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Copyright 2019, US Advanced Computing Infrastructure, Inc., All rights reserved.
Quantum Computing Platforms
By Jeffrey Cohen, President Chicago Quantum
US Advanced Computing Infrastructure, Inc. November 6, 2019
Copyright 2019, US Advanced Computing Infrastructure, Inc., All rights reserved.
Quantum Computing PlatformsJeffrey Cohen, November 6, 2019
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https://www.chicagoquantum.com
Copyright 2019, US Advanced Computing Infrastructure, Inc., All rights reserved.
Jeffrey Cohen, President, US Advanced Computing Infrastructure, Inc. +1.312.515.7333 (cell), @chicago_quantum (twitter), jeffrey@quantum-usaci.com (email)
“Contact us for more information or to solution & consume your own platform”
Groupings of Quantum Platforms
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Hardware - full stack quantum computer manufacturers
Software - platform providers
Consultancies & ISVs - solution providers and systems integrators
Copyright 2019, US Advanced Computing Infrastructure, Inc., All rights reserved.
Jeffrey Cohen, President, US Advanced Computing Infrastructure, Inc. +1.312.515.7333 (cell), @chicago_quantum (twitter), jeffrey@quantum-usaci.com (email)
“All data is publicly available”
“Contact us for more information and to create your own quantum use case”
“This list may not be comprehensive as it is based on team experience.”
Notes & Acknowledgements
4
Hardware vendors that also sell software are listed only once
Copyright 2019, US Advanced Computing Infrastructure, Inc., All rights reserved.
Quantum Computing Hardware Platform Providers
Alibaba Cloud (with CAS)
Alpine Quantum Technologies GmbH
ATOS / Bull
D-Wave Systems
Fujitsu IT Ltd.
Google AI
Honeywell Quantum Solutions
Intel Corporation
IBM Research
IonQ
Rigetti Computing
Toshiba Digital Solutions Corporation
Xanadu
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Approaches: 1/ annealing, 2/ universal or gate-based, or 3/simulators
Technologies: 1/ superconducting, 2/ ion traps, 3/ photons, 4/ neutral atoms, or 5/ spin qubits
Access methods: 1/ on-premise hardware, or 2/ public cloud access
Simulators currently offer comparable performance
Competition between F100 public and small VC/private firms
No commercial ‘production’ workloads
* Most providers build or systems integrate a full hardware and software stack (think IBM PCs before MS/DOS) * No supplier offers quantum memory, storage, I/O, networking or DBMS; nor fault tolerant or error corrected systems.
Copyright 2019, US Advanced Computing Infrastructure, Inc., All rights reserved.
Quantum Computing Software Platform Providers
1QBit
Aliro
ETH Zurich (Project Q)
Microsoft Quantum
Q-CRTL
Quantum Benchmark Inc.
QC Ware (QCaaS)
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Most offer technology agnostic platforms to build applications upon (think ServiceNow)
Specialization of focus (e.g., Q-CTRL and Quantum Benchmark focus on helping QC manufacturers)
Except Microsoft, all are small VC/private firms
Copyright 2019, US Advanced Computing Infrastructure, Inc., All rights reserved.
Quantum Computing Consultancies & ISVs
Accenture Research
Cambridge Quantum Computing
Chicago Quantum
Individuals / Gaming Firms
ISARA (security)
QuantFi (Finance)
QxBranch (now Rigetti)
Zapata Computing
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Typically small teams looking for clients and productization ideas (e.g., software or algorithm)
Typically have a preferred technology stack
Can build software for simulators, quantum systems, or hybrid setups
Except Accenture, all are small VC/private firms
No commercial ‘production’ workloads
* We see research and speakers from Boston Consulting Group on the conference circuit.
Vendor / Country Quantum Scope Access Model
Copyright 2019, US Advanced Computing Infrastructure, Inc., All rights reserved.
Full Stack, Universal, Gate QC Providers
Alibaba Cloud (Aliyun) & Chinese Academy of Sciences / China
11 Qubits (made by CAS) Quantum Simulation (up to 81 Qubits
TaiZhang)
Cloud Access - CAS computer via Aliyun cloud
Alpine Quantum Technologies / Austria
5 Qubits (U of Innsbruck) Accessed via IBM Qiskit (@ University of Innsbruck)
Google AI / USA 54 Qubits (Sycamore) Cloud Access (for expert users)
Honeywell Quantum Solutions / USA First system expected in 2019 99.997% individual qubit fidelity Future: via Microsoft Azure Quantum
IBM Research / USA 10 systems, 5-20 Qubits, in IBM Q Network. Latest has 53 Qubits
Accessed via IBM Qiskit, the IBM Cloud & the IBM Q Network
IonQ / Canada
11 (up to 79) Qubit configurable system
Built 3 QC, not publicly available Raised $55M in 2019
Future: via Microsoft Azure Quantum
Rigetti Computing / USA 16 Qubits (Aspen 4) Raised $119.5M in 9 rounds Cloud Access via their Forest SDK
Xanadu / CanadaQubit count unknown
Using photons to drive QPUs USD $32M Series A in 2019
Cloud Access via PennyLane and Strawberry Fields SDK / Simulator
• Firms tend to manufacture their own processors
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Ion Trap
Superconducting
Photons
Vendor / Country Quantum Scope Access Model
Copyright 2019, US Advanced Computing Infrastructure, Inc., All rights reserved.
