project report writing guide final v1 sept08
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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA
School of Advanced Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering Project 1
Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering Project 2
or Honours Project
Project Report Writing Guide
2008
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GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
The project is a capstone course that provides students with opportunities
• To demonstrate that you are able to carry out a project in order to solve a significant
problem in a systemic and professional way
• To demonstrate that you are able to communicate how the project has been carriedout and the project outcomes in a professional manner in order to convince the
experts of that the proposed solution to the proposed problem
The FYP report is a professional report on what you have done such the nature of the
problem, the processes that you have adopted to solve and the outcomes. It is not a lecture
on a particular topic.
Instructions for writing and formatting the final year project reports should be read in
conjunction with project study guide. You may also borrow copies of past theses from APMI
to give you a better idea of what the ‘final product’ look like.
General instructions on report format
1. Style, Margins and Fonts:
a. The paper size should be A4;
b. Margins should be: top 1.5 cm, left 3.5 cm, right 1.5 cm and bottom 1.5 cm,
footer 1cm;
c. It is recommended that you use Times New Roman font, size 12 with 1.5
spacing;
d. Pages are numbered right, bottom of page (footer);
2. All figures and tables should be numbered correctly. All tables should have a table
heading (centered, above the table), and all figures should have a figure caption
(centered, below the figure). See the examples below
Table 2.1 Table of liaisons for the Electric Torch.a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9
a1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
a2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
a3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
a4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
a5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
a6 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a7 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
a8 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
a9 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
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Figure 7.1 Local space of type polyhedral cone (Mosemann & Röhrdanz, 1997).
3. All tables and figures should be referred to in the text of the report. For example “As
indicated in Figure 2.1, there is a correlation between the number of defects and
customer’s perception of quality”
4. List all references in the Reference List correctly (see Style Guide Booklet)
5. All references listed should have in-text referencing. It is recommended that you use
the Harvard referencing system. Please refer to the text “Report Writing Style Guide
for Engineering Students” for further information on report writing and referencing
systems. For example “Process control is responsible for only 50 % of the quality
problems in a company (Chiko, 2002)”.
6. Place large amounts of relevant and necessary data about the project in Appendices.
General instructions on report structure
Due to the variety of projects, the instructions, template and the project checklist in this
document are meant to only offer a general framework for writing and formatting the thesis
and are to be customised for your particular needs.
1. The thesis report must have Chapter 1 (Project Background and Significance) and
Chapter 2 (Literature Review and Project Methodology).
2. The thesis must have the last chapter as “Conclusions and Suggestions for Further
Work”. In this chapter, you summarise the project outcomes and their significance/
benefits. You may also like to suggest further works that can be done to improve the
project outcomes.
3. The structure of the rest of the report (between Chapter 2 and the last chapter)
varies from project to project as this structure depends on the nature of the project.
However, it may be useful to use the “Project Methodology” in Chapter 2 as a guide
to organise the project into suitable chapters.
4. It is recommended that for each chapter you have an Introduction to brief the reader
on the contents of the chapter, and a Conclusion or Concluding Remarks to
summarise or highlight the main outcomes of the chapter.
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5. Even if it is impossible to assert a fixed length of a chapter, 10-20 pages should be a
rough indication for this. If your chapters are unjustifiably longer or shorter, consider
splitting or aggregating them.
Generally, a thesis should conform to the following format and consists of the required
contents specified below:
• Title Page
• Abstract
• Disclaimer
• Acknowledgements
• Table of Contents
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• List of Symbols/Abbreviations (if applicable)
• Chapter 1: Project Background and Significance
• Chapter 2: Literature Review and Project Methodology
• Chapter 3: Problem (Current System/operation) Analysis
• Chapter 4: Consideration of Alternative Solutions
• Chapter 5: Detailed Development of Solutions (can be more than 1 chapter if
needed)
• Chapter 6: Solution Implementation (can be more than 1 chapter if needed)
• Chapter 7: Testing and Evaluation
• Chapter 8: Cost/Benefit Analysis
• Chapter 9: Conclusions and Recommendations for Further Work
• Reference List
• Bibliography (if any)
• Appendix 1 ~ (n-3)
• Appendix (n-2): Industry Supervisor’s Reports
• Appendix (n-1): Project Daily Diary
• Appendix n: Industry Experience Report
The following template provides the layout, structure, and detailed instruction on writing
and formatting the final year project report.
