powerpoint tankers
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Spencer Schilling
President
Herbert Engineering Corp.
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Overviewy Shipboard Ballast Operations
y Typical Ballast System Components
y AIS and Ballast Watery Shipboard Ballast Water Management Solutions
y Exchange
y Treatment
y Treatment Technologies : Engineering Challenges
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Shipboard Ballast Operationsy Why is ballast used?
y Maintain seaworthy
condition when lightlyloaded
y Draft, trim, stability,bending moment, shearforce, slamming,propeller immersion,motions
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Shipboard Ballast Operationsy How is it handled?
y Loading condition is assessed and ballast allocated to
remain within safe operational limitsy Ballast movements coordinated with cargo operations
y Impact on Crew
y Provides for vessel safety
y Controls vessel motion for better comforty Requires daily management of ballast and maintenance
of systems and tanks
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Typical Ballast System Componentsy Simple liquid storage/handling system
y Tanks, piping, valves, pumps
y Vents, overflows, sounding tubes, level indicatorsy Remotely operated
y Sea chests and overboard discharges
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Ballast System Design
Considerationsy Total ballast volume 6,000 to >100,000 m3
y Flow rates 200 to 5000 m3/hr
y
Head requirements up to 30my In service flexibility (# tks, pipe, valves, )
y Ballast Exchange Options
y Partial Ballast Conditions
y
Control systems
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What are AIS?y Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) are
organisms transported by human
activities to a region where they did notoccur historically and have establishedreproducing populations in the wild.
(Ref. Dobroski, Aquatic Invasive Species and Ballast Water Management)
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How do we manage AIS?y Prevention Best line of defense, vector
management
y
Eradication Costly and oftenimpossible, over $6 million toeradicate Caulerpa (algae) fromtwo small southern CAembayments
y Species management once established restrictlocal movement, control populations in sensitivehabitats if possible
(Ref. Dobroski, Aquatic Invasive Species and Ballast Water Management)
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How do they get here?y Many mechanisms (vectors) capable of transporting
AIS around the world
yAquaculture, live seafood shipments, bait, pet storetrade, intentional release
y Commercial ships responsible for up to 80% ofintroductions in coastal habitats
y Includes ballast water and vessel fouling
y
(Ref. Dobroski, Aquatic Invasive Species and Ballast Water Management)
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Ballast Water and AISy Species are introduced upon ballast water discharge in
recipient regions
(Ref. Dobroski, Aquatic Invasive Species and Ballast Water Management)
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Ballast Water Management Options in
California
y Retain all ballast on board the vessel
y Ballast water exchange
y Discharge to an approved shoreside treatment facility(currently no such facilities in CA)
y Use of alternative, environmentally sound CSLC orUSCG approved method of treatment
(Ref. Dobroski, Aquatic Invasive Species and Ballast Water Management)
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Treatment Technology Challengey Achieve desired kill ratey Work at high flow rates and with large volumesy Work with water of varying salinity, temperature,
nutrients, clarityy Do not introduce other personnel/environmental hazardsy Provide mechanism/process for testing/monitoringy Do not disrupt ship operations/scheduley Fit in limited space and survive ship conditions (vibration,
pitch/roll motions,...)y Use available powery Do not add to ship maintenancey Be economical to buy, install, use and maintain
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Treatment TechnologySolutionsy Chemical Biocides (Active Substances)
y Chlorine (Generated on Board)
y Ozone (Generated on Board)y Proprietary Chemicals (some delivered pre-mixed)
y Mechanical Separation - Filters
y Physical Change to Ballast Water Environment
y Irradiate (UV light)
y Deoxygenate
y Heat
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Chlorine
NaCl + H2O + 2e NaOCl + H2y Generate Chlorine / Sodium Hypochlorate (bleach) with
electrolytic cells on boardy Add solution when taking on ballast, maintain levels
during voyagey Lethal in hoursy >80% chance can meet IMO 2004
criteriay Systems designed but limited
testing to datey High dosage levels can promote
steel corrosiony Concern about chemical residuals
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Ozoney Ozone generator on board using high
voltage AC current
y Applied at uptake or discharge
y Lethal in 5-15 hours
y Short half life limits corrosion andmakes safe at discharge
y
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Proprietary Chemicalsy Pre-Mixed proprietary chemicals
introduced at metered dosage ratewhen taking on ballast
y
Chemicals degrade over time,designed to be safe at dischargey Lethal in 24 hrsy >80% chance can meet IMO 2004
criteriay
Full size testing ongoingy High dosage levels can promote steel
corrosiony Concern about chemical residuals
ExamplePeracetic Acid
C2H4O3acetic acid, hydrogen
peroxide with sulfuricacid catalyst.