Quantum Annealer & Simulation Providers
D-Wave Systems / Canada
Full Stack Solution Quantum Annealers / Adibatic Optimization, ISING & QUBO
5,000+ Qubits (Advantage)
On-Premise Installation; Cloud Access (Leap), Demo &
Timeshare
ATOS Bull / FranceQuantum Simulation on high-DRAM
Bull server Universal Quantum / Gates
On-Premise Installation Remote Access - TBC
Fujitsu IT Ltd. / Japan
Quantum Annealing Simulation Digital Annealing Unit (DAU)
Optimization, ISING & QUBO Quantum-Inspired Hardware
On-Premise Installation Cloud Access - TBC
Toshiba / Japan Quantum Annealing Simulation (SBM) software on AWS Cloud Access to software via AWS
• D-Wave is the only quantum hardware provider ever to ship a completed, customer-ready QC system • There are other providers of simulation software (including open source Python libraries)
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Simulator
Superconducting
Vendor / Country Quantum Scope Access Model
Copyright 2019, US Advanced Computing Infrastructure, Inc., All rights reserved.
Hardware Startups - Funded to build a computer
Atom Computing Neutral Atom Trap Hardware (like an Ion Trap but with neutral atoms) TBD
Bleximo / USASupercomputing Hardware &
Quantum Accelerators USD $1.5M funding
TBD
IQM / Espoo, Finland Quantum hardware USD $13M funding TBD
Quantum Circuits Inc. / USAHardware Stack
USD $18M Series A funding to build a QC
Microsoft Azure Quantum & TBD
• More are being added over time. This is an area of VC/funding interest.
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Vendor / Country Quantum Scope Access Model
Copyright 2019, US Advanced Computing Infrastructure, Inc., All rights reserved.
Hardware Component Providers
Bluefors Ltd / Finland Dilution Refrigerators NA
ID Quantique / Switzerland Secure Communications (QKD) and random number generators (QRNG)
Hardware sales (data center and end-user devices)
Intel Corporation / USAQuantum Processors & Full Stack
Software 49 Qubits (Tangle Lake)
NA; sends silicon wafer output to TU Delft (research partner)
Software available online
Micron Technologies / USA Cryogenic DRAM NA
M Squared LTD / UK Lasers and photonics, SI NA
Rambus / USA Cryogenic DRAM NA
• Intel seems to be far along, and is investigating two technologies: Supercomputing & Silicon Spin qubits • Quantum RAM and Quantum Networking are significant technology research challenges (not yet discovered) • We believe that hardware components manufacturers have a significant market opportunity (think DASD/SAN/NAS markets)
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Vendor / Country Quantum Scope Access Model
Copyright 2019, US Advanced Computing Infrastructure, Inc., All rights reserved.
Software Vendors
Microsoft Station Q / USA Quantum SDK & Simulator Free / Open Source Software Runs on Microsoft Azure
Quantum Benchmark / USA Help quantum computer manufacturers scale Term licensed software & consulting
QC-Ware / USA Customer access model to quantum computers & simulators Membership and time sharing
QCTRL / Australia
Help visualize and mitigate noise, decoherence, and errors in quantum
computers. Quantum Firmware USD $15M funding
TBC
ETH Zurich (Project Q) / Switzerland Software to access and use IBMQ or local simulation hardware TBC
1QBit / Canada
Hardware agnostic platform and services, to host quantum and inspired
industry applications. Partnering widely
USD $45M Series B funding
Consulting & Projects, TBC
Aliro / USAHardware agnostic software platform
(write once, run anywhere in QC) Raised USD $2.7M
Consulting
• Providers usually offer a mix of simulation and quantum computing approaches
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Vendor / Country Quantum Scope Access Model
Copyright 2019, US Advanced Computing Infrastructure, Inc., All rights reserved.
