quiz: homologous & analogous structures and …€¦ · 2) complete each statement with the...

QUIZ:HOMOLOGOUS&ANALOGOUSSTRUCTURESANDEVOLUTIONARYTREESPERIOD:

NAME: DATE:

Homologous&AnalogousStructures

1)Pleasematcheachstructure(s)withthetermontherightthatBESTdescribesit.(Youmayuseeachtermmorethanonce.)

A) Dorsal(Back)FininaShark&Dolphin________

B) “Eyes”inBlindCaveFish________

C) ButterflyWing&DragonflyWing________

D) “Humerus”BoneinaWhaleFlipper&inaHumanArm_______

a. AdaptiveStructuresb. AnalogousStructuresc. VestigialStructuresd. HomologousStructurese. PhylogeneticStructures

2)CompleteeachstatementwiththeBESTphrasefromthelisttotheright.(Youmayusethesamephrasemorethanonce.)

A) Analogousstructuresareevidencethat__________.

B) Homologousstructuresareevidencethat________.

C) Vestigialstructuresareevidencethat__________.

a. Sharearecentcommonancestorb. Shareatraitthatisnolongerusefultoonespeciesc. Sharethesameorasimilarenvironmentd. Sharesimilartraitsbycoincidence

3)Thetrilobitefossilsinthediagrambelowhavebeenorganizedintoabranchonanevolutionarytreebasedonhomologousstructures.Whichofthefollowingistrue?

a. TrilobiteAshouldbeplacedinitsownbranch,withCasitsmostrecentancestor.

b. TrilobiteBshouldbeplacedbetweenC&D.c. TrilobiteCshouldbeplacedinitsownbranch,withDas

itsmostrecentancestor.d. TrilobiteBshouldbeplacedinitsownbranch,withDas

itsmostrecentancestor.e. Nochangestothebranchareneeded.

4) Whalesliveintheocean.Theydonothavelegs.However,theydohaveapelviswithsmalllegbonesattachedtoit.ThelegbonesaresosmallthattheyareNOTvisibleontheoutsideofthewhale.Thisisevidencethat:

a. Whalesarestillevolvingb. Whalesarenotwell-adaptedtoliveintheoceanc. Whalesevolvedfromlargerfishd. Whalesevolvedfromanimalsthatoncelivedonland.e. Whalesdonothavehomologousstructures

5)ThediagramsbelowshowtwoPOSSIBLEwaysthatthe4chamberedheartmayhaveevolved.Pleaseexplainthedifferencebetweenthesetwooptions.(Besuretousethewords“homologous”and“analogous”inyouranswer.)

EVOLUTIONARYTREES

PleaseusetheevolutionarytreeaboutdifferentmonsterspeciesONTHENEXTPAGEtohelpyouanswerthequestionsbelow.

6)PleasedrawastarontheevolutionarytreetoshowwherethecommonancestorofaSnorlaxandaBlastoisewouldbe.

7) Accordingtothetree,whichmonsterspeciesdivergedfromtheothersearliestintime?_________________________

8) Accordingtothetree,whattraitsdoesBlastoisehave?(CircleALLthatapply.)a. Feathersb. Wingsc. TailFired. Firee. Shellf. Tailg. Limbs

9) Accordingtothetree,whattraitsdoSquirtlesandCharmeleonsshare?(CircleALLthatapply.)a. Feathersb. Wingsc. TailFired. Firee. Shellf. Tailg. Limbs

10) Whichpairofpokemonaremorecloselyrelated?(Pleasecircleapair.)

Charmander&Charmeleon OR Charmander&Charizard?

Howdoyouknow?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

11) ThediagrambelowshowsTWOevolutionarytrees,eachrepresentingaDIFFERENTpatternofevolution.

a. PleasefillintheblankaboveeachtreewiththeNAMEofthepatternofevolution.

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a. Pleasesummarizethedifferencebetweenthesetwopatternsofevolutionin1-2sentences:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

QUIZ:ADAPTATIONS&SPECIATION PERIOD:NAME: DATE:

Pressures&Adaptations

1) Cactusplantstypicallygrowindryareas,likethesouthwest

UnitedStates.Basedonthephotototheright,pleaseidentifyTWODIFFERENTenvironmentalpressuresaffectingtheseplants,aswellasanadaptationtoeachpressure.