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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA
School of Advanced Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering
Bachelor of Engineering
Final Year Project
TOPIC OF PROJECT
Student:……………..I.D. No:………………
Supervisor:………………..
Year
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Abstract
Example
( Background ) ABC [company’s name] is responsible of producing hard drive recording
media. Recording media are the layer of disc found inside a hard disc. The X
department is the largest stage and one of the largest budget users in ABC … …
( Aim) … … As a result, a research team including the author was formed with the aims
of investigating the possibility of replacing the current traditional magnetic clock with
the optical clock and implementing it into the current production cycle.
( Brief description of methodology) The project is conducting firstly the techniques used
by both the traditional magnetic clock and optical clock. These include the detailed
processes starting from the set up process to the writing clock servo track process. Areas
of comparison are divided into cost, productivity, reliability, failures and time. Each
area is sub-divided into several factors to facilitate the comparison … …
(Project outcome and validation) From the experience of using both the traditional
magnetic clock and the optical clock and results obtained from comparison shown in
Chapter 5, it is concluded that overall the optical clock is the better alternative to use in
… because it is significantly better in terms of … based on comparison and,
furthermore, the production volume is increased by … …
( Benefits from the project ) … The optical clock not only has reduced clock failures by
A%, but also has saved on the clock head usage of $B a year.
Abstract is usually about 1 page at the most. It is similar to Executive Summary and
should present information on project background, aim, methodology, outcomes
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Disclaimer
I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work and contains no material, which has
been accepted for the award of any degree or diploma from any tertiary institution. To
the best of my knowledge and belief, this thesis contains no material previously written
or published by another person, except where due reference is made in the text.
Signed: …………………..
[Author’s Name]
[Date]
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Acknowledgements
Example
I would like to thank my principal supervisor Mr. Smith for his overall guidance
throughout my project, which culminated in this thesis. Mr Smith’s keen intellect and
lucid understanding of manufacturing aspects, coupled with his perspective yet concise
comments, have been essential during each stage of the research and writing of this
thesis. I would also like to thank my industry supervisor Mr. Ng for the time he has
given to making constructive criticisms and useful suggestions. There is no doubt this
work could not have been completed without the observations, comments and time
consuming discussions contributed by my two supervisors.
I also sincerely acknowledge the assistance provided by the following individual and
organizations:
• My wife Chiko, for invaluable assistance in typing and setting the manuscript, from
its initial stage through to its final form. Her computer skills and her experience as a
research scientist and co-author of a textbook have been particularly useful in the
preparation of this thesis.
• Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) and Ministry of
Education and Culture, for their continuous support throughout this work.
In addition I need to mention my parents’ support, which has been the driving force
behind my research.
This is where you acknowledge the contribution and assistance of people involved in
the course of the project. It is usually about 1 page long.
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Table of Contents
Example
Title Page i
Abstract ii
Disclaimer iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1 – Project Background and Significance
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Background of ABC Ltd 2
1.3. Project Background 4
1.4. Project Aim 5
1.5. Project Scope 5
1.6. Expected Outcomes 6
1.7. Thesis Structure 6
1.8. Concluding Remarks 7
Chapter 2 – Literature Review and Project Methodology
2.1. Introduction 8
2.2. Clock Technology …
2.2.1 Traditional magnetic clock …
2.2.1.1 Creating prototype …
2.2.1.2 Types of clock
2.2.1.3 General Advantages and Disadvantages
This is where you list the headings of all major chapters and sections/subsections.
You must choose a suitable font for each level of headings and use them
consistently. You also need to include Lists of Figures, Tables, and Symbols (if applicable). They should be numbered and worded exactly as in the text of the
thesis with the corresponding page numbers correctly shown.
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2.2.2 Optical Clock
2.2.2.1 System overview
2.2.2.2 Creating Prototype
…
2.5 Discussion
2.6. Project Methodology
2.7. Concluding Remarks
Chapter 3 – System Analysis and Consideration of Alternative
Solutions
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Problem Analysis of Current System
3.2.1 Features of current system operations
3.2.2 Current issues
3.3. Solution Alternative 1
3.4. Solution Alternative 2
...
