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Prairie Dams: An Overview
R. A. (Bob) Halliday for
Partners FOR the Saskatchewan River Basin
October 2, 2018
Slide 2
Outline
History Nation Building Environmental Effects
Slide 3
A Short History
1867 – Confederation 1870 – Rupert’s Land Sale 1871-1877 – Seven Treaties 1871-1883ff – Dominion Land Survey
Dominion Land Survey
Slide 4
Slide 5
A Short History
1867 – Confederation 1870 – Rupert’s Land Sale 1871-1877 – Seven Treaties 1871-1883ff – Dominion Land Survey The CPR – 1882-1883 1894 – North-west Irrigation Act 1905 – Alberta and Saskatchewan 1930 – Resource Transfer Act 1935 – Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Act
North-west Irrigation Act 1894
First irrigation project 1880 – Fish Creek First water diversion permit 1889 – St.
Mary River Early 1890s – A significant drought June 25, 1894 – First documented
streamflow measurement entirely in Canada
The Act declared all water belongs to the Crown
Slide 6
Nation Building
Dams for water supply and irrigation Dams for hydro power
Slide 7
Water Supply and Irrigation
St Mary Canal - 1900 Other diversions Alberta Irrigation Districts Act 1915 Eastend Dam 1904 -1918 – PFRA 1936 St. Mary Dam 1951 – PFRA Gardiner Dam 1967 - PFRA Oldman River Dam 1991
Slide 8
Hydro Power - Alberta
Prince’s Island 1893 Power Surveys Bow River Basin 1907 Horseshoe Falls 1911 – 14 MW Kananaskis Falls 1913 – 19 MW Brazeau River 1963 – 355 MW
Slide 9
Horseshoe Falls 1911
Slide 10 Courtesy TransAlta
Brazeau River 1963
Slide 11 Courtesy TransAlta
Hydro Power - Saskatchewan
Power Surveys – 1907-1910 – Saskatoon and Prince Albert – La Colle Falls – 1909-1913
Island Falls GS 1930 – CRPC E.B. Campbell Dam - 1963
Slide 12
Hydro Power - Manitoba
Hydro power for Brandon 1900 Pinawa Dam 1906 – 22 MW Power Surveys
– 1906-1911 Winnipeg River – 1913 – Churchill & Nelson rivers
Winnipeg River Dams – 1920s-1950s Kelsey Dam 1961 – Nelson River
Slide 13
Minnedosa River Station 1900
Slide 14 Courtesy Manitoba Hydro
Pinawa Generating Station 1906
Slide 15 Courtesy Manitoba Hydro
Limestone GS 1992
Slide 16 Courtesy Manitoba Hydro
Things Change
Opposition to hydropower in BNP – 1920s
W.A.C. Bennett Dam – 1960s Grand Rapids – 1960s Churchill River Diversion MB – 1970s Churchill River SK – 1970s Rafferty/Alameda – 1980s Oldman Dam – 1980s
Slide 17
Effects of Dams
Flow Regime – Riverine to lacustrine – Ecosystem fragmentation – River regulation
»quantity and timing of peak flows – Enables water withdrawals – Storage or run-of-the-river – In-stream flows or conservation flows
Slide 18
Water Quantity - Hydro
Slide 19 Courtesy PFSRB
Water Quantity - Irrigation
Slide 20 Courtesy PFSRB
Effects of Dams
Sediment and nutrient transport – Nutrients, sediments, and
contaminants bound to sediments are deposited in reservoir
– Decrease in downstream turbidity »effects on biota »channel degradation
Slide 21
Effects of Dams
Fisheries – Blockage of sediments, nutrients – Reregulation, reduced flood regime – Fish migration, spawning, stranding – Productive reservoir fishery – Productive tailwater fishery
»temperature effects
Slide 22
Effects of Dams
Ice Processes – Reduced ice jam frequency – Consequences for floodplain
ecosystems
Slide 23
Effects of Dams
Courtesy Stewart Rood Slide 24
Floodplain Ecosystems
Conclusions
Dams have been key to economic and social development in prairie Canada
Generally non-controversial until the 1960s-1980s
Environmental consequences are now recognized
Slide 25
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