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1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014
US Barley Acreage Million Acres
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
Canadian Barley Acreage
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1986 2012
US Barley Production & Use for Malt CO, ID, MN, MT, ND, WY
Total
Malting
Use
Why Has Barley Acreage Declined?
Static domestic malt use, until recently, but now growing with increased consumption of all malt beers
Decline in use for feed = primary secondary use Competition from abundant supplies of corn and dried distillers grain (DDGs)
Static & limited food use – although has FDA Healthy Heart Claim Shown by USDA Barley Health Benefits Project – AMBA lobbying brought about funding
High risk crop – many chances for failure in making malting grade Good return as malting, low or no return as feed Risks: - Fusarium head blight (scab), other diseases, drought & heat stress, quality requirements
Competition with other crops – GROWERS HAVE OTHER OPTIONS Corn, soybeans, canola with large and growing markets Substantial investment by biotech seed companies, including GM variety development, in these crops and now wheat
Substantial decline in barley and malt exports
Why Has Barley Acreage Declined?
Barley research & variety development primarily in public sector State and provincial universities; USDA-ARS and Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada
Limited and declining public sector investment
Limited variety development by companies US = Two brewers, one maltster, one private sector company – all traditional breeding - minor part of their business, driven to meet needs, not profit - depend on public sector for other research needs
Little or no interest by biotech seed companies in barley Low acreage compared to other major crops
Substantial cost to commercialize a GM variety trait ($136 Million)
Biotech Crops with improved traits, including GM, have pushed barley out of higher rainfall areas into more marginal, dry ones
What happens to barley when it faces competition from GM drought tolerant corn, wheat and other crops that are being developed ?
Positive Accelerating Trend = New Growing Areas
Current major growing areas will continue as primary source Idaho, Montana, North Dakota = 70% US barley production (2012 - 2014)
Increased demand for beer & whiskey made with “Local” barley
Serviced by existing large malting companies if logistically feasible For some states, not economical to ship barley to plant and malt back
Growing craft malting industry to supply craft brewers & distillers
Increase in craft brewers & distillers doing in-house malting
Positive Accelerating Trend = New Growing Areas
Roadblocks Varieties adapted to new growing areas with needed quality & agronomics may be lacking Climatic Conditions High moisture, rainfall = more disease (e.g. Fusarium head blight aka Scab) = East Hot, dry conditions = West
Solutions being pursued by AMBA & collaborating research programs Variety Trials Development of best management practices Breeding to develop adapted varieties
CANADIAN BARLEY GROWING AREAS
ALBERTA SASKATCHEWAN
MANITOBA
MISSION: The primary purpose of AMBA is to encourage
and support an adequate supply of high quality malting
barley for the malting, brewing, distilling and food
industries and increase our understanding of malting
barley.
American Malting Barley Association, Inc. (Founded in 1938 as the Malt Research Institute)
VISION: To be the leader in improvement, development,
and understanding of malting barley in the US.
American Malting Barley Association, Inc. (Founded in 1938 as the Malt Research Institute)
Enhance barley competitiveness with other crops.
AMBA OBJECTIVES
Foster and support research that helps develop higher yielding
public sector malting barley varieties with characteristics that
mitigate production risk factors to increase acceptance rates.
Foster and support research that helps develop traits for public and private sector (member) malting barley varieties that mitigate production risk factors to increase acceptance rates.
Favorable federal farm programs, including crop insurance,
that mitigate production risks to growers and that do not favor
other crops over barley.
American Malting Barley Association, Inc.
2003 Anheuser-Busch, Inc.
Miller Brewing Company
Sierra Nevada Brewing Company
Briess Malting Company
Froedtert Malt
Great Western Malting Company
Cargill Malt
Rahr Malting Company
AB-InBev
Bell’s Brewery
Boston Beer
Briess Malt & Ingredients
Brooklyn Brewery
Brown-Forman
Cargill Malt
Craft Brew Alliance
Deschutes Brewery
Dogfish Head Craft Brewery
Gambrinus Company
Great Western Malting
Heineken Mexico
InteGrow Malt
Malteurop North America
MillerCoors
New Belgium Brewing
New Glarus Brewing
Oskar Blues Brewery
Rahr Malting
Schell’s Brewing
Sierra Nevada Brewing
Stone Brewing
Summit Brewing
REGULAR MEMBERS (24)
American Malting Barley Association, Inc.