3.(n-1).Disucssion
3.n. Concluding Remarks
Chapter 4 – Development of Detailed Solution
4.1. Introduction
...
...
4.n. Concluding Remarks
Chapter 5 – Project Implementation
5.1. Introduction.
...
...
5.n. Conclusions
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Chapter 6 – Testing and Evaluation
6.1. Introduction.
...
...
6.n. Conclusions
Chapter 7 – Conclusions and Suggestion for Further Works
7.1. Introduction
...
...
7.n. Suggested Further Works
References
Appendices
Appendix 1: Customer Survey Questionnaire
Appendix 2: Project Data
Appendix (n-2): Industry Supervisor’s Reports
Appendix (n-1): Project Diary
Appendix n: Work Experience Report
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List of Figures
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Application characteristics of Flexible Manufacturing Systems 5Figure 1.2 An example of an AGV-based FMS (Tempelmeier & Kuhn
1993) 7Figure 1.3 Structure of the planning process for the introduction of an FMS
(Tempelmeier & Kuhn 1993) 9Figure 1.4 The structure of the thesis 13
Chapter 2Figure 2.1 An example of fuzzy membership function (Berkan & Trubatch
1997; Welstead 1994) 38Figure 2.2 An example of FAM matrix (Berkan & Trubatch 1997; Welstead
1994) 39
…
…
Chapter 7Figure 7.1 The initial FMS configuration 136
Figure 7.2 Chromosome structure of the genetic algorithms 139
Figure 7.3 Six types of AGV flow-paths and their coding systems 140
Figure 7.4 Plot of transportation cost of genetic search 141
Figure 7.5 Plot of fitness value during the evolution process 141
Figure 7.6 The optimal FMS configuration 142
Figure 7.7 Fuzzy membership function for TPR and AWU 145
.
.
.
.
.
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List of Tables
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 The revised heuristic coding system (RHCS) for AGV flow-path......... 88Table 5.2 A shortest distance (in meter) matrix of chromosome [136245] [011] 89
Table 5.3 Production information including 20 part-types and 6 machines........... 96
Table 5.4 Unit transportation cost matrix (in $/unit/m) ........................................ 97
Table 5.5 Work-flow matrix (in unit)................................................................... 97
Table 5.6 The list of new chromosomes in population P(1) after crossover........ 103
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 The cut-off values for simulation output parameters........................... 120
Table 6.2 List of the recommendations of the expert system.............................. 121
Table 6.3 Knowledge formalization result ......................................................... 122
Table 6.4 Simulation parameters ....................................................................... 126
Table 6.5 The design objectives for the FMS..................................................... 127
Table 6.6 The cut-off values for simulation output parameters........................... 128
Table 6.7 Output of simulation (1st run)............................................................. 129
Table 6.8 Output of simulation (2nd run)............................................................ 131
Table 6.9 Summary of the design evaluation and refinement process................. 132
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Production information including 30 part-types and 10 machines....... 135
Table 7.2 Comparison of the case study problem and the previous example ...... 137
Table 7.3 Transportation cost matrix (in $/unit/m)............................................. 138
Table 7.4 Work-flow matrix (in unit)................................................................. 139
Table 7.5 Simulation parameters for design evaluation...................................... 143
Table 7.6 The design objectives for the FMS..................................................... 144
Table 7.7 The cut-off values for simulation output parameters........................... 145
.
.
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Chapter 1
Project Background and Significance
In the first chapter, you are expected to explain reason for the project with descriptions
of the background and overview of company and project. In addition, you should
clearly state the aim and desired outcomes for the project. To clarify the focus of the
project, you must define the scope of the project, which states what will and will not be
considered or dealt with in this project. In this chapter, you also need to set out the
structure of the thesis, presenting titles and order of chapters.
1.1. Introduction
Example
This chapter intends to introduce the reader the background of the company and the
project overview. The project aim, scope, expected outcomes, and structure of the thesis
will be described later in this chapter.