EnvironmentalPressure: RelatedAdaptation:

Pleaseusethefollowinginformationtohelpyouanswer#3and#4:InCalifornia,thereisaspeciesofsalamandercalledtheCaliforniaRedSalamander.Itisbrightredandispoisonoustoitspredators.TheEnsatinasalamanderlivesinthesameareaandisevolvingtohavethesameredcolor.

3) TheEnsatinaismostlikelyevolvinginthiswaybecause:a. Itisalsopoisonousb. Itwillblendintoitsenvironmentbetterc. Itwillhelpitstaywarmerd. ItwantstomatewiththeCaliforniaRedsalamandere. Itspredatorsthinkitispoisonous

4) ThisstrategyisBESTdescribedas:a. Adaptationb. Camouflagec. Competitiond. Mimicrye. Fitness

Pleaseusethefollowinginformationtohelpyouanswer#5and#6:Amedicine,penicillin,canbeusedtokillbacteria.Inthelab,youexpose1000bacteriacellstopenicillin.Itkills996ofthebacteriacells.Thefourbacteriacellsthatsurvivewereexposedtothepenicillinagain,butdidnotdie.

5)Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

a.thebacteriathatsurvivedcouldresistpenicillinbeforetheywereexposedtoit

b.thebacteriathatsurvivedchangedthemselvestobeabletoresistpenicillin

c.thebacteriathatsurvivedreproducedfasterthantheotherbacteria

d.thebacteriathatsurvivedlearnedhowtoresistpenicillin

6)Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

a. Overtime,thepercentageofhumansthatareresistanttopenicillinwillincreaseb. Overtime,thepercentageofbacteriathatareresistanttopenicillinwillincreasec. Overtime,thepercentageofbacteriathatareresistanttopenicillinwilldecreased. Overtime,thebacteriawillgoextincte. Overtime,thepenicillinwillbecomemoreeffective

7) Maleparrotshavefeathersthatarebrightcolors-likeredandyellow–eventhoughtheyaretypicallysurrounded

bygreenplants.Thismakesthemmorenoticeabletopredators!Basedonyourunderstandingofpressuresandadaptations,explainwhytheparrotsmighthavethesecolors.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Speciation

8) SpeciationisBESTdefinedas:a. Theprocessinwhichasinglespeciesbecomesmorediverseb. Theprocessinwhichasinglespeciesevolvesintomultiplespeciesc. Theprocessinwhichasinglespecieschangesgraduallyovertimed. Theprocessinwhichasinglespecieschangessuddenly&rapidlyovertimee. Theendingorextinctionofasinglespecies

9) Whattwothingsmusthappentoapopulationforspeciationtooccur?

a. _________________________________________________________________________________________________AND

b. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

10) WhichofthefollowingisLEASTLIKELYtoresultinisolation?a. Aforestfireburnsanareainthemiddleofaforestb. Humansbuildaroadthroughanareaofwildernessc. Afloodcausesanewrivertoformthroughagrasslandd. Agroupofinsectsbeginsingingadifferentmatingsongfromtherestofthepopulatione. Birdsmigratefromnorthernareastosouthernareaseachseason

11) WhichofthefollowingisMOSTLYLIKELYtoresultinspeciation?a. Giraffesliveinanenvironmentwithtalltrees.Overtime,theyevolvetohavelongerandlongernecks.b. Sharksanddolphinsbothliveintheoceanandfacethesameenvironmentalpressures.Overtime,theyevolve

tohavethesamebodyshape.c. SomebirdsfromthemainlandofSouthAmericagetblowntoanislandbyastorm.Overtime,theyadaptto

thenewislandenvironment.d. HomosapiensandNeanderthalscompeteforsurvival.HomosapienssurviveandNeanderthalsgoextinct.e. Theclimategraduallygetswarmerandthegrasslandhabitatsexpand.Zebrasliveinthegrasslands.Over

time,thezebrapopulationgrowslarger.