Abita Brewing
Alaskan Brewing
Allagash Brewing
Anchor Brewing
Ballast Point Brewery & Spirits
Bear Republic Brewing
Big Sky Malts
Blacklands Malt
Blue Ox Malthouse
Boulevard Brewing
Cigar City Brewing
C’N’C Malting Company
Cold Spring Brewing
Colorado Malting
Deer Creek Malthouse
Double Eagle Malt
Epiphany Craft Malt
Farm Boy Farms
Firestone Walker Brewing
Flying Dog Brewery
Founders Brewing
Full Sail Brewing
Georgetown Brewing
Gold Rush Malt
Harpoon Brewery
Langunitas Brewing
Lakefront Brewery
Left Hand Brewing
Leopold Bros Distillery
American Malting Barley Association, Inc.
ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (57)
Long Trail Brewing
Lost Coast Brewery
Malterie Frontenac
Matt Brewing
New Holland Brewing
Odell Brewing
Oran Station Brewing Supplies
Penns Mault
Pilot Malt House
Rahr & Sons Brewing
Real Ale Brewing
Riverbend Malt House
Rogue Ales
Russian River Brewing
Saint Arnold Brewing
Schlafly Beer
Smuttynose Brewing
Southern Tier Brewing
Sprecher Brewing
Straub Brewery
Sun King Brewing
Troegs Brewing
Uinta Brewing
Urban Chestnut Brewing Utah Brewers Cooperative
Valley Malt
Victory Brewing
Wachusett Brewing
American Malting Barley Association, Inc. ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (57)
US Malting Barley Variety Development Programs (breeding, genetics, supporting and other research)
Cornell University, NY
Montana State University AB-InBev
North Dakota State University Malteurop
Ohio State University MillerCoors
Oregon State University Limagrain
University of California – Davis
University of Minnesota
University of Nebraska
USDA-ARS, Aberdeen, ID
USDA-ARS, Raleigh, NC
Utah State University
Virginia Tech
AMBA member
Washington State University Funded by AMBA
6 new public sector malting barley breeding programs
Other US Malting Barley Research Biochemistry, Genomics, Molecular Biology, Physiology Diseases, Insects, Quality, Management, Variety Trials
Programs listed for malting barley variety development plus:
Colorado State University University of Wyoming Michigan State University USDA-ARS, Fargo, ND North Carolina State University USDA-ARS, Madison, WI Pennsylvania State University USDA-ARS, Manhattan, KS Texas A&M University USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA University of Idaho USDA-ARS, Stillwater, OK University of Maryland USDA-ARS, St. Paul, MN University of Vermont AMBA funding
8 New malting barley research programs
2015/2016 AMBA Research Grant Program
(July 1, 2015 to June 30, 2016)
AMBA Funding (collective from all members)
$493,860 Twenty four projects (let me know if you want a list of projects)
Additional Member or Sponsor Funding
$20,000 Rahr Malting Two-Row spring variety development, ND State Univ
$17,250 Rahr Malting Two-Row spring variety development, Univ of MN
$ 500 MI Brewers Guild Barley production in Michigan, MI State Univ
$ 1,000 MBAA Mid-Atlantic Winter varieties for Southeastern US, Virginia Tech
$ 2,000 MBAA Mid-Atlantic Winter varieties for Southeastern US, USDA-ARS, NC
$ 2,000 MBAA Mid-Atlantic Malting & Brewing Quality Research Lab, Virginia Tech
$12,000 Sierra Nevada Two-Row winter variety development, OR State Univ
$ 3,000 Sierra Nevada Doubled Haploids for US breeders, OR State Univ
$15,000 Sierra Nevada Spring & Winter Variety Development, USDA-ARS, ID
$ 7,000 Sierra Nevada Disease Resistance, Univ CA-Davis
$ 3,000 Sierra Nevada Winter varieties for Southeastern US, USDA-ARS, NC
$82,750
$576,619 GRAND TOTAL – ALL AMBA ADMINSTERED GRANTS
Canadian and
North American
Brewers
Canadian Craft
Brewers
Maltsters Associate/
Collaborative
ABInBev Bearhill Canada Malting Alberta Barley
Sleeman Village Cargill/Prairie SeCan
Moosehead Phillips Malteurop Canterra Seeds
Great Western Picaroons Rahr FP Genetics
Big Rock PEI Malteria Frontenac CPS Ag
Sierra Nevada Big Tide Harvest Hops/Malt Syngenta
New Belgium Beaus SK Barley Comm
Flying Monkeys
Current Members and Contributors to BMBRI
Additional Advisory Members: AMBA, AAFC, CGC, WGRF, CMBTC, etc
Canadian Malting Barley Variety Development Programs
Primary (public sector)
AAFC, Brandon, MB
University of Saskatchewan
Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development
Secondary
Sapporo Breweries Ltd.