1.2. Background of ABC
Example
ABC International was founded in 1980. It is based in … ABC is the world’s largest
manufacturer of …Figure 1.1 below shows ABC’s plant in Singapore. The plant was
established in 1996 …
1.3. Project Background
This is where you introduce the reader to the contents of the chapter.
This is where the reader is introduced to the company and its products and
services. Some pictures or diagrams would be useful.
This is where the reader is introduced to background to the project. For example, it
is the current quality practice at ABC Ltd. and the where problems associated with
the current practice. In a way, it is the justification for the project but you do not
need to go into detailed problem analysis at this stage (this is for chapter 3). Some
pictures or diagrams would be useful.
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Example
According to the recent analysis of product failures, it is found that the clock failure is
one of the major failures incurred during the process of …The management of ABC has
assigned a research team in X department to develop a new clock system to overcomethis problem …
The next task assigned to the team is to study the performance of the optical clock …
The results from this study will be embraced by ABC and the overall project team
management in the decision for full implementation of …
1.4. Project Aim
Example 1
The aim of this project is to benchmark the optical clock by performing comparative study
between the optical clock and the traditional magnetic clock … The hardware team will
compare “Project Cell 1” with another work cell … These two project cells will be
compared in the following areas:
…In addition, the processes involving both optical and magnetic clocks will also be compared
…
Example 2
The aim of this project was to design an ultralight aircraft that is simple enough to be built
from a set of plans, by anyone who is capable of using hand tools and doing their own
maintenance around the house.
• The proposed aircraft is to have one seat, fly at a cruise speed of 75 Kilometres per hour,
stall at less than 40 Kilometres per hour, have a rate of climb greater than 2 metres per
second and operate within the rules of Civil Aviation Order 95.10.
• The materials to be used are to be of aircraft grade and the engine is to be of proven
aircraft type with power rating less than 37 Kilowatt.
This is where the aim of the project should be stated clearly.
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• The cost of all materials, components, basic instruments, engine and propeller is to be
less than $10 000 AUD.
• The aircraft has to be safe and stable enough for a pilot with low flying hours to operate
safely with ease.
• The wings of this aircraft need to be capable of being removed or folded by one personeasily, so that the aircraft can be transported on or in a trailer and thus be stored by the
owner at home.
…
1.5. Project Scope
Example 1
After consultation with the overall project team management, it is decided that the
comparative study will only consider cost, productivity, reliability, failures, time, and
clock processes … The project will not have major alteration both in the program and
the mechanical parts. This is to ensure that the standards of recording media production
remain the same. The study will not consider the following issues:
…
Example 2
The scope of this project has been to do conceptual design for the wings, central boom and
tail control area. The scope covers the conceptual design of the wings, central boom,
vertical and horizontal tail areas and the engine and propeller combination. The project also
covers the structural design for the wing structure, flaps and ailerons, wing struts, central
boom, vertical and horizontal tail structures and their control surfaces. The performance is
predicted by means of calculations.
1.6. Expected Outcomes
This is where the project scope is defined (what will be included in the project and
what will be excluded).
This is where the expected outcomes of the project are clearly stated. The outcomes
should usually stated in quantitative terms, e.g. cost savings by 15%.
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Example 1
As the result of performing comparative study on the optical clock and the traditional
magnetic clock, the expected outcomes are as follows:
• Fully implementing the optical clock throughout the production line.
• Understanding the optical clock with will help in trouble shooting of the optical
clock based failures.
…
Example 2
This thesis focused on the research and design of an ultralight aircraft that is affordable
and can be built and piloted by the average person with a keen interest in flying …
The outcomes of this project are: The conceptual design of the wings, central boom,
vertical and horizontal tail areas and the engine and propeller combination; the
structural design of wing structure, flaps and ailerons, wing struts, central boom,
vertical and horizontal tail structures and their control surfaces; the expected
performance for the design.
1.7. Thesis Structure
Example 1
Chapter 1 begins with an introduction of the history of ABC and the project overview.
Chapter 2 commences with the literature review of clock operations, followed by the
project methodology. Chapter 3 presents the analysis of the setup and operation of the
traditional magnetic clock. Chapter 4 will be focused on those of the optical clock. The
data collected for comparison will be discussed in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 will analyse the
results from the data analysis. Finally, in Chapter 7, the collection of the project is
presented. Recommendations for future improvements to the optical clock are proposed
at the end of Chapter 7.
