present perfect tense usage: the present perfect tense p puts emphasis on the result ex: she has...

Present perfect tensePresent perfect tenseUsageUsage: : The present perfect tenseThe present perfect tense puts emphasis on the resultputs emphasis on the result

Ex: She Ex: She has writtenhas written five letters. five letters. expresses an action that is still going on.expresses an action that is still going on.

Ex: School Ex: School hashas not not startedstarted yet. yet. expresses an action that stopped recently expresses an action that stopped recently

Ex: She Ex: She has cookedhas cooked dinner. dinner. expresses a finished action that has an influence on the presentexpresses a finished action that has an influence on the present

Ex: I Ex: I have losthave lost my key. my key. expresses an action that has taken place once, never or several expresses an action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking times before the moment of speaking

Ex: I Ex: I havehave never never beenbeen to Australia. to Australia.

The Present Perfect TenseThe Present Perfect TenseConnecting past and presentConnecting past and present

We use this tense to show a We use this tense to show a connection between past connection between past

and present situationsand present situations..

The Present Perfect TenseThe Present Perfect Tense

Like a bridge between the past and the Like a bridge between the past and the presentpresent..

I arrived in Seattle in 2000.

It is 2009.

I have lived in Seattle for nine

years.

I have lived in Seattle since

2000.

Past Present

Present Perfect

I have studied English sinceI have studied English since

2000

yesterday

I came to the U.S.

this morning

To form the present perfectTo form the present perfect::HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLEHAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE

II

have have (‘ve) (‘ve) gonegone

YouYou

WeWe

TheyThey

SheShehashas

‘)‘)ss ( (gonegone

HeHe

ItIt

I

have not (haven’t)

gone

You

We

They

Shehas not (hasn’t)

goneHe

It

Have

I

gone?You

We

They

Has

She

gone? He

it

Statement

Negative

Question

QuestionsQuestions

They They havehave studiedstudied English since 2000 English since 2000..

HaveHave they they studiedstudied English since 2000 English since 2000??

Short Answer:

Yes, they have.Yes, they have.

No, they haven’t (=have No, they haven’t (=have not).not).

She She has livedhas lived in Seattle since last year. in Seattle since last year.

Has she lived in Seattle since last year?Has she lived in Seattle since last year?

Yes, she has.Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t.No, she hasn’t.

How long How long havehave you you ownedowned this car? this car? I I have ownedhave owned this car this car sincesince 2002. 2002. I I have ownedhave owned this car this car forfor two years. two years.

The adverbs are frequently used in the present The adverbs are frequently used in the present perfectperfect::

ForFor: When talking about the length of time (duration), we use the present perfect with : When talking about the length of time (duration), we use the present perfect with for + a period for + a period of timeof time. .

Ex: I have worked here for five years. She has lived here for twenty years. They have been married for Ex: I have worked here for five years. She has lived here for twenty years. They have been married for six months. six months.

SinceSince: When talking about a starting point, we use the present perfect with : When talking about a starting point, we use the present perfect with since + a point in timesince + a point in time..

Ex: I have lived here since 1998. They have been married since June. We have been at this school since Ex: I have lived here since 1998. They have been married since June. We have been at this school since last year. last year.

adverbs (adverbs (ever, never, already, yet, stillever, never, already, yet, still) ) 'Ever' and 'never' are always placed before the past participle.'Ever' and 'never' are always placed before the past participle.

Ex: Has she Ex: Has she everever met someone famous? met someone famous? I have I have nevernever visited London. I visited London. I’’ve ve nevernever been so sick. been so sick.

Already, yetAlready, yet and and stillstill::  It can be placed before the main verb (past participle) or at the end of the It can be placed before the main verb (past participle) or at the end of the sentencesentence..

Present Perfect TensePresent Perfect TenseThe autumn The autumn hashas already already arrivedarrived

How do you know?

Present Perfect TensePresent Perfect TenseFORM: have / has + past participleFORM: have / has + past participle

AffirmativeAffirmative:: I I have seenhave seen the film before. the film before.

She She has seenhas seen the film before. the film before.

InterrogativeInterrogative:: Have Have you you seenseen the film before? the film before?

HasHas she she seenseen the film before? the film before?

NegativeNegative: They : They havehavenn’’tt seen seen the film before. the film before.

He He hashasnn’’tt seen seen the film before. the film before.

1- 1- Recent eventsRecent events: It is used to describe : It is used to describe recent events without recent events without a definite timea definite time. The idea of time or place in the speaker. The idea of time or place in the speaker’’s s mind makes the event recent. A time expression may mind makes the event recent. A time expression may emphasize recentness: emphasize recentness: just, recently, latelyjust, recently, lately

Present Perfect TenseUses of the present perfect

Why are they so happy?

They have just won a prize so they are really pleased

Present Perfect TensePresent Perfect Tense

2-2- Personal experiencesPersonal experiences: It is used to express personal : It is used to express personal experiences, experiences, there is not a definite time given.there is not a definite time given. The time The time expressionsexpressions ever ever and and nevernever are very often used with this are very often used with this meaningmeaning

I have never been to Japan. Have you ever been there?

Present Perfect TensePresent Perfect Tense33 - -It is used to express actions that started in the past and It is used to express actions that started in the past and

continue to the present, the time period is not finished. We continue to the present, the time period is not finished. We use use forfor and and sincesince with this meaning. We use with this meaning. We use forfor with with periods of timeperiods of time and and sincesince with with points of timepoints of time..

I haven’t eaten since yesterday morning. I am really hungry

I haven’t drunk anything for two days. I am terribly thirsty

Contrast between Present Perfect and Contrast between Present Perfect and Past SimplePast Simple

We use definite expressions with the Past simple tense: We use definite expressions with the Past simple tense: yesterday, last week, yesterday, last week, …… ago etc, ago etc, while we don while we don’’t use definite t use definite time expressions with the Present perfect tensetime expressions with the Present perfect tense..

