measurement.
Example of a spectrum scan
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A spectrum analyzer shows the signals measured on the DSP board.
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LTR MODULATION
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The purple curve is the modulation voltage
The yellow and cyan curves are the signals on the I and Q channel
The 90 degrees lag of the cyan signal is also visible
A change in direction of the target will show a lag in the yellow signal
DSP board signals
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EXAMPLE LTR ON OVERHEAD MAST ARM
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LTR RESULTS RED LIGHT ENFORCEMENT
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LTR APPLICATIONS
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Red light
Speed
Emergency lane
Buslane
City centre environment
zone
Access Control
Section control
..
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2012 RT2 RADAR
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Simultaneously measures own speed, overtaking speed and distance in moving mode
Measures speed and distance in stationary mode
Selftest starting at front end to check system
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RT2 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Type : Planar Patch Array Antenna beam : 5 horizontal, 20 vertical Squint angle : 20 Setting angle : parallel to road axis Measuring direction moving : receding (approaching is approval pending) stationary : approaching, receding or both Lane coverage : up to 4 lanes (stationary measurements) Positioning : aligned at road side for stationary measurements; : fixed radar position in car for moving measurements Transmission class : K-band Max. transmit power : 20 dBm (EIRP) ETSI 300-440 compliant with 250 MHz bandwidth Operating temperature : in operation -25 to +60
RADAR DEVICES 44
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RT2 MOVING ENFORCEMENT
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Measures its own
speed, and
simultaneously
measures the speed
of the overtaking
vehicle
Measures the
distance to the
offending vehicle
Own speed
Overtaking speed
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RT2 DETECTION IN MOVING MODE
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Receding vehicle
(low speed difference)
Approaching vehicle
(high speed difference)
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2013 RT3 TRACKING RADAR
Wide radar beam of
approx. 70 degrees
Speed detection
Direction sensing
Tracks up to 12
vehicles
simultaneously
Automatic angle
measurement for
speed calculation
Selftest starting at
front end
Automatic alignment
with traffic flow.
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RADAR FRONT END
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Internal/external test
Internal self test
(electronic tuning
fork) direct on
mixer diodes.
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RADAR FMCW
50 MHz
Speed and ranging with an FMCW radar system
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RADAR ANGLE MEASUREMENT
Interferometry / monopulse
t t + t
Wavefront detectors
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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Transmit frequency: 24.000 24.250GHz
24.050 GHz, 24.100 GHz, 24.125 GHz,
24.150 GHz and 24.200 GHz
Maximum transmit power: 20dBm (EIRP)
ETSI 300/400 en FCC compliant
Antenna beam horizontal: 70
vertical: 11
Detection range: >70m
Speed range: up to 300 km/h
Direction sensing: approaching/receding
Number of tracked vehicles : 12 (16 optional)
Number of lanes to be observed: up to 4
Separation of targets: by speed and/or distance
Installation height: 3 to 6m
Operating temperature: -25 to +60
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MEASUREMENT SINGLE VEHICLE
Speed raw single vehicle
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Speed tracked single
vehicle
MEASUREMENT SINGLE VEHICLE
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MULTIPLE VEHICLES
Speed raw multiple
vehicles
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MULTIPLE VEHICLES
Speed tracked multiple
vehicles
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MULTIPLE VEHICLES
Quality multiple
vehicles
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MULTIPLE VEHICLES
Power level multiple
vehicles
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MULTIPLE VEHICLES
Top view multiple
vehicles
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RT3 MULTIPLE VEHICLE TRACKING RADAR
Wide angle, radar beam width of 70
Distance measurement
Angle measurement
Speed measurement
Speed measurement in 2 directions
State of the art technology
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SINGLE POLE INSTALLATION
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RT3 RED LIGHT SITUATION
Detection line for camera trigger point
Position of the detection line depends on local regulations/legislation
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RT3 RADAR RESULT PHOTOS
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The RT3 tracking radar provides lane indication
The RT3 tracking radar can identify the offending vehicle
RADAR DEVICES 63
TRACKING MULTIPLE VEHICLES
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SUMMARY
Radar sensor has to be able to identify the vehicle for which it has measured the
speed .
To make identification possible it is necessary to use modulated radar systems.
Modulated radar technology in 24 GHz is already available today.
Used frequencies should be left unspecified but should meet local/ international
regulations.
Selftests with electronic tuning fork can be performed manually and/or
automatically.
A mechanical tuning fork is not possible because of complexity of radar signals.
Continuous wave radars can not identify the offending vehicle without the use of a
template.
Suggestion for the future is to only use radars that enable the system to identify
the offending vehicle.
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Q & A
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
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