This is where the thesis structure is outlined.
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Example 2
The structure of thesis is shown in Figure 1.2 below. Chapter 2 commences with a
literature review of FMS design, and this part concludes with a summary of the
unsolved problems in this area. The final sections of Chapter 2 describe in detail the
objectives and plan of the research undertaken for this study, the structure of this thesis,
and the tools employed. In Chapter 3, a new genetic algorithm technique developed in
this work is presented. In Chapter 4, the framework of the new approach for AGV-
based FMS design presented in this work is described. Chapters 5 and 6 explain the
development in this work in detail. A case study to demonstrate the capability of the
methodology developed in this work is presented in Chapter 7. Finally, Chapter 8
presents the conclusion of this thesis.
Figure 1.2 The structure of the thesis
Chapter 1Introduction to Flexible Manufacturing Systems
Chapter 2Literature review on FMS desi n
Chapter 3Genetic Algorithms for FMS design
Chapter 4
A new approach for AGV-based FMS design
Chapter 5A genetic algorithm for optimization of machine layout and AGV flow-path
simultaneously
Chapter 6An intelligent design evaluation and refinement system
Chapter 4A Case Study
Chapter 8Cost/Benefit Analysis
Chapter 9Conclusions and Further Works
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1.8. Concluding Remarks
Example 1
This chapter mentioned that the main purpose of this project is … The results from this
comparative study will be used by the company for …
Example 2
Ultralight flying is about simpler and more affordable personal recreational flying. The
design of an ultralight aircraft which is affordable, easy to build and structurally safe,
will enable more aviation enthusiasts to experience the thrill of flying on a regular basis…
With no plans available to fulfill the needs as set out in Sections 1.3 and 1.4, the only
option is to design a new aircraft. This project focuses on the design of the major and
critical components: wings, central boom, tail and control surfaces and the selection of a
suitable engine and propeller for such an aircraft.
This is where the main findings or issues raised in the chapter are summarised and/or
highlighted.
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Chapter 2
Literature Review and Project Methodology
This chapter should consist of 2 parts:Literature review: this is to equip the project person/team with the most up-to-date
knowledge in the project area. You should first identify the information you need for
the project (e.g. current developments/industry practices related to the project,
common techniques/tools for solving similar problems, key technical issues to consider
for problem solving in relevant contexts). The outcome of this may be a list of keywords
(e.g. TQM, Statistical Process Control, ..) which can be used for literature search.
After that, you need to carry out a professional search for the information using
databases, journals and any other resources. Then, you must critically review the
information to demonstrate the need for your project (e.g. there is no
available/cheap/easy to implement/better method for the job), and analyse current
tools and techniques in order to select the most suitable tools/techniques to be used in
the project methodology as well as developing solution alternatives.
Project methodology: You need to state how you will carry out the project, identify the
resources you will need, describe the procedure for conducting the project, and may
produce a GANTT chart and identify the critical path.
2.1. Introduction
Example
This chapter is intended to summarise the background research conducted prior to the
beginning of the comparative study … The background research work includes a
literature search and review, internet searches … The internet searches are primarily to
check for any available clock system and data relevant to this project. The literature
search is focused on understanding the fundamentals of clock system, comparison
methods, and data collection.
2.2. Source of Literature
This is where you introduce the reader to the contents of the chapter.
This is where you describe the resources used for information retrieval in literature
search and the composition of the body of literature being reviewed, which include
• textbooks
• conference proceedings
• journals
• websites
• benchmarking i.e. visit and discussion with other businesses in similar area.
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Example 1
The following sources are used for literature search during the course of doing the
project:
• Books from polytechnics, University of South Australia, and National Library of
Singapore
• Databases of University of South Australia’s Library
• Company ABC’s databases
…
Example 2
A systematic search using library catalogues, online databases, online journal indexes
and the internet have proven that little information is available for the design of
ultralight aircraft. There is information available with respect to the history of some
ultralight designs, but the technical information required to build an ultralight aircraft is
not available … Recreational Aviation Australia (2006) is in the process of
constructing a web site that … This information is intended to enable enthusiasts to
make informed decisions with respect to their aircraft project. This information is,
however, restricted in its scope … A number of books and journal articles relate to the
design of light aircraft and experimental aircraft, but there were no books, journal
articles or internet sites found relating directly to the design of ultralight aircraft.