12) WhichofthefollowingistheBESTevidencethattheEnsatinasalamandershaveNOTYETspeciated:a. Theorangeandspottedsalamandersshareallofthesametraits,otherthancolor.b. Theorangeandspottedsalamandershavesimilarbehaviors.c. Theorangeandspottedsalamandershavethesamenumberofchromosomes.d. Theorangeandspottedsalamandersbreedtogether.e. Noneoftheabove.TheorangeandspottedsalamandersHAVEspeciated.

13) Bacteriaaresimple,singledcelledorganisms.Theyreproducewhenonecelldividesitselfintotwonewcells.

TheylacksophisticatedmechanismsforrepairingtheirDNA,somutationsoccurfrequently.Eventhoughwethinkofbacteriaasorganismsthatmakeussick,MOSTspeciesofbacteriaareactuallyharmlesstohumans.

A) Whichofthefollowingfactsmakeitdifficulttostudyspeciationinbacteria?a. Bacteriaaresimpleorganisms.b. Bacteriareproducebydividinginhalf.c. MutationsoccurfrequentlyintheirDNAd. Somebacteriaareharmfultohumanse. Mostbacteriaareharmlesstohumans

B) ExplainyouranswertopartA:

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DARWIN’SOBSERVATIONS&INFLUENCES

1) Darwinobservedmanydifferentplant,animal,andfossilspeciesonhistravelsaroundtheworld.Hebasedmanyofhisconclusionsaboutevolutionontheseobservations.PleasematcheachofhisobservationswiththeconclusionthatitBESTsupports.(Hint:UseeachletteronlyONCE.)

a. ___________FinchesontheGalapagosIslands

b. ____________Largebirds(ostriches,emus,andrheas)ondifferentcontinents.

c. ____________Glyptodontfossil&modernarmadilloinSouthAmerica

d. ____________EarthquakeinChilethatcausedlandunderneaththeseatoliftupoutofthewater

a. Specieschangeovertime

b. Homologousstructuresareevidencethataspeciessharedarecentcommonancestor

c. Extinctionoccurswhenspeciescannotadapttorapidchangeinenvironmentalpressures

d. Speciesthatfacesimilarenvironmentalpressureswilldevelopanalogoustraits

3) Lamarckwasascientistwhosuggestedthatanimalschangeovertimebecausetheywanttobemoreperfectfortheirenvironment.WasthisideahelpfultoDarwin?

a. No,becausetheideawaswrong–thisisnothowevolutionhappens.b. No,becauseLamarckstoleDarwin’sidea.c. No,becauseother scientistsacceptedLamarck’s ideas, so itwasharder forDarwin toconvince themto

believesomethingdifferent.d. Yes,becauseLamarckrealizedtherewasaconnectionbetweenthecharacteristicsaspecieshasandits

environment.e. Yes,becauseLamarck’sideaswerecorrect,soDarwincouldbuildonthem.f. Yes,becauseallideasarevaluable,eveniftheyarewrong.

4) Malthuswasahistorian&economistwhowroteafamousessayaboutthefutureofhumansocietiescalled“Onthe

PrincipleofPopulation.”HowdidMalthus’sideasinfluenceDarwin?a. Darwinrealizedthathisideasaboutevolutiondidnotapplytohumansb. Darwinrealizedthatindividualswithinanyspeciesmustcompetetosurvivec. Darwinrealizedthatpopulationsofindividualsevolvedifferentlywhentheyareisolatedd. Darwinrealizedthatpopulationsofindividualschangeovertimetoadapttotheirenvironments.e. Noneoftheabove–becauseMalthuswasnotascientist,Darwindidnotaccepthisideas.

5) Darwinwasalsoinfluencedbyatypeofevolutionheobservedcalled“artificialselection.”ThisisBESTdefinedas:

a. Humanscausingaspeciestoevolvebybreedingfordesirabletraitsb. Humanspreventingaspeciesfromevolvingbybreedingfordesirabletraitsc. Humansinterferingwithnaturalevolutionbychangingtheenvironmentd. Aspeciesevolvingbyadaptingtopressuresinitsnaturalenvironmente. Aspeciesnotevolvingeventhoughtherearenewenvironmentalpressuresf. Aspeciesevolvingbybreedingwithanotherspecies