US Varieties are entered into Canadian testing system for
potential registration and production
Brewing & Malting Barley Research Institute (BMBRI) – AMBA’s
Canadian Counterpart
1. New: Canadian Barley Industry Consortium which is investing over
$3 million of industry/grower funds with a further $8 million of federal government. Total of $11 million in the 2013-2018 period. This is under the Canadian Agri-Innovation (AIP) Program. BMBRI and provincial grower Commissions and Foundations are the major partners in this funding consortium
2. Ongoing: Investment by Western Grains Research Foundation (WGRF) in core barley breeding programs at University of Saskatchewan and Agriculture Canada, Brandon
3. Ongoing: Provincial breeding program at Alberta Agriculture Lacombe
4. Ongoing: Some smaller programs in Eastern Canada
Current Major Canadian Barley Breeding and Research Investment Programs:
Current BMBRI Grants for Malting Barley
Breeding/Research Projects:
• Agriculture Canada Brandon , MB– New Variety Breeding
• Agriculture Canada Charlottetown, PEI – Eastern Canada Malting Barley Production
• Agriculture Canada Lacombe, AB – Barley Agronomy
• University of Saskatchewan – New Variety Breeding
• Alberta Agriculture Lacombe, AB - Breeding and Agronomy
• Alberta Agriculture Vegreville , AB – Breeding/Agronomy Research
2015 AMBA Research Strategic Goals (H – High; M- Medium; L- Low)
MALTING BARLEY VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
H Technologies to accelerate variety development
H Increased yields
H Winter varieties
H Resistance to abiotic stress & factors
Drought, Heat
Low temperature tolerance
Seed germination, Overwintering
Preharvest sprouting
H Lodging resistance
H National and Regional screening nurseries
L Clearfield (imidazolinone) tolerant barley
Rated low due to intellectual property issues with trait
M MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
PESTS
M Insects
Russian wheat aphid
Bird cherry oat aphid
IMPROVED QUALITY
H Quality evaluation of lines and varieties
Includes improved quality evaluation technologies and
increased throughput
M Fermentability prediction
L Glucanase assays
H Flavor screening of barley
H Disease Resistance
Fusarium head blight (scab)
Ug99 and other stem Rusts
Strip rust
Net blotch
Spot blotch
Septoria speckled leaf blotch
Powdery mildew (winter barley)
Root diseases
Bacterial leaf streak
Barley & Cereal yellow dwarf viruses
OTHER
M Increased secondary market uses
Food & feed for barley that does not meet malting specifications
Straw for biofuels
L Food safety
At this time there are no major barley food safety concerns
Characteristic In Breeding For Research
Aribinoxylan Measurement +
Balanced Modification +
Consistent Barley Quality Across Regions +
Sensory Properties + +
Enzyme Activities * +
Extract + +
Fermentability +
FHB Resistance +
Hull Adherence +
Long Term Germination +
Pre Harvest Sprout Tolerance +
Protein* +
Varietal Identification +
BMBRI Desired Traits for Malting Barley Breeders and Researchers
Barley Factors Two-Row Barley Six-Row Barley
Plump Kernels (on 6/64) > 90% > 80%
Thin Kernels (thru 5/64) < 3% < 3%
Germination (4ml 72 hr. GE) > 98% > 98%
Protein 13.0% 13.5%
Skinned & Broken Kernels < 5% < 5%
Malt Factors
Total Protein 12.8% 13.3%
on 7/64 screen > 70% > 60%
Measures of Malt Modification
Beta-Glucan (ppm) < 100 < 120
F/C Difference* < 1.2 < 1.2
Soluble/Total Protein* 40-47% 42-47%
Turbidity (NTU) < 10 < 10
Viscosity (absolute cp) < 1.50 < 1.50
Congress Wort
Soluble Protein 4.4-5.6% 5.2-5.7%
Extract (FG db) > 81.0% > 79.0%
Color (°ASBC) 1.6-2.5 1.8-2.5
FAN > 190 > 200
Malt Enzymes
Diastatic Power (°ASBC)* > 120 > 140
Alpha Amylase (DU)* > 50 > 50
MALTING BARLEY BREEDING GUIDELINES IDEAL COMMERCIAL MALT CRITERIA
American Malting Barley Association, Inc.