2.3. Review of …
Example 1
The spindle is a motor that rotates the disk pack … According to Hu (2007), the clock
is … Figure 2.1 below shows a multi-disc writer (MDW) …
Figure 2.1 Top view of MDW (Company ABC, 2007)
This section (including any other sections before Current Limitations/Review
Discussion) is to review current work and techniques retrieved from the literature
search which are relevant to the focus of the project. it is useful to organise the
contents in logical sections/subsections. You must apply proper in-text referencing.
The “ Author- ate” system is recommended.
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2.3.1 Optical Clock System Overview
… In the optical clock, the term drift means several relate phenomena where the optical
signal from the optical encoder sensor is different from the other optical encoder sensor
(Friedman, 2006). Figure 2.2 shows ……
Example 2
A search of the internet, books and magazines that deal with general flying and aircraft
has shown that there are a number of options available with regards to existing aircraft
configurations (Affordaplane_Ultralights, 2006; Beaujon, 2006; Bingelis, 1995;
EAA, 2006a; EAA, 2006b; Maneschijn, 1990; RAA, 2006; Plans-Delivery, 2006;
Raymer, 1999; and Stinton, 2001). Most aircraft use one or a combination of the
following basic configurations (Maneschijn, 1990): …
Sections of the aircraft are considered with different options and are shown in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Aircraft options
Component Option Disadvantage to this project
Welded truss Welding skills requiredFuselage structure
Single tubular, opencockpit
None
High None
Mid Either cantilever structure or struts aboveand below wing, more complex fuselage
Low High centre of gravity, either cantileverstructure or compression struts above wing
Tandem More wings therefore more complexity
Wing position
Bi-plane More wings therefore more complexity
Elliptical Wing ribs are all different sizes therefore
more work required and more complexityTaper Wing ribs are all different sizes therefore
more work required and more complexity
Delta Wing ribs are all different sizes thereforemore work required and more complexity
Swept Wing ribs are all different sizes thereforemore work required and more complexity
Wing shape
Rectangular None
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2.4. Discussion
Example 1
Based on the literature review, the Hardware team realizes the need and importance of
the comparative study for … The tools that will be used in this study are the “Direct
Comparison” and “Analytical Hierarchy Process” …
Example 2
It has been found that the options for powered flight recreational flying are restricted to
either commercially built aircraft, commercially available kits, commercially available
plans or the design of a new aircraft. Considering the cost involved with the purchase of
commercially available aircraft and kits, it is out of financial reach for most people.
With respect to the safety issues discussed in Section 2.2, the option to design a new
aircraft with the requirements as stated in Chapter 1, is the only option available when
funds are limited. According to the RAA, an aircraft built under the rules of Civil
Aviation Order 95.10 could be built for well under $10 000 (RAA, 2006) …
2.5. Project Methodology
Example 1
This section shall give a brief guide through the stages on how the entire project is
carried out. There are five stages implemented for the project
There should be a separate section called Discussion (or Current Limitations.)
Relevant literature areas should have been presented and discussed in previous
sections of this chapter. This section (Discussion) summarises/highlights the current
status of literature in the context of the project in order to:(i) identify limitations of current work and the “gap of knowledge”.
(ii) analyse current tools and techniques in order to select the most suitable
tools/techniques to be used in the project methodology.
There should be a section on Project Methodology where you explain to the reader
how you plan to carry out the project. You may also include a Gantt chart here for
your project scheduling.
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Stage 1: Project planning …
Stage 2: Literature survey and selection of method …
Stage 3: Implementation …
Stage 4: Data collection …
Stage 5: Analysis, evaluation, and validation …
Example 2
It was decided that the aircraft will be of the type that has a central, single tubular structure
onto which the engine, wings, empennage and cockpit will be mounted. This configuration
is based on the information in Table 2.1 and is the simplest rigid design. The following
steps were performed in the design of the required aircraft.