I I have beenhave been to France three times to France three times

When When did did you you go go therethere lastlast ? ?

I I went went there there last Summerlast Summer

Gerald Gerald has boughthas bought a new car. He a new car. He bought bought it it last last weekweek..

HaveHave you you metmet Ray? Ray? –– Yes, I Yes, I metmet him him when we were when we were studentsstudents..

My parents My parents have beenhave been to India. In fact, they to India. In fact, they wentwent there twice there twice last yearlast year..

HasHas anybody anybody phonedphoned me? me? –– Yes, Joyce Yes, Joyce phonedphoned an an hour agohour ago..

II’’veve seenseen that man before. that man before. –– Really? Really? WhenWhen did did youyou see see him?him?

Contrast between Present Perfect and Past Simple

Note the differenceNote the difference He He has been tohas been to London. London.

Now he is here. He can tell Now he is here. He can tell you wonderful stories about you wonderful stories about London.London.

He He has been inhas been in London for London for two weeks. two weeks. He is still in He is still in London.London.

WhereWhere’’s Peter? He s Peter? He has gone has gone toto London. London. He is in Italy or He is in Italy or on his way to London.on his way to London.

Helen/finish /yet/her work

Helen hasn’t finished her work yet.

Ali/back/just/from Italy/come

Ali has just come back from Italy.

Kamal /a camel/never/ride

Kamal has never ridden a camel.

Kevin /just/his house/sell

Kevin has just sold his house.

Adam/ in hospital/a week/be

Adam has been in hospital for a week.

Akram /homework/do/his/already/math

Akram has already done his homework.

Pelin/yet/homework/do/her?

Has Pelin done her homework yet?

Selim /already/his milk/drink

Selim has already drunk his milk.

Omar /fall asleep/in class/just

Omar has just fallen asleep in class.

I/never/a big fish/catch/

I’ve never caught a big fish.

I/not fly /I was 7 years old/a kite

I haven’t flown a kite since I was 7 years old.

yet

The train hasn’t arrived in Brisbane yet

already

I’ve already visited Ayers Rock

just

I’ve just seen a very original advertisement

ever

Have you ever seen a kangaroo?

How long

How long have you stayed in Melbourne?

for

Present perfect continuousPresent perfect continuous

USAGEUSAGE: : The present perfect continuous The present perfect continuous tensetense

puts emphasis on the duration or course of an puts emphasis on the duration or course of an action (not the result)action (not the result)

Example: She Example: She has been writinghas been writing for two hours. for two hours. action that is still going onaction that is still going on Example: I Example: I have have

been livingbeen living here since 2001. here since 2001. finished action that influenced the presentfinished action that influenced the present

Example: I Example: I have been workinghave been working all afternoon. all afternoon.

Form of present perfect Form of present perfect continuouscontinuous::

PositivePositiveNegativeNegativeQuestionQuestion

I/we/you/theyI/we/you/theyI have been I have been speakingspeaking..

I have not been I have not been speakingspeaking..

Have I been Have I been speakingspeaking??

He/she/itHe/she/itHe has been He has been speakingspeaking..

He has not been He has not been speakingspeaking..

Has he been Has he been speakingspeaking??

Signal Words of Present Perfect Progressive: all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week

ReminderReminder:: Verbs with stative meanings are not Verbs with stative meanings are not

used in the progressive. The present used in the progressive. The present perfect, NOT the present perfect perfect, NOT the present perfect continuous, is used with stative verbs to continuous, is used with stative verbs to describe the duration of a state that began describe the duration of a state that began in the past and continue to the present.in the past and continue to the present.

Ex: I Ex: I have knownhave known Alice since he was a child. Alice since he was a child.

IncorrectIncorrect: I : I have been knowinghave been knowing Alice since he was Alice since he was a child.a child.

Present perfect simple vs. Present perfect simple vs. Present perfect continuousPresent perfect continuous

Present perfect simplePresent perfect simplePresent perfect Present perfect continuouscontinuous

FormFormHave/has + V-ed/ V3Have/has + V-ed/ V3Have/has + been + V-ed/V3Have/has + been + V-ed/V3

UsageUsageThe present perfect simple The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still expresses an action that is still

going on or that stopped recently, going on or that stopped recently, but has an influence on the but has an influence on the

present. It puts emphasis on the present. It puts emphasis on the resultresult..

The present perfect The present perfect progressive expresses an progressive expresses an

action that is still going on. It action that is still going on. It puts emphasis on the puts emphasis on the

duration or course of the duration or course of the actionaction..

Adverbs Adverbs frequently frequently

usedused

For, since, already, ever, For, since, already, ever, never, yet, still, etcnever, yet, still, etc..

all day, for 4 years, since all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the 1993, how long?, the

whole week, etcwhole week, etc..

ExampleExampleI have written five lettersI have written five letters..I have been playing football I have been playing football since 3 o’clocksince 3 o’clock..

We can use both the present perfect simple and the present perfect We can use both the present perfect simple and the present perfect

continuous to describe an activity that started in the past and continuous to describe an activity that started in the past and

continues up to the present and possibly into the future.continues up to the present and possibly into the future.

Ex: Ex: They have been studying English for three years.They have been studying English for three years.

They’ve studied English for three years.They’ve studied English for three years.

We can use the present perfect simple and the present perfect We can use the present perfect simple and the present perfect

continuous withcontinuous with latelylately andand recentlyrecently..

Ex: Ex: I’ve been working hard lately.I’ve been working hard lately.

I’ve done a lot of work lately.I’ve done a lot of work lately.