November, 2010
Six-Row Adjunct Two-Row All Malt Two-Row
AMBA Member Interest* 20% 55% 25%
Barley Factors
Plump Kernels (on 6/64) > 80% > 90% > 90%
Thin Kernels (thru 5/64) < 3% < 3% < 3%
Germination (4ml 72 hr. GE) > 98% > 98% > 98%
Protein 13.0% 13.0% 12.0%
Skinned & Broken Kernels < 5% < 5% < 5%
Malt Factors
Total Protein 12.8% 12.8% 11.8%
on 7/64 screen > 60% > 70% > 75%
MALTING BARLEY BREEDING GUIDELINES
IDEAL COMMERCIAL MALT CRITERIA
* Based on a dues weighted survey of AMBA’s Regular Members.
JUNE, 2014
Six-Row Adjunct Two-Row All Malt Two-Row
Measures of Malt Modification
Beta-Glucan (ppm) < 120 < 100 < 100
F/C Difference < 1.2 < 1.2 < 1.2
Soluble/Total Protein 42-47% 40-47% 38-45%
Turbidity (NTU) < 10 < 10 < 10
Viscosity (absolute cp) < 1.50 < 1.50 < 1.50
Congress Wort
Soluble Protein 5.2-5.7% 4.8-5.6% < 5.3%
Extract (FG db) > 79.0% > 81.0% > 81.0%
Color (°ASBC) 1.8-2.5 1.6-2.5 1.6-2.8
FAN > 210 > 210 140-190
Malt Enzymes
Diastatic Power (°ASBC) > 150 > 120 110-150
Alpha Amylase (DU) > 50 > 50 40-70
MALTING BARLEY BREEDING GUIDELINES
IDEAL COMMERCIAL MALT CRITERIA
General Comments
• Barley should mature rapidly, break dormancy quickly without pregermination and germinate uniformly.
• The hull should be thin, bright and adhere tightly during harvesting, cleaning and malting.
• Malted barley should exhibit a well-balanced, modification in a conventional malting schedule with four
day germination.
Malted barley must provide desired beer flavor
All Malt 2R
(Craft) (Increasing)
Adjunct 2R
(Mainstream) Adjunct 6R (Declining)
Extract, fg, db % >80 (High as
possible) >80 (High as
possible) >79 (High as
possible)
Protein, db% < 11.5 > 11.5 > 11.5
Sol. Protein, db% < 5.0 > 5.0 > 5.0
KI (S/T), % 38-45 42 – 47 42 – 47
Enzymes/DP, °L low/med 100-120 : 120-140
med/high 120-140 : >140
med/high 125-145 : >145
Beta Glucan, mg/L Variable, 135 Max Low as possible Low as possible
FAN, mg/L < 200 > 200 > 200
BMBRI Guidelines to Breeders for Different Brewing Market Segments
AMBA Quality Evaluation Program
Step 2 - AMBA pilot scale malting evaluations by collaborating members - Average of 35+ lines/year
Step 1 - Micro malting evaluations @ USDA-ARS Cereal Crops Research Unit (CCRU), Madison, WI – 5,000 to 6,000 lines/year – AMBA provides supporting funds AMBA is working with CCRU to increase capacity
AMBA Quality Evaluation Program
Step 3 – AMBA Plant Scale Evaluation Program (Maltster) 10 Lines in Testing
VARIETY/LINE PROGRAM BREWER(S) TESTING
Western Winter Two-Row
Aberdeen-W1, -W2, -W3 USDA-ARS, ID AB-InBev, Boston, New Belgium,
(Briess) New Glarus, Sierra Nevada
OR-W1, -W2 OR State Univ AB-InBev, Boston, Deschutes, Sierra Nevada
(Great Western)
Western Spring Two-Row
Aberdeen-S1 USDA-ARS, ID New Belgium, Sierra Nevada
Aberdeen-S2 USDA-ARS, ID Boston
(Briess)
Midwest Spring Two-Row
ND-Genesis (2ND25276) ND State Univ AB-InBev, Bell’s, MillerCoors, Schell’s
(Rahr)
2ND28065 ND State Univ Boston, MillerCoors, New Belgium,
(Rahr) Oskar Blues
Midwest Spring Six-Row
ND26891 ND State Univ AB-InBev, MillerCoors
(Rahr)
AMBA 2015 Recommended Varieties
AAC Syngery (2015) Agriculture & Agrifood Canada
ABI Voyager (2014) AB-InBev
AC Metcalfe (2005) Agriculture & Agrifood Canada
CDC Copeland (2007) University of Saskatchewan
CDC Meredith (2013) University of Saskatchewan
Charles* (2009) USDA ARS, Aberdeen, ID
Conlon (2000) North Dakota State University
Conrad (2007) AB-InBev
Expedition (2013) Malteurop
Harrington (1989) University of Saskatchewan
Hockett (2010) Montana State University
Merit (2000) AB-InBev
Merit 57 (2010) AB-InBev
Moravian 37 (2010) MillerCoors
Moravian 69 (2010) MillerCoors
Pinnacle (2011) North Dakota State University
Scarlett (2008) Saatzucht Joseph Breun GdbH, Germany
Wintmalt* (2013) KWS Lochow, Germany
* Winter barley (year added)
Two-Row
AMBA 2015 Recommended Varieties Six-Row
Celebration (2011) AB-InBev
Innovation (2014) AB-InBev
Lacey (2000) University of Minnesota
Legacy (2001) AB-InBev
Quest (2011) University of Minnesota