…
2.6. Concluding Remarks
Example 1
The main purpose of this chapter is to conduct background research prior to the
implementation of the project. The literature survey provides information on general
characteristics of the clock system and its problems. It also identifies the tools for the
comparative study …
Example 2
There is currently no solution available for a flying enthusiast that can, even remotely,
match the requirements for this project. There are no suitable plans available for an
affordable aircraft that can be transported easily and flown safely. There is therefore a
need for a new ultralight aircraft design. A search of the available literature has
indicated that the most suitable design method for the purpose of this project is to
design a new aircraft based on existing aircraft configurations and layouts of
commercially available aircraft. There are a number of different configurations to
This is where the main findings or issues raised in the chapter are summarised and/or
highlighted.
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consider in selecting the best design options. The suitability of each will be considered,
making use of the literature available on aircraft design and structural analysis.
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Chapter 3
Current system/operation Analysis
This is where you analyse the current system/operation in details with the aid of diagrams. You may like to use process the mapping technique to map the current
process or work flow. This is where you (1) describe the current system/process in detail
with the aid of diagrams, (2) analyse the current process/system & identify clearly what
the problems with the current system are, and (3) prioritise & explain clearly why you
have selected a problem or problems to be solved from the list of problems identified in
(2).
• If the problem is an original design, this is where you set out the design
parameters or criteria to be met (design specifications)
• If it is a productivity improvement project, this is where you analyse the process
in detail. Identify clearly what the problems are, explore the area for
improvement, select the problem to solve (with the reasons why selecting this
problem among others) - e.g. quick die change & scheduling.
• If it is a project on concurrent engineering or quality system, this is where you
analyse the current practice and compare to benchmarks or other systems.
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Chapter 4
Consideration of Alternative Solutions
This is where you consider alternative solutions, and select the optimum solution(s).
You need to consider the alternative solutions and analyse the advantages and
disadvantages of each. You must justify your selected selection(s) in qualitative or
quantitative terms or using techniques such as AHP and Multi-attribute decision
analysis.
If it is a design/facility layout/ productivity improvement project, this is where you
explore alternative design or layout or process concepts and select the best solution/
concept.
If it is a project on concurrent engineering or quality system, this is where you explore
alternative frameworks for concurrent engineering or quality system implementation,and select the best one.
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Chapter 5
Development of Solutions
In this chapter you need to describe in details the analysis, calculations and
development of the solution(s) selected in Chapters 4 with appropriate diagrams,
engineering drawings, etc.
This chapter must be substantial as this is your technical contributions to the project.
For a design project, this chapter is where you cover the detailed design stage.
If necessary, you may need more than one chapter for these. For example, if you have
identified 2 major problems and developed 2 separate solutions (one for each problem)
then you may want to allocate one chapter for each problem. For example, if you have
selected 2 solutions: quick die change and scheduling, then you may devote 1 chapter
to quick die change and 1 chapter on scheduling, and so on.
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Chapter 6
Solution Implementation
This is where you discuss the construction or implementation of the selected solution(s)
if it is relevant to the project
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Chapter 7
Testing and Evaluation
The purpose of this chapter is to evaluate and demonstrate that the solution(s) that
you have developed in Chapter 6 actually work and meet project objectives specified
in Chapter 1.
For product/process/ layout design projects, you need to demonstrate that the
design/solution(s) actually work and meet the design specifications and project
objectives.
For projects on the development of methodology (e.g product development
methodology, concurrent engineering, ISO, etc), you need to demonstrate in this
chapter how the methodology or outcomes that you have developed in Chapter 6 are
applied using an example (or a case study).
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Chapter 8
Cost/Benefit Analysis
You should have a detailed costing of the design and implementation of your designand indicate the benefits of implementing your design. This is where you do a
cost/benefit analysis to demonstrate that the project has met its financial objectives.
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Chapter 9
Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Work
This is where you summarise the outcomes and benefits of the project against the project objectives, and make recommendations for further work. In this chapter you
need to highlight:
1. What the problem was
2. What you have developed or designed
3. The benefits obtained from using your design
4. Any other further works that can be done to improve your design/ solutions
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References
This is where you list all the references used in the thesis (at least 12 references). Each
reference listed hereunder must be referred to at least once in the text of thesis.“Author-Date” system is recommended.