Produced on shore,delivered to ship in
chemical tanks
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Mechanical Separation
Filters and Cyclonesy Filters for larger organisms
y Done at uptake and/or discharge
y Lethal at time of treatmenty
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Filtration with Backflushy
50 microns is the practical lower limity Automatic backflush is required to allow for
unattended operation
y Backflush process reduces the net flow rate and
increases the systempressure drops
y External backflushingpump is required
y Probably not practicalfor bulkers and tankerswith high flow ratesand volumes
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Filtration with Backflushy Can remove most of the larger life forms
y A 50 micron screen will remove most or all of thezooplankton and some of the phytoplankton and
dinoflagellates.y Filters of a practical size are not effective against
bacteria and viruses
y
Useful in reducing turbidity (suspended solids)
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Cyclonic Separation
y figure
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Cyclonic Separationy Can remove solids heavier than the sea water and
larger than about 50 microns
y
About 5% to 10% of the total flow rate is removed inthe sludge discharge
y Pressure drop is about 0.8 bar plus backpressure valveat 1.2 to 1.5 bar
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Cyclonic Separationy Effectively remove the large vertebrates and
invertebrates
y
Not effective in reducing zooplankton density, but itdoes reduce live densities
y Not that effective in reducing bacteria, viruses, orphytoplankton
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Physical Change to Environment
Ultraviolet (UV) Lighty Inactivates living organisms by causing DNA
mutations
y
Proven effective against zooplankton, phytoplankton,bacteria and viruses.
y Need pretreatment to reduce size of organisms andexposure time
y Can be used on intake and discharge
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Ultraviolet (UV) Lighty Can be automatically controlled and monitored
y Long history in the marine industry anddemonstrated low maintenance requirements
y
Basic technology is readily available on the markety Turbid materials in the ballast flow attenuate and
scatter the UV radiation
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Physical Change to Environment
Deoxygenatey Inert gas generated on board
y When mixed with water, lowers Oxygen and pH
y Lethal in 4 to 6 daysy >80% chance can meet IMO 2004 criteria
y Full scale testing on going, some systems approved byIMO
y Reduces corrosion, but can require closed tank ventsystem to maintain low oxygen atmosphere.
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Physical Change to Environment
Heat Treatmenty Heat water to threshold temperature (42 degC)
y Lethal in hours to days
y Requires large amount of energy and can be difficult togenerate heat in port when ME not running
y
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Combined Systems
Cyclonic + UV System(courtesy Optimar/HydeMarine)
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2- Stage Treatment
Cyclonic Separator + UV
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3- Stage Treatment
Filter + UV + Chemicaly 50 micron filtration
y remove large particles
y
remove sedimentsy UV light
y inactivate living organisms
y reduced efficacy with cloudy water
y Catalystsy activated by UV energy producing oxidizing chemicals
y increases efficacy of UV in cloudy water
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Life Cycle Costsy Acquisition
250 m3/hr 5000 m3/hr
$100k to $400k $400k to $1800k
y Installation$50k to $125k $200k to $800k
y Operating$0.02/m3 to $0.45/m3
7000 m3 $140 $3,150
70,000 m3 $1,400 $31,500
y Maintenance $ ?
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Safety Issuesy Handling and storage of chemicals, radiation and
other equipment meant to kill living organisms
y
New risks to personnel and the environment
y IMO G9 Procedures considering eco-toxicology,human health and ship and crew safety
(MEPC.126(53))y Local, State, National water quality regulations
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Regulatory Compliance and Testingy Stricter standards
y Testing is time consuming
y Lab results may not scalewell to full size
y Functional testing andequipment certification
Type Approval, ory In service testing (end of
pipe) for continuousmonitoring
Organism Size Class California1,2
Organisms greater than 50m in minimumdimension
No detectable livingorganisms
Organisms 10 50 m inminimum dimension
< 0.01 livingorganisms perml
Organisms less than 10 min minimum dimension
Escherichi coli
I testi lenterococci
Toxi ogeni i rio choler e
(01 01 )
< 10
bacteria/100 ml< 10
viruses/100 ml
< 1 cfu
/100 ml< cfu/100 ml< 1cfu/100 ml or
< 1cfu/gram et
eightzoologicalsamples
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Need for Engineered Solutionsy Develop treatment technologies (Entrepreneur stage)
y Design testing methods and process for type approval
or continuous monitoringy Automatic ballast water analyzers (bug counters)
y Ship design adjustments and system integration
y Regulatory development/evaluation
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Spencer Schilling
President
Herbert Engineering Corp.
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