psychology: an introduction charles a. morris & albert a. maisto © 2005 prentice hall memory:...

Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto

© 2005 Prentice Hall

Memory: Storage and LTM

Psychology

Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto

© 2005 Prentice Hall

EQ 2-1

How do humans encode, store, and retrieve information from memory?

Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto

© 2005 Prentice Hall

Short Term Memory9 7 5 46 8 2 5 99 1 3 8 2 55 9 6 3 8 2 78 6 9 5 1 3 7 27 1 9 3 8 4 2 7 39 1 5 2 4 3 8 1 6 21 5 2 8 4 6 7 3 1 8 9

Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto

© 2005 Prentice Hall

Chunking Helps 423-19 267-198 390-675-2 573-291-43 721-354-456 245-619-832-2 141-384-515-89 201-315-426-762

Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto

© 2005 Prentice Hall

Long-Term MemoryEverything that is learned is stored in long-

term memoryCapacity of long-term memory

Vast amounts of information may be stored for many years

No known limits to capacity

Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto

© 2005 Prentice Hall

Encoding in Long-Term MemoryMost information is encoded in terms of

meaningSome information is stored verbatimSome information is coded in terms of

nonverbal imagesResearch has shown that memory for visually

encoded information is better than phonologically encoded information

Hence concept maps that create a visual

Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto

© 2005 Prentice Hall

Maintaining Long-Term MemoryRote rehearsal

Repetition can result in long-term memoryOnly effective if there is intent to learn

materialExamples when there is no intent:

What color is on top on a stop light?How many sides does a stop sign have?Which color is the top stripe on the US Flag?What direction is Lincoln facing on the five dollar

bill?

Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto

© 2005 Prentice Hall

Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto

© 2005 Prentice Hall

Maintaining Long-Term MemoryElaborative rehearsal

Process of relating new information to information already stored in memory

Meaning is assigned to new information and then linked to as much existing knowledge as possible

Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto

© 2005 Prentice Hall

SchemataA schema is a set of beliefs or

expectations about something based on past experience

Incoming information is fit with existing schemata (concept maps)

Schemata can also influence the amount of attention paid to a given event

Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto

© 2005 Prentice Hall

Types of Long-Term Memory Episodic memories

Memories for personal events in a specific time and place

Semantic memories Memory for general

facts and concepts not linked to a specific time

Procedural memories Motor skills and habits

Emotional memories Learned emotional

responses to various stimuli

Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto

© 2005 Prentice Hall

Explicit and Implicit MemoryExplicit memory

Memory for information we can readily express and are aware of having

This information can be intentionally recalled Implicit memory

Memory for information that we cannot readily express and may not be aware of having

Cannot be intentionally retrieved

Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto

© 2005 Prentice Hall

Types of Long-Term Memory

Episodic memories Memories for personal

events in a specific time and place

Semantic memories Memory for general

facts and concepts not linked to a specific time

Procedural memories Motor skills and habits

Emotional memories Learned emotional

responses to various stimuli

Explicit memory Implicit memory

Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto

© 2005 Prentice Hall

Concept Map? Dual coding – images are encoded both visually

and phonologically Chunking - Organizing information so that it fits

into meaningful units. This gets it into STM. Listen to music but not the lyrics! Domain

specific working memory systems! LTM storage is by meaning Overcomes serial positioning effect Forces elaborative rehearsal Creates Psychology schemata (categories =>

hierarchies)

Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto

© 2005 Prentice Hall

Word Bank (Recognition) Acoustic Encoding Attention Auditory Register Constructed Memory Elaborative Rehearsal Emotional Memory Information Processing

Model Interference Long Term Memory Primacy Procedural Memory Recency

Recognition Rote Rehearsal Schema Semantic Memory Sensory Registers Serial Positioning Effect Short Term Memory Storage Problem TOT Visual Register