position-time graphs. why graph? what is the best way to describe motion of an object to somebody...
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Position-Time graphs
WHY GRAPH?
What is the best way to describe motion of an object to somebody that
did not witness it?
With accuracy
Can be understood by everybody in the world
Describe my motion
Write a description of my motion on a piece of paper
A better way
• Represent the motion in the universal language: Math
• Draw a graph
Reasons
• Universal language
• Convey more information visually
• Less time to draw than write
GRAPH SET UP
Axis
• What do the numbers mean
Direction
Is direction of motion indicated on the graph?
POSITION-TIME GRPAHS
Position-time graphs
• Position value is recorded as the vertical (y) component
• Time value is recorded as the horizontal
• The point (4,-8) means you are at -8 units from the central reference point at the 4 second mark
Position-time graph
• Where is the object at the 3 second mark?
• 9 second mark?
What information does the graph tell you about motion
• Shape of the line• Straight-vs-curved• Tilt of the line• Flat-vs-slanted • Tilted upward-vs-tilted downward• Vertical lines• Placement of the line• Start position• Postive-vs negative territory
Position Time graphs
Position Time graphs
• Graph indicates
• Positive motion• Constant velocity• Between fast and
slow rate of motion
Moving very fast
Moving very slow
At rest
• How does a graph indicate that the object does not move
Moving forward, backward at constant speed
Which line shows no motion?Which line shows fastest rate of
motion?
Speeding up
• Graph indicates
• Non-constant velocity• Positive motion• Getting faster
• Graph indicates
• Negative motion• Non-constant velocity• Getting faster
Slowing down
Slowing down moving forward
• Graph indicates
• Negative motion• Non-constant velocity• Slowing down
Forward, backward, or stopped
• If the graph is horizontal, then no motion has occurred.
• The position (vertical) value did not change over time
• If the final position is more positive than the initial position , it moved forward
• If the final position is less positive than initial position, it moved backward
Is the object moving at a constant rate?
• Constant velocity means the rate of motion does not change over time
• Graphs show constant velocity by creating a straight line.
• Angle (tilt) of line does not matter
How fast is it going?
• Constant velocity can occur in any direction• Being stopped gives you a constant velocity of
zero (0).
• The tilt of a straight line will indicate forward, or backward motion– Slope of the line is a measure of the object’s velocity
• The amount of tilt will indicate how fast th object goes
What if it is not a straight line?
• Then the velocity is not constant
• If the velocity changes over time the car accelerates
• Any change in velocity indicates acceleration
• On a P-T graph, acceleration is indicated by a curved line
It is getting faster or slower?
• Tangent lines– Pick 2 point along section of graph– Draw tangent lines– If the slope of line increases, then object is getting
faster
• Divide section up into equal 2 blocks of time.– Compare the displacement in each– If amount of displacement increases, it is getting
faster
Tangent line
• Line that touches a graph at only one point
Mathematical method to determine slope of tangent lines
• Determine the rate of change
• Derivatives in calculus
DRAWING AND ANALYZING POSITION TIME GRAPHS
Draw the graph
• Draw a graph that would represent the following motion:
– Positive Motion– Non-Constant Velocity– Slowing Down
Information from graphs
• For each section with the same type of motion, you should be able to determine:
• Is the object moving forward, backward, or stopped
• Is the motion constant or not?• If constant, is the rate of motion fast or slow?• If not constant, is the object getting faster or
slower?
Position-Time
1 22 3
4 56
Position time graph
• Each point on the graph indicates the position of the object at a certain time
• Shows both distance and displacement
• Y-axis indicates position
• X-axis indicates time
Start position
Most graphs are made from a combination of different types of
motions
What you should be able to tell me about the graph
Whether object is moving or not
Which direction it moves
Whether motion is constant or not
Whether object speeds up or slows
GIVEN THE GRAPH, DESCRIBE THE MOTION
GIVEN DESCRIPTION OF MOTION, PRODUCE CORRESPONDING GRAPH
Creating a graph from written information
• Draw a copy on a piece of paper
In the next graph…
• You will create a graph that represents the following motion
• Section 1- starts at the -2 meter position and moves with slow positive constant velocity
• Section 2- moves with fast negative constant velocity
Information for next graph…
• Section 3- moves with positive non-constant velocity and is getting faster
• Section 4- moves with a constant velocity of zero
• Section 5 – moves with a negative non-constant velocity and is slowing down
Example #1
• Starting from a position of (-3).• Object speeds up, moving forward to the origin• Object maintains constant velocity moving
forward, reaches (4)• Object slows down, moving forward, reaches (6)• Object Stops for several seconds• Object speeds up moving backwards
Assumption
• If the question does not specify times, assume that the displacement of interest is over the entire graph
DETERMINE THE VELOCITY FROM A POSITION TIME GRAPH
Position –time graph with number values
What is the velocity of the car during the first 1.5 second?
• Is it constant
• Is it relatively fast or slow?
• How do you find its actual value?
To answer the initial problem
• (3 – 0)(m) / (1.5 – 0)(s) = 3 m/s
Find the rest of the constant velocity values shown on the graph
Calculation of a constant velocity
• Slope of the line = steepness
• To determine slope, find the rise over run
• Rise = change in the y values between initial and final points
Run change in the x values
• V = (y2 –y1) / (x2 – x1)
Slope of the line
• Constant velocity is demonstrated by a slanted straight line on a P-T graph
• The steepness indicates how fast the object moves
• To measure the steepness of a line, calculate the slope
How to calculate the slope
Run= change in the time
Rise= change in the position
Slope = Rise / Run
Calculating the velocity
• Use (y2-y1) / (x2 – x1) to calculate the slope (velocity)
• Organization of information
• Starts with identification of x and y values
Calculate velocity on each section
DETERMINE INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY FROM POSITION-TIME GRAPH
Calculating the instantaneous velocity value
For any section on a graph with constant velocity, all points in time within that section have the same velocity value.
DETERMINE DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT FROM POSITION TIME GRAPH
Overall Displacement
• Look at the difference between final position and start position
• Look at nothing else!!!
• What is the overall displacement of the above graph?
Determine overall displacement
On a p-t graph:
Displacement = the difference between the start position and final position for the portion of the graph you are interested in
D = y2 – y1
Example
Find the overall displacement for:
1) The entire graph
2) the first 20 seconds
3) The last 20 seconds
Overall Distance
• Measure the change in position between each hill and valley of the graph
• Then add up the changes
• There are no subtractions!!
• What is the total distance of the given graphs?
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