Example
2_STROKE_INTERNATIONAL (2006) 2 Stroke International. www.2si.com(Accessed Oct 2006).
ABBOTT, H. & VON DOENHOFF, A. E. (1959) Theory of wing sections, Mineola,
NY, Dover Publications.
AFFORDAPLANE_ULTRALIGHTS (2006) Affordaplane Ultralights.www.affordaplane.com (accessed Apr 2006).
AIRCRAFT_SPRUCE (2006) Aircraft Spruce and Speciality. www.aircraftspruce.com(accessed Apr 2006).
AMBROSE, J. E. & PARKER, H. (1997) Simplified design of steel structures, NewYork, J. Wiley & Sons.
ANDERSON, J. D. (1999) Aircraft performance and design, Boston, WCB/McGraw-Hill.
ASKELAND, D. R. (2001) The Science and Engineering of Materials, Cheltenam, UK,Nelson Thomas Ltd.
ASKUE, V. (2004) Airfoils for airplanes. Air Medical Journal, 23, 10-11.
BAUGHN, T. V. & PACKMAN, P. F. (1985) Finite element analysis of an ultralightaircraft. Journal of Aircraft, 23, 82-86.
BEAUJON (2006) Beaujon Ultralights. www.usairnet.com (accessed Apr 2006).
BEER, P. B. & JOHNSTON, E. R. (1998) Vector mechanics for engineers: Statics,McGraw-Hill Ryerson.
BINGELIS, T. (1995) The sportplane builder , Tom Poberezny.
BINGELIS, T. (1998) Sportplane construction techniques, Tom Poberezny.
BINGELIS, T. (2000) Tony Bingelis on Engines, Tom Poberezny.
BOLLY_PROPS (2005) Bolly propellers. www.bolly.com.au (accessed Oct 2006).
BUSHBABY_AIRCRAFT (2006) Kitplanes for Africa. www.kitplanes.co.za (accessedMay 2006).
CASA (2006) Civil Aviation Safety Authority. www.casa.gov.au (accessed Apr 2006).
COATES, M. (2000) Info pack. www.mcp.com.au/xair (accessed Apr '06).
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DAVIS, J. (1991) Pass your PPL, 43 Publications.
EAA (2006a) EAA's AeroCrafter , Experimental Aircraft Assoc.
EAA (2006b) Experimental aircraft association. www.eaa.org (accessed Apr 2006).
FISCHER, A. (1981) Some aerodynamic aspects of hang gliding. Endeavour, 5, 152-157.
GATEWOOD, B. E. (1989) Virtual principles in aircraft structures, Dordrecht ;Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers. 95
HELLER, H., DAHLEN, H. & DOBRZYNSKI, W. (1990) Acoustics of UltralightAirplanes. Journal of Aircraft, 27, 529-535.
HOSKIN, B. C., WATTERS, K. C., CALLINAN, R. J. & AERONAUTICALRESEARCH LABORATORY (AUSTRALIA) (1989) Lectures on fundamentals of
aircraft structural analysis (U), Melbourne, Dept. of Defence Defence Science andTechnology Organisation Aeronautical Research Laboratory.
IVOPROP (2006) Ivoprop Corp. www.ivoprop.com (accessed Oct 2006).
KODIAK (2006) Kodiak Research Ltd. www.kodiakbs.com (accessed Oct 2006). …
…
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Appendices
Appendix 1 ~ (n-3): any information or data that are not appropriate forthe main body of the report should come in the form of appendices
Appendix (n-2): Industry Supervisor’s Reports
Appendix (n-1): Project Daily Diary
Appendix n: Industry Experience Report
This is the work experience report you submitted to gain additional credit, and must bewritten according to the required format (see Application for Additional Credit
document). This report must have been accessed.
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Check List
1. Did you check spelling and grammar?
2. All figures are correctly numbered, have a caption, and referred to in the text?
3. All tables are correctly numbered, have a heading, and referred to in the text?
4. Have you correctly referenced your work (in-text referencing)?
5. Have you listed all references in the reference list correctly according to the
Style Guide booklet?
6. Have you structured the thesis according to the required format?
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