positivism & constructivism

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Connie and Mary Ann

EDIT 451:CSULA

Positivism & ConstructivismEpistemology and the Design of Learning Environments

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•positivism•constructivism

Philosophy of

Knowing

•Objectivist design•Constructivist design

Grounded Design

•Instructional Design Practices

•Constructional Design •Practices

Systems Approach’

&Design

Practices

Conceptual Map of Ideas in Chapter 6

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Which one?

• Different views, but both perspectives are valid if they ground their practices on theory

• Depends on client needs and context of IDT.

Validity Of

Claims

• Think and analyze first before accepting and rejecting designers’ claims based on our own beliefs and values

• Designs and procedures must optimize differences based on epistemology

Emerging Design

Landscape

• Instructional designers need to address and respond to client needs, contextual factors & different views

• Growth and learning

Questions posed and future approaches

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POSITIVISM

A philosophical and epistemological approach

which holds that knowledge is acquired through actual

experiencehttp://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/positvsm.php

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivism

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WordAssociation

•

Scientific Method

•

Weber

•

Rationalism

•

Durkheim

•

Science

•

Logical

•

Sensory

•

Concrete

•

Social Research

•

Sociology

•

Simmel

•

Logic

•

Analytical

•

Skinner

•

Facts

•

Testable

•

Behaviorism

•

Social Positivism

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AUGUSTE COMTE

French philosopher who founded sociology and positivism

http://www.d.umn.edu/~jhamlin1/comte.htmlhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/130750/Auguste-Comte

http://membres.multimania.fr/clotilde/etexts/index.htm

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Positivism & Design Framework

Knowledge exists independent of the learner. There is an absolute truth.

Design frameworks are based on objectivism. Knowledge is transferred

from outside to inside the learner. Conditions are arranged to promote goals.

Knowledge is engineered externally.

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Positivism & Design Practices

Knowledge exists independent of the learner. There is an absolute truth.

Classroom Directed

Teacher-centered Goal predetermined Objectives defined

Activities, materials, assessment teacher driven

Products given to teacher for assessment.

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Analyze

Design

Develop

ImplementEvaluate

Instructional Design Process

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Analyze• Content• Setting• Learner

Identify• Instructional

needs

Establish• Instructional

goals

Objectivist Design & Analysis

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Definition of Instructional

objectives

Arrangement of objectives into sequences and hierarchies

denoting what needs to occur to obtain the objective

Use each objective to establish specifications for criterion-referenced assessments of

relevant content

Objectivist Design

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Dev

elopment

Impl

ementation

The unit is implemented, the learning environment will convey the information and guide students in accomplishing the prescribed objectives by having them read the instructional materials, engage in instructional activities, produce responses, and receive feedback

Eval

uation

Objectivist Development, Implementation & Evaluation

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Technologizing School SystemsRobotics in Medical and Dental Instruction, JapanGo to the next slide to watch Simroid

Current Trends: Positivism in IDT

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eLearning (positivist approach)http://www.webbasedtraining.com/home.aspxGo to the next slide to watch the video

Current Trends: Positivism in IDT

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Jonassen, D.H. et al. (1997). “ Certainty, Determinism, and Predictability in Theories of Instructional Design: Lessons from Science”. EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY, VOL 37; NUMBER 1, pages 27-33 ( found on ERIC)

http://www.ifets.info/journals/3_2/morrison_book_review.html http://www.stanford.edu/dept/SUSE/SEAL/Reports_Papers/methods_papers/On%20the%20Science%20of%20Ed

%20Design%20Studies_ER.pdf

Books available at http://www.amazon.com

Further reading: Positivism & Instructional Design Application

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CONSTRUCTIVISM

A philosophical and epistemological approach

which holds that reality is not directly knowable, and can

only be inferred or assigned by convention or consensus

http://tip.psychology.org/bruner.htmlhttp://carbon.ucdenver.edu/~mryder/itc_data/constructivism.html

.

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WordAssociation

Construction

Multiple meanings

Interpretation

Representation

Piaget

Vico

Constructionism

Social Learning

Thought

Language

Culture

Race

Gender

ZPD

Schema

Prior knowledge

Collaboration

Dewey

Progressive

Scaffolding

Active learning

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LEV VYGOTSKY

Belarusian psychologist who wrote extensively on

developmental psychology, child development and education

http://tip.psychology.org/vygotsky.html

http://www.kolar.org/vygotsky/

.

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Constructivism & Design Framework

Knowledge is constructed by the learner. Truth is contextual.

Design frameworks are based on constructivism/relativism. Guide the learner in constructing knowledge.

Provide a rich context for negotiation and meaning construction. Knowledge

constructed internally.

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Constructivism & Design Practices

Knowledge is constructed by the learner. Truth is contextual.

Environment Learner-centered

Teacher facilitating; learner controlling Learning goals negotiated

Learning problems and contexts authentic Activities, materials, assessment context

driven and individually constructed Artifacts shared and reflected on, collectively

and individually.

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Analyze

Design

Develop

ImplementEvaluate

Instructional Design Process

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Visualize•Learning environment

•Learner•Problem•Key concepts

Set•Learner goals

•Learning styles

Evaluate•Context-dependent

Constructivist Design & Analysis

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Learner establishes individual learning goals and decides how to learn

Learner locates and evaluates potential resources

Learner chooses methods to assess their solution to the

problem posed.

Constructivist Design

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Dev

elopment

Impl

ementation

Learners decide what to do, when to do it, and whom to consult as they engage in problem solving and artifact construction. The designer or other facilitators will serve as consultants as learners manage their own learning needs.

Eval

uation

Constructivist Development, Implementation & Evaluation

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Current Trends in IDT: Constructivism in Action

eLearning (constructivist approach)University of LeicesterGo to the next slide to watch the video

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Twitter & World SimulationKansas State University

Visit Michael Wesch’s Digital Ethnography sitehttp://mediatedcultures.net/ksudigg/

Go to the next slide to watch the video

Current Trends in IDT: Constructivism in Action

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Virtual Worlds: Second LifeCalifornia State University, Los Angeles

Current Trends in IDT: Constructivism in Action

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http://gionas.webfactional.com/web/portfolio/pdf/Design_Research.pdf http://www.ifets.info/journals/3_2/tam.html http://www.dirkdavis.net/cbu/edu524/resources/Problem%20based%20learning%20An%20instructional%20model

%20and%20its%20constructivist%20framework.pdf http://doc.utwente.nl/26780/1/00650010.pdf Books on http://www.amazon.com

Further reading: Constructivism & Constructional Design Practices

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How do you think our EDIT classes are in terms of epistemological perspectives, instructional design and design practices?

What kind of educational technologist or instructional designer will you be?

Thank you for going through our slides

Questions