Consultancies / ISVs
ISARA Corp / Canada Quantum safe security solutions Consulting & Technology, TBC
Zapata Computing / USA
Consulting services (to become quantum ready) and Zapata OS
(hardware agnostic quantum toolkit) Consulting firm
Raised USD $21M in April
Consulting & Projects, TBC
QxBranch (now Rigetti Consulting) Applications Consulting & Projects, TBC
Chicago Quantum Quantum Strategy & Software, PQC & Vendor & IT Management Consulting & Projects, TBC
Cambridge Quantum Computing / USA
Quantum computing solution provider, including t|ket> compiler, EUMEN chemistry & materials platform, +
Consulting
QuantFi / France Create quantum algorithms in financial services Consulting
Individuals / firms Quantum Games (Google Play Store) Download on mobile device
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Copyright 2019, US Advanced Computing Infrastructure, Inc., All rights reserved.
In hardware…we see:
Universal, gate-based systems (superconducting qubits) were used to show quantum supremacy by Google, and are used by IBM and Rigetti. However, IBM now supports Ion Trap hardware in QISKIT.
Ion Trap hardware is the focus of US Government grants, Honeywell, IonQ , AQT, and others.
Other QPU technologies are being explored (e.g., photons, electrons, single atoms, diamond NV)
Quantum Annealing, a specific analog hardware use-case (optimization), is the sole domain of D-Wave Systems. We wee simulation of this technology by Toshiba and Fujitsu.
We see competitive performance on today’s quantum simulators
Most providers are offering access to their quantum computers via public cloud; only D-Wave Systems has shipped product.
No vendor has ‘cracked the code’ on many elements of the hardware stack required for scaling and commercial enterprise usage (e.g., Quantum RAM, entangled disk & tape, I/O, networking, operating systems, and database systems).
Most systems are accessed via graphical, low level programming languages or via common ‘code as you think’ languages like Python with open source libraries, that are compiled at run-time.
We see valuable ‘white space’ in supporting ‘stack’ technologies
Due to the bimodal split of hardware vendors (F100 vs. VC/private firms), we believe successful smaller firms will be acquired by larger firms as they develop scalable and deployable technologies.
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Copyright 2019, US Advanced Computing Infrastructure, Inc., All rights reserved.
In the software platform stack…
Microsoft, IBM, Intel and Google have open sourced their software platforms.
D-Wave has Ocean, which is proprietary, as it controls and protects its analog hardware from damage.
Rigetti (Forest) and Xanadu (Penny Lane) may be proprietary (we cannot tell)
1QBit has partnered with Microsoft and focuses on the chemicals and materials sciences use-cases
QC-Ware has created a cross-platform stack, agnostic stack and sells run-time per hour (e.g., with expert support)
Proprietary applications to help quantum computing manufacturers include Quantum Benchmarking and Q-CTRL).
We see applications taking a proprietary/licensing path forward (e.g., Quantum Benchmarking Inc.)
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Copyright 2019, US Advanced Computing Infrastructure, Inc., All rights reserved.
In applications, we see:
We see applications to help quantum computer makers by Quantum Benchmarking Inc., and Q-CTRL).
We see end-user games using, teaching, or simulating quantum computing
Applications, libraries, algorithms, and procedures are written and run via Python language.
Applications (mostly functions) can also be written via gate operations (graphical programming language)
Application code is compiled to run on specific hardware platforms (and sometimes tailored for specific processors and methods (e.g., parsed to fit on available qubits, forward and reverse annealing, with pause)
The programs are loaded, run, and results are provided in a binary string (1s and 0s). There is no storage of interim data (e.g., no batch or checkpoint/restart).
Due to short run times (< 1 second), we need to write short, recursive programs with shallow logic strings
Creating applications requires deep, multi-disciplinary expertise to create inputs, outputs, logic and user experience.
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Copyright 2019, US Advanced Computing Infrastructure, Inc., All rights reserved.
In Consulting and ISV markets, we see:
Very little activity in the public domain, very little hiring, and few announced ‘independent’ engagements.
We see patents and proprietary toolsets to protect IP and create differentiation
In our space, potential clients want to do joint research or support education programs.
There is no ‘killer application’ to drive consulting around a complex quantum solution…yet
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Copyright 2019, US Advanced Computing Infrastructure, Inc., All rights reserved.
Supporting Slides
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Copyright 2019, US Advanced Computing Infrastructure, Inc., All rights reserved.
We see a bimodal grouping by market capitalization
Hardware & software providers are very large technology firms or very small VC/Startups
Large include: Microsoft, IBM, Google, Fujitsu, Toshiba, Intel, Alibaba, Atos, and Honeywell. Typical EV (valuation) > $100B (up to USD 1 Trillion).
Small include: D-Wave, Rigetti, Xanadu, Atom, AQT, IonQ, ID Quantique, ISARA (security in CA), and other labor-based firms with less than 50 employees. We also see university spinoffs. D-Wave equity valuation in Harris & Harris filings (equity holder).
Small firms are often VC funded and will likely be acquired by larger firms as they develop scalable and deployable technologies.
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