protein in animal feeding organic compounds made up of amino acids contain: carbon, hydrogen,...
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Protein in Animal Feeding
Organic compounds made up of amino acids
Contain: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Some may contain sulphur, phosphorus, and iron
Supply materials to build body tissue (ligaments, hair, hooves, skin, organs, and muscle are partially formed by protein)
Protein in animal production
Is the largest and most costly part of the ration
Is limited available As essential nutrients Is most deficient nutrient Excess intake, economically and
biologically not efficient
Crude and True protein True protein : Nitrogen compound
only as protein. Crude protein : All nitrogen
compounds including also Non Protein Nitrogen (NPN) in addition to protein.
NPN : free amino acids, amina, amonia, urea, biuret, nitrites, nitrates.
Protein Deficiency
Reduced appetite and feed intake Reduced birth weights and
growth Reduced colostrums and milk
production Decreased hormonal production Decreased fertility
Excessive Protein Intake by Animal
Excessive protein intake is deaminated in the animal body to amino group and carbon skeletons (fatty acids)
Deaminated amino acids are excreted in urine as waste (urea or uric acid)
Remaining carbon skeletons are used as energy source or stored as fat
Expensive process of supplying energy to the animal.
Protein or Nitrogenous Compounds in Feeds
True proteins Polymers of amino acids (18 to 20 different
amino acids) linked by peptide bonds Essential amino acids (nondispensable)
Have to be present in the diet (absorbed)
Arg Lys Trp Leu Ile Val Met Thr Phy His Nonessential amino acids (dispensable)
Synthesized in body tissues Glu Gly Asp Pro Ala Ser Cys Tyr
Proteins Peptides Amino acids
Non protein nitrogen Nitrogen not associated with protein
Free amino acids, nucleic acids, amines, ammonia, nitrates, nitrites, urea
Crude protein Total nitrogen x 6.25 Proteins on average contain 16%
nitrogen
Protein in Non- Ruminant Animals
Non-ruminant animals can not synthesize the essential amino acids fast enough to meet the animals needs therefore those essential amino acids must be provided in the ration
Need to feed balanced ration with the right balance of essential amino acids
If grains are combined in the correct combination they will provide a balanced ration.
Soybean meal is most commonly used
Ruminant animals generally synthesize the essential amino acids by the rumen at a rate to meet the needs of the animal
Can be met by feeding proteins of vegetable sources
Also by feeding urea (synthetic nitrogen source made from air, water and carbon)
Urea is mixed with the ration to to provide nitrogen for making amino acids in the ruminants body
Protein in Ruminant Animals
Feed Protein AcronymsNRC Publications
Crude protein Total N x 6.25DIP (RDP) Degraded intake proteinUIP (RUP) Undegraded intake proteinSolP, % CP Soluble proteinNPN, % CP Nonprotein nitrogenNDFIP, % CP Neutral detergent fiber insoluble
proteinADFIP, % CP Acid detergent fiber insoluble
proteinB1, B2, B3, % hr Rate constants for degradable
fractions
Average RuminalDegradation of Several Proteins
Soybean meal (Solvent processed) 75%Soybean meal ( Expeller processed) 50%Alfalfa 80%Corn proteins 62%Corn gluten meal 42%Corn gluten feed 80%Dried distillers grains 55%Blood meal 20%Feather meal 30%Urea 100%
Sources of Protein
Plant protein, incl. its by-products
Animal protein, incl. marine products
Single cell protein Non protein nitrogen (NPN)
Plant Protein
Plant protein are thought to be poor-quality protein because they lack some amino acids
Some plant protein contain anti nutritional factors and toxic, limiting their use in ration
Influencing factors : geographycal, types/species, stage of growth, part of plant
Plant Protein
Influencing factors : geographycal, types/species, stage of growth, part of plant
Plant by-products protein, affected also by : Processing, Composition of parts of the plant
Animal Protein
Animal source protein are considered good-quality proteins since they contain a good balance of essential amino acids
High digestibility Efficiently utilized by animal
Animal Protein
Influencing factors : geographycal, types/species, stage of growth, part of plant
Animal by-products protein, affected also by
Processing, Composition of parts of the plant
Protein determination
Analysis: Determine total N by Kjeldahl All N NH4
+
Determine as NH3
Total N x 6.25 = crude protein Peptide bond:
NH2
R1-C-C-NH O C-C=O
R2 N-C-COOHH R3
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