pregnancy discomforts and interventions

PREGNANCY PREGNANCY DISCOMFORTS and DISCOMFORTS and

INTERVENTIONSINTERVENTIONS

Ma. Khatrina CapatiMa. Khatrina Capati

Norlyn Marrie ViloriaNorlyn Marrie Viloria

The common discomforts The common discomforts of pregnancy result from of pregnancy result from

physical and anatomic physical and anatomic changes and are fairly changes and are fairly specific to each of the specific to each of the

three trimesters.three trimesters.

First TrimesterFirst TrimesterThe dramatic hormonal

changes of the first trimester account for many of the

discomforts experienced in this period. These

discomforts tend to subside by the beginning of the

fourth month of pregnancy.

1. Nausea and Vomiting

Influencing Factors:• Increased levels of HCG• Changes in CHO

metabolism• Emotional factors• Fatigue

Interventions:• Avoid odors or causative factors.• Eat dry crackers or toast before

arising in morning.• Have small but frequent meals.• Avoid greasy or highly seasoned

foods.• Take dry meals with fluids between

meals.• Drink carbonated beverages.

2. Urinary Frequency

Influencing Factor:• Pressure of uterus on

bladder in both first and third trimesters

Interventions:• Void when urge is felt.• Increase fluid intake during

the day.• Decrease fluid intake only in

the evening to decrease nocturia.

3. Fatigue

Influencing Factors:• Specific causative factors

unknown• May be aggravated by

nocturia due to urinary frequency

Interventions:• Plan time for nap or rest period

daily.• Go to bed earlier.• Seek family support and

assistance with responsibilities so that more time is available to rest.

4. Breast TendernessInfluencing Factor:• Increased levels of estrogen

and progesterone

Intervention:• Wear well-fitting,

supportive bra (wide shoulder strap)

5. Increased Vaginal DischargeInfluencing Factor:• Hyperplasia of vaginal

mucosa and increased production of mucus by the endocervical glands due to the increase in estrogen levels

Interventions:• Promote cleanliness by daily

bathing.• Avoid douching, nylon underpants,

and pantyhose; cotton underpants are more absorbent; powder can be used to maintain dryness if not allowed to cake.

6. Nasal Stuffiness and NosebleedInfluencing Factor:• Elevated estrogen levelsIntervention:• May be unresponsive, but

cool-air vaporizer may help; avoid use of nasal sprays and decongestants.

7. Ptyalism

Influencing Factor:• Specific causative factors

unknownIntervention:• Use astringent mouthwashes,

chew gum, or suck hard candy

Second and Third Trimesters

It is more difficult to classify discomforts as specifically

occurring in the second or third trimesters because may

problems represent individual variations in women.

8. HeartburnInfluencing Factor:• Increased production of

progesterone, decreasing gastrointestinal motility and increasing relaxation of cardiac sphincter, displacement of stomach by enlarging uterus, thus regurgitation of acidic gastric contents into the esophagus

Interventions:• Eat small and more frequent

meals.• Use low-sodium antacids.• Avoid overeating, fatty and

fried foods, lying down after eating, and sodium bicarbonate.

9. Ankle EdemaInfluencing Factors:• Prolonged standing or sitting• Increased levels of sodium due to

hormonal influences• Circulatory congestion of lower

extremities• Increased capillary permeability• Varicose veins

Interventions:• Practice frequent dorsiflexion

of feet when prolonged sitting or standing is necessary.• Elevate legs when sitting or

resting.• Avoid tight garters or

restrictive bands around legs.

10. Varicose VeinsInfluencing Factors:• Venous congestion in the

lower veins that increases with pregnancy• Hereditary factors (weakening

of walls of veins, faulty valves)• Increased age and weight gain

Interventions:• Elevate legs frequently.• Wear supportive hose.• Avoid crossing legs at the

knees, standing for long periods, garters, and hosiery with constrictive bands.

11. Hemmorhoids

Influencing Factors:• Constipation• Increased pressure from

gravid uterus on hemorrhoidal veins

Interventions:• Avoid constipation.• Apply ice packs, topical

ointment, anesthetic agents, warm soaks, or sitz baths; gently reinsert into rectum as necessary.

12. ConstipationInfluencing Factors:• Increased levels of progesterone,

which cause general bowel sluggishness

• Pressure of enlarging uterus on intestine

• Iron supplements• Diet, lack of exercise, and decreased

fluids

Interventions:• Increase fluid intake, fiber in

the diet, and exercise.• Develop regular bowel habits.• Use stool softeners as

recommended by physician.

13. BackacheInfluencing Factors:• Increased curvature of the lumbosacral

vertebrae as the uterus enlarges• Increased levels of hormones, which

cause softening of cartilage in body joints

• Fatigue• Poor body mechanics

Interventions:• Use proper body mechanics.• Practice the pelvic-tilt

exercise.• Avoid uncomfortable working

heights, high-heeled shoes, lifting heavy loads, and fatigue.

14. Leg CrampsInfluencing Factors:• Imbalance of calcium/phosphorus

ratio• Increased pressure of uterus on

nerves• Fatigue• Poor circulation to lower extremities• Pointing the toes

Interventions:• Practice dorsiflexion to feet to

stretch affected muscle.• Evaluate diet.• Apply heat to affected

muscles.• Arise slowly from resting

position.

15. FaintnessInfluencing Factors:• Postural hypotension• Sudden change of position

causing venous pooling in dependent veins• Standing for long periods in

warm area• Anemia

Interventions:• Avoid prolonged standing in

warm or stuffy environments.• Evaluate hematocrit and

hemoglobin.

16. DyspneaInfluencing Factor:• Decreased vital capacity from

pressure of enlarging uterus on the diaphragm

Interventions:• Use proper posture when sitting and

standing.• Sleep propped up with pillows for

relief if problem occurs at night.

17. Flatulence

Influencing Factors:• Decreased gastrointestinal

motility leading to delayed emptying time• Pressure of growing uterus on

large intestine• Air swallowing

Interventions:• Avoid gas-forming foods.• Chew food thoroughly.• Get regular daily exercise.• Maintain normal bowel habits.

18. Carpal Tunnel SyndromeInfluencing Factors:• Compression of median nerve

in carpal tunnel of wrist• Aggravated by repetitive

hand movements

Interventions:• Avoid aggravating hand

movements.• Use splint as prescribed.• Elevate affected arm.

19. Round Ligament SyndromeInfluencing Factors:• Enlargement of the uterus

causing round ligaments stretch and hypertrophy as the uterus rises up in the abdomen.

Intervention:• Applying heat pad brings relief.