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Tunisia&theArabSpring

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Freedom

• Whatdoyouthinkofwhenyouheartheword“freedom”?

• Whatactionsdoyouassociatewith“freedom”?

• Whatmakesacountry“free”?• Whatcountriesdoyouassociatewith“freedom”?Why?

• Whatcountriesaren’tfree?Why?

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Thetextonthesignsays,"Peacefulprotestcreateschange",whilethetextonthebloody

swordsays"Terrorismcreateschange".

Tunisia:AnOverview• ThesmallestNorthAfricanState:slightly

largerthanGeorgia• Population:10,629,186– AgeBreakdown:– 0-14years: 23.2%– 15-64years: 69.3%– 65yearsandover: 7.5%

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Tunisia:AnOverview• UnemploymentRate:

– Officially14%,butbelievedtobemuchhigher– Universitygraduatesarechronicallyunemployed

• 25%to50%ofrecentcollegegraduatesmaybeunemployed,withgraduatesinagriculturehavingtheworstprospects,withuptoa70%unemploymentrate

• EthnicGroups:– 98%Arab,1%European,1%Jewish&other

• Religion:– 98%Muslim,1%Christian,1%Jewishandother

• Languages:– ArabicandFrench

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Tunisia:AnOverview• Urbanpopulation:

– 67%oftotalpopulation

• LiteracyRate:– definition: age15andovercan

readandwrite– totalpopulation: 74.3%

• Tunisiscapitalandlargestcity

• Tunisiahasadiverseeconomy,withimportantagricultural,mining,tourism,andmanufacturingsectors.

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Tunisia’sGovernment• Obtainedindependencefrom

FranceonMarch20,1956

• OneofthemoresociallyliberalArabgovernments

• SinceindependenceTunisiahasonlyhadtwopresidents:– Habib Bourguiba (1956– 1987)– Zine ElAbidine BenAli(1987–

2011)

• WhatdoestheabovefacttellyouaboutthenatureofTunisia’sgovernment?

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Tunisia’sGovernment• Officiallyaconstitutionalrepublic

– Presidentaschief-of-state– PrimeMinisterasheadofgovernment

(appointedbyPresident)– BicameralParliament:

• ChamberofDeputies• ChamberofAdvisors

• Multi-partysystem,butConstitutionalDemocraticRally(RCD)dominatedthegovernment.– Won84%oftheseatsinChamberofDeputiesin2009Election

• PoliticalReformssince1987– Abolishedlife-termpresidencies,buttherearenotermlimits– Openedupparliamenttooppositionparties– 8recognizedpoliticalparties

• Womenhold27%oftheseatsintheChamberofDeputies– Ahigher%thantheUSCongress 12

RCDPoster

VotinginTunisia• Electionsheldevery5to6

years

• Suffrageisuniversalat18,exceptfor– Activemilitary– Internalsecurityforces

• ComparingpastUSelectionstoTunisia’smostrecentpresidentialelection,whatdoesBenAli’smarginofvictorytellyouaboutelectionsinTunisia?

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ElectionYear Candidates % ofvotes2008 Barack Obama 52.9%

JohnMcCain 45.7%2004 George W.Bush 50.7%

JohnKerry 48.3%1964 LyndonJohnson 61.1%

BarryGoldwater 38.5%

FallofBenAli• InJanuary2011,BenAlifledTunisiaafteraseriesofproteststhroughoutthecountry.– WhatdoyouthinkpromptedTunisianstodemandchange?– Whatwouldittakeforyoutogetoutmarchinginthestreets?

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Wikileaks• Aninternationalorganizationthat

publishessubmissionsofprivate,secret,andclassifiedmedia.

• Inearly2010theybeganpublishingUSdiplomaticcables.

• AccordingtoWikipedia,“thecablescontaindiplomaticanalysisfromworldleaders,andthediplomats'assessmentofhostcountriesandtheirofficials.”

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Wikileaks

Readthe“TunisianDiplomaticCable”handoutinyourgroupsandanswertheattachedquestions.

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TheArabSpringAfterTunisia

AsofOctober2011,17nationshaveseensometypeofminorandmajorprotests,civiluprisingsorrevolutions.

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TheArabSpringAfterTunisia

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• ShortlyafterBenAlifled,peacefulprotestsforcedHosniMubarak– Egypt’sleader–tostepdownafter30yearsinpower.– Heiscurrentlyontrial.

• InLibya,rebelsroseupagainstMuammarGaddafiandabloodycivilwar– whichinvolvedassistancebytheUS– ensured.Gaddafiwasoverthrownandkilled.

TheArabSpringAfterTunisia

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• AsofNovember2011,Basharal-Assad–Syria’sLeader– isviolentlysuppressingprotestsanduprisingsinhiscountry.

• InSaudiArabia,womenarepostingvideosofthemselvesdriving(whichisforbiddeninSaudiArabia)ontheinternet.TheSaudiKingrecentlygrantedwomentherighttovoteinthenextelections.

Tunisia’sElections• InOctober2011,Tunisianswenttothepolls,underthe

watchfuleyeofinternationalelectionobservers,forthefirsttrulydemocraticelectioninover50years.

• Theelectionsweremostlypeaceful.Onlyahandfulofpeopleprotested.

• ManyobservershaileditasaseismicshiftinMiddleEasternpoliticsandasamodelforothercountriesparticipatingintheArabSpring.

• Aregionthathaslongbeendominatedbystrongmen,hadafairandfreeelection.

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Tunisia’sElectionResults• Thiselectionwastodetermine

anassemblyofpeopletowritethenewConstitution.

• Afterthevoteswerecounted,Ennahda,andIslamistparty,wonwith41%ofthevote.– Islamistpartiesbelievethat

Islamisareligionandapoliticalsystem

– Theycanrangefromextremelyoppressivetomoderate

– Ennadha isconsideredmoderate.

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Tunisia’sElectionResults• SomeTunisiansarenervous

becausetheyfeararepressivereligioussociety

• Ennahda hasattemptedtoassuagepeople’sfearsbypromisingthat:– Hijabs(femaleheadcover)will

notberequiredbylaw– Alcoholwillnotbebanned– Non-Muslimswillnotbe

persecuted– Womenwillbeallowedto

voteandholdoffice22

Tourismisamajorindustry.Arepressivereligiousregimewouldhurttheindustry.

TheOverblownIslamistThreat• Readthearticleandanswerthefollowingquestionsinyourpairs:– WhywereIslamistpartiespopularunderautocraticregimes?

– HowdoestheyoungergenerationofArabsaffectthepoweroftheIslamistparties?

– WhathashappenedwhenIslamistpartieshavebeenincludedingovernment?

– DowehaveanythingsimilarintheUnitedStates?

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