6) Theideaof“artificialselection”influencedDarwinbygivinghimanexampleof:

a. Howevolutiondoesnotalwaysoccurb. Howtwospeciescouldbreedtocauseevolutionc. Howhumaninterventionisnecessarytocauseevolutiond. Howaspeciescanchoosetobreedinawaythatwillimproveitselfe. Howoffspringaremorelikelytohavetraitsthataresimilartotheirparents

NATURALSELECTION

Pleaseusethefollowinginformationtohelpyouanswer#6-9:The“pepperedmoth”livesinEurope.Itrangesincolorfromverylighttoverydarkgray.Likemanybugs,pepperedmothsareeatenbybirds.Thesebirdsusetheirvisiontohunt.Thepepperedmothlivesonbirchtrees,whichhavewhitebark.

ExamplesofPepperedMothColors: LightPepperedMothonBirchTree:

7) Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthevariationseeninthepepperedmoths?a. Individualpepperedmothscanvarytheircolorstobebettercamouflaged.b. Withinthespeciesofpepperedmoth,individualsrangeincolorfromverylighttoverydarkgray.c. Therearemultiplespeciesofpepperedmoth,eachwithadifferentcolor.d. Overtime,thepepperedmothsvariedincolorfromlightgraytodarkgray.

8) Thereisalimittothetotalnumberofpepperedmothsthatcaneverexistinthepopulationbecause:

a. Theyhaveaveryshortlifespanb. Theycannotreproducequicklyenoughtoexceedacertainpopulationsizec. Therearenotenoughresourcesforalloffspringthatareborntosurvived. Therearenotenoughmatesavailablee. Theyareeatenbybirds

9) Asthepepperedmothpopulationevolvesbynaturalselection,thepepperedmothscompetewith…

a. Eachotherb. Otherbugsc. Thebirdsd. Thetreese. Theenviornment

10) Weknowthatthenumberoflightanddarkmothsinthepepperedmothpopulationhaschangedovertime.

Beforetheindustrialrevolution,over95%ofmothswerelightcoloredandtheremaining5%weredarkcolored.Whentheindustrialrevolutionbegan,humansbuildmanyfactoriesthatpollutedtheairwithsmokeandsoot.Thesootcoveredthebirchtrees,turningtheirbarkblack.Duringthistime,over95%ofmothsweredarkcoloredandtheremaining5%werelightcolored.Pleasewrite2-3sentencesexplainingHOWthischangeoccurred.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

11) Manyofthecropsthatwefarmtodayforfood,likecorn,arewelladaptedtotheirenvironments,butdonothavemuchgeneticdiversity.WhichofthefollowingwouldbeMOSTLIKELYtooccurifanewfungusevolvedthatattackedcornplants?1. Farmedcornwouldgoextinctbecauseitcannotadapt2. Farmedcornwouldmutatetoadapttothefungus3. Farmedcornwouldevolvetoberesistanttothefungus4. Thefunguswouldevolvetoberesistanttothecorn5. Therewouldbelittle/noeffectonthecornbecauseitis

alreadywelladapted.

12) VariationexistswithinALLspeciesbecauseof:

a. Mitosisb. Meiosisc. Sexualreproductiond. Evolutionbynaturalselectione. RandommutationsinDNA

QUIZ:HISTORYOFLIFEONEARTH PERIOD:NAME: DATE:

1) WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribeswheretheoxygenonEarthcamefrom:a. OxygenhasalwayssurroundedtheEarthfromthetimeitwasfirstformed.b. Oncetheearthcooled,volcanoeseruptedandreleasedoxygenthathadbeentrappedinsidetheEarth.c. Anearlyprokaryotecellevolvedtheabilitytodophotosynthesisandbeganreleasingoxygen.d. Earlytreesevolvedtheabilitytodophotosynthesisandbeganreleasingoxygen.e. Earlyoceananimalstookoxygenoutofthewatertobreathe.

2) WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribeswheretheoceansonEarthcamefrom:

a. WaterhasalwaysbeenonthesurfaceoftheEarthfromthetimeitwasfirstformed.b. Oncetheearthcooled,volcanoeseruptedandreleasedwaterthathadbeentrappedinsidetheEarth.c. Anearlyprokaryotecellevolvedtheabilitytodophotosynthesisandbeganreleasingwater.d. TheicecapsonthepolesoftheEarthmeltedandcreatedtheoceans.e. Earlyoceananimalstookoxygenoutofthewatertobreathe.

3) WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribeswherethesurfaceoftheEarth(theland)camefrom:

a. LavatouchedthewateronthesurfaceoftheEarthandquicklycooledandturnedsolid.b. ThelavathattheEarthwasmadeofgraduallycooledandturnedsolid.c. Volcanoeseruptedandreleasedlavathatcooledandturnedsolid.d. Oxygenreactedwiththelavaandcreatedland.e. ThesurfaceoftheEarthhasalwaysbeensolid.

4) Pleaseputthefollowingeventsinorderfromoldest(1)tomostrecent(9).

Firstcells(prokaryotes)appeared Earlyhumanancestors(inthegenusHomo)appeared Dinosaurswentextinct Reptiles&amphibiansevolvedonland Floweringplantsbecamewidespread Jellyfish,sponges,&clamsevolvedintheocean Birdsevolved Oceansformed Largeamountsofoxygenpresentintheatmosphere

5) Pleaseshowthe4erasofEarth’shistoryaccuratelyonthetimelinebelow.(BesuretoclearlylabeltheNAME&DATES

ofeachera.)

5bya 4bya 3bya 2bya 1bya Today

6) Chloroplasts are the organelles in that carry out photosynthesis inside many plant cells. The best evidence that chloroplasts were once independent cells is:

a. Chloroplasts are green in color b. Chloroplasts have their own DNA c. Some cells are able to “eat” others by surrounding

them d. Not all plant cells have chloroplasts e. Oxygen is present in the Earth’s atmosphere

7) The process in which chloroplasts were incorporated into other prokaryotic cells to become eukaryotes is called: ____________________________

QUIZ:PRIMATE&HUMANEVOLUTION PERIOD:NAME: DATE:

1) Pleasedrawanevolutionarytreeshowingtherelationshipsbetweenthe5modernprimategroups:

2) Youareaprimatologistatthezoo.Youhaveanewanimaljoiningyourcollection.Shehasopposabletoes&thumbs,livesprimarilyontheground,andhasanon-prehensiletail.Whatprimategroupshouldshebeplacedwith?

a. OldWorldMonkeysb. NewWorldMonkeysc. Apesd. Humanse. Prosimiansf. Pergatorius

3) Whichtraitwouldbemosthelpfulindistinguishinganewworldmonkeyfromaprosimian?a. Bodysizeb. Numberofteethc. Descriptionoftaild. Binocularvisione. ShapeofNose

4) Pleasecircletrueorfalseforeach.Humansaretheonlyprimatesthat…a. usetools. TRUE FALSEb. careforsickorinjuredindividuals. TRUE FALSEc. usefacialexpressionstocommunicate. TRUE FALSEd. spendmultipleyearsraisingandteachingtheiroffspring. TRUE FALSE

5) Pleasecircletrueorfalseforeach:a. Humansaremorecloselyrelatedtomonkeysthantheyaretogorillas. TRUE FALSEb. Humansevolvedfrommoderndaychimpanzees. TRUE FALSEc. Australopithecuswasacommonancestorofbothmodernhumans

andmodernchimpanzees. TRUE FALSEd. Atsomepointsinhistory,thereweremultiplehominin(human)species

LivingonEarthatthesametime. TRUE FALSE

6) CompareandcontrastAustralopithecusandHomoerectus:a. Bothwerebipedal,butonlyHomoerectusstilllivedinthetreesb. Bothhadequallylargebrains,butonlyHomoerectuswasbipedalc. Bothhadequallylargebodies,butonlyHomoerectushadamodernhumanbraind. Bothwerebipedal,butonlyHomoerectusmadehuntingweaponsandusedfiree. BothwereancestorsoftheNeanderthals,butonlyHomoerectusinterbredwiththem

7) Twoofthemajortraitsthatdistinguishhumansfromotherprimatesarebeingfullybipedalandhavingthelargest,mostintelligentbrains.Whatpressuresdrovethedevelopmentofthesetwotraitsinhumanevolution?(PleasebespecificaboutBOTHtraits!)

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