producing drugs using genetically modified organisms
Post on 30-Dec-2015
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Genetic Modification Techniques
1. Selective Breeding2. Genetic Engineering aka. Recombinant DNA
technology
Genetic Engineering Process
1. Extraction of desired gene from host organism
2. Gene inserted into vector for transportation into new organism
Gene Extraction Process
1. Extracting gene from host cell chromosomes2. Extracting mRNA from host cell
Production of Gene From mRNA (human insulin)
1. mRNA coding for insulin production removed from pancreas
2. Complementary DNA (cDNA) strand synthesised (reverse transcriptase)
3. Second DNA strand synthesised on cDNA base (DNA polymerase)
GM Microorganisms: Treating Diabetes Using Modified E-Coli
1. Human genes for insulin transferred to mutant form of E-Coli
2. Modified E-Coli cultured in fermenter3. E-Coli secretes insulin which is extracted and
used in treating diabetes
GM animals
• Manipulating genes in eukaryotes is more difficult than in prokaryotes due to:1. Plasmids cannot be used to introduce new genes2. Eukaryotes are diploid3. Transcription of DNA to mRNA more complex4. Gene expression process less understood
Treating emphysema using modified sheep
• Emphysema is the break down of the inner walls of the alveoli
• Caused by lack of AAT protein• Sheep modified with human AAT genes so that
they produce AAT rich milk
GM Plants: Vaccines
• Antigen from animal pathogen added to plant virus surface
• Plant virus used as vaccine, triggers creation of antibodies against antigen
• Less associated safety risk as chosen plant virus cannot harm animals
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