Robust (1984) University of Minnesota
Stellar-ND (2006) North Dakota State University
Thoroughbred (2015) Virginia Tech
Tradition (2004) AB-InBev
• U of S: CDC Copeland, CDC Reserve, CDC Meredith, CDC Kindersley,
TR11127, TR 12135 (recommended in 2015)
• Sapporo/U of S: PolarStar, Platinum Star
• BARI USA: Merit 57
• Alberta Agriculture: Bentley
• Agriculture Canada: AC Metcalfe, Newdale, Major, Cervesa, AAC Synergy, TR12225 (recommended in 2015, proposed name AAC Connect)
Above list does not include all registered varieties
Older and Newer Canadian 2R Varieties, in Commercial Production , Testing or in pipeline
Barley Biotechnology Tool Box
X - No GM variety development But useful tool for research to elucidate gene function
e.g. Genome editing – convert 6-row to 2-row/scab resistance
Targeted genetic improvements without being transgenic (GM)
Induce base pair gene changes by the plant not through gene
transformation technology
Rapid Trait Development system (RTDS) - Cibus
(considered mutagenesis technology by USDA)
Doubled Haploid (DH) Barley Line Development
Rapid development of genetically homozygous varieties
Barley Biotechnology Toolbox
Gene tracking Technology (genotyping) Initial methodology = one gene
Current technology = tens of thousands of genes at one time
Current major genotyping technology Based on Single Nucletotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
Illumina BeadXpress system (old) – Illumina iSelect system (new)
Exome capture sequencing
Being replaced by next generation technology for genotyping Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS)
Gene tracking applications Marker Assisted Selection (MAS)
Track introgression of one or a few genes
Genomic Selection (GS)
Track thousands of genes to develop lines with desired agronomic & quality traits
Barley Biotechnology Challenge $$$ - Most all funding is from limited public sector sources
vs billions being invested by biotech seed companies in other crops
State universities & USDA-ARS research locations
and USDA Grant Programs
What do we have for barley biotech research?
Includes Four USDA-ARS Small Grains Genotyping Laboratories Fargo, ND; Manhattan, KS; Raleigh, NC; Pullman, WA
Created through AMBA & wheat stakeholder lobbying
USDA-ARS US Wheat & Barley Scab Initiative grant program Created through AMBA & wheat stakeholder lobbying
USDA-NIFA Agriculture & Food Research Initiative (AFRI) Competitive Grant Program
Grants to individual scientists
Large grants for multi-researcher, discipline, and institution coordinated projects
Barley Agricultural Coordinated Project (Barley CAP 1) 2005-2010 ($1M/year)
Triticeae (barley & wheat) CAP (TCAP) 2011-2015 ($5 M/year)
Barley CAP 2?? Barley research community has applied for new grant
Keeping Barley Competitive With Other Crops
Barley biotechnology research in of itself is not enough to keep barley
competitive with biotech seed company crops
Coordinated research in many disciples is needed Breeding, genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, physiology, pathology, management
Need an adequate & effective national public sector barley research
infrastructure
Stakeholder funding, direction, and collaboration American Malting Barley Association (AMBA)
Brewing & Malting Barley Research Institute (BMBRI, Canada)
Brewers Association (BA)
Individual malting & brewing companies
State barley grower organizations
Adequate & Effective National Public Sector
Barley Research Infrastructure
Facilities
Direction Funding AMBA, BA Federal, State, Growers, Brewers, Maltsters
Personnel
AMBA National Coordinator of US Malting Barley Research
AMBA lobbies Congress, Federal Agencies, and State Universities to positively impact all these research infrastructure components
AMBA also lobbies with barley growers for favorable federal farm program provisions (e.g. crop insurance)
Challenging, but promising!
As long as we all work together to make that happen.
Thank You
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