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Introduct ion to GSM/EDGE Radio Planning
Part 2: GSM/EDGE radio planning
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Overview
Part 1: GSM/EDGE radio dimensioning:
Link Budget
Uplink/downlink dimensioning
C/I and cluster frequency planning
Erlang capacity estimation
Impact of EDGE deployment
Part 2: GSM/EDGE radio planning: Overview of planning process
Site positioning criteria
Geographic Data Base
Coverage Estimation (EM engines) Channel Dimensioning
Frequency planning
EDGE deployment
Hierarchical structures
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GSM/EDGE Planning ProcessSite Positioning
Site Positioning
Coverage Prediction
Coverage Prediction
Best Server Map
Building
Best Server Map
Building
Quality Analysis
Quality Analysis
Interference Table
Building
Interference Table
Building
Traffic Spreading
Traffic Spreading
Frequency Plan
Definition
Frequency Plan
Definition
Adjacences
Definition
Adjacences
DefinitionCells Dimensioning
Cells Dimensioning
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Outputs of the Planning ProcessOutputs of the Planning Process
How Many Cells?How Many Cells?
Coverage and
quality performance?
Coverage and
quality performance?
f1 f5 f9
f6f8
What ARFCNs
in each Cell?What ARFCNs
in each Cell?
3 Channels:
2 Channels:
How many channels
in each Cell?How many channels
in each Cell?
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GSM/EDGE Planning ProcessSite PositioningSite Positioning
Coverage PredictionCoverage Prediction
Best Server Map
BuildingBest Server Map
Building
Quality AnalysisQuality Analysis
Interference Table
BuildingInterference Table
Building
Traffic SpreadingTraffic Spreading
Frequency Plan
DefinitionFrequency Plan
Definition
Adjacences
DefinitionAdjacences
DefinitionCells DimensioningCells Dimensioning
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Site posit ioning criteria (1)
A regular layout maximizes spectral efficiency and guarantees a deepercontrol on network performance. This is often unfeasible, because of
Irregularity of terrain (orography, sea)
Dishomogenity of offered traffic (leading to
different site density requirements)
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Site posit ioning criteria (2)
A regular layout maximizes spectral efficiency and guarantees a deepercontrol on network performance. This is often unfeasible, because of
Regulatory constraints
(electromagnetic emission limits,
safety volumes)
Complexity of urban environments
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Site posit ioning criteria (3)
Besides constraints, theselection of optima sitepositions comes from trade off
between interference andcoverage characteristics.
In the first phases of networkroll-out, coverage is the
principal concern selectionof sites in dominant positions(umbrella sites)
In a mature network context the
presence of umbrella sitesleads to a worse frequencyreuse and, therefore, to a lowercapacity.
F1
F1
F1 F1 F1x x x
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Geographic database
Sources:
Resolution
Structure
Raster (matrix on pixel basis) Vectorial
satellite remote sensing aerial photography
scannerization of paper maps
territorial survey
BuildingDensity
Roads
Population
Density
DB
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Geographic database (raster data creation)
Typical Pixel Size (Resolution)
10 X 7.5 (~ 230 X 230 m)
4 X 3 (~100 X 100 m)
2 X 1.5 (~ 46 X 46 m)
1 X 0.75 (~ 23 X 23 m)
Land sampling and digitalization:
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Geographic database (raster layers)
Altitude (50m)
Building % (50m)
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Geographic data base (vectorials layers)
Buildings
profile
Roads
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Geographic data base
(vectorials layers creat ion)
From Aero Photo Survey To Digitalization
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GSM/EDGE Planning ProcessSite PositioningSite Positioning
Coverage PredictionCoverage Prediction
Best Server Map
BuildingBest Server Map
Building
Quality AnalysisQuality Analysis
Interference Table
BuildingInterference Table
Building
Traffic SpreadingTraffic Spreading
Frequency Plan
DefinitionFrequency Plan
Definition
Adjacences
DefinitionAdjacences
DefinitionCells DimensioningCells Dimensioning
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Electromagnetic Engines
Allow the planner to estimate and visualize the coverage areaof each cell in the network
The coverage area is typically evaluated considering the
downlink and calculating the levels of received power (orelectromagnetic field) generated by a base station in the
surrounding area
A value of EM field is calculated for each pixel (coverage canbe represented as a raster layer)
Propagation models, cell parameters and geographic
databases represent the fundamental bricks of any cellularplanning process (for any system, for any generation)
An effective network planning requires reliabilty andaccuracy of data and models
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EM Engines: the idea l approach
Complete evaluation of EM fields usingfull 3D description of buildings andterrain (1m resolution.)
Tipically usedonly for evaluatethe conformity ofinstallations with
respect to exposure
limits for EM fields
Problem: computingtimes and storagerequirements
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Evaluat ion of Coverage AreaEvaluation of Coverage Area
PointPoint--toto--point field strength predictionpoint field strength prediction
Interpolation
Average
Coverage layer
RBS Angular step Linear step
Maximum distance
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Cell typology definit ionCell typology definit ion
Macro
Over close
obstacles
Up to 20-30 Km
Urban
Suburban
Rural
Small
Comparable to
close obstacles
Several Km
Urban
Suburban
Micro
Below close
obstacles
(3-6 m)
0.5-1 km
Urban
Pico
Wall mounted
inside buildings
Up to 100 m
Indoor applications
Height
Radius
Environment
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Electromagnetic Engines for RF PlanningElectromagnetic Engines for RF Planning
Macro cellMacro cellss
Small cellsSmall cells
Micro/pico cellMicro/pico cellss
Terrain profile
Obstacles like knife-edge
Building Percentage
Morphology25-250 m resolution
Diffraction
(Huygens-fresnel)
Ray tracing/launching
Vectorial data base of the building
plan
1-5 m resolution
Diffraction
Reflection
Terrain profile + buildings profile.
Obstacles like knife-edgeBuilding volumetric analysis
5-10 m resolution
Diffraction(Huygens-fresnel)
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Small Cell Environment
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TILAB propagation equation
)log(202.77][][]/[ fdBAdBmPmVdBE TOTTX ++=
d = distance from the source (km)
f = frequency of the radio link (MHz)
heff = effective height of the BTS (m)
Hmob= mobile terminal height (m)
B%
= building percentage (local effect)
[ ] )log()log()log()log()log()log(][
%765
4321
Bkdhkk
hkhkfkkdBA
eff
mobeffTOT
++++=
k1, k2, k3 factors are distinguished on a distance threshold at 8 Km
E = Electrical field (dBV/m)PTX = transmitted power (dBm)
The antenna gain of the MS is assumed to be 0 dBi
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Stretched String Method
1st group of
obstacles
2nd group of
obstacles
3rd group of
obstacles
distance
terrain
height
RBS
MOBILE
Used in macro/small cell models in order to individuate relevant obstacles.
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d
Tx h
Imaginary source
Rx
P
Basic Diffract ion Principle (Huyghens-Fresnel)
The effect of diffraction is taken into account by adding an extra
attenuation to the propagation equation
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Microcellular Environment
MobMob
BSBS
In a microcellular environment the effect of reflections cannot be neglected
Ray tracing/launching techniques are needed
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Coverage calculat ion examples (1)
Dense urban environment
1) Macro cell (h = 50m)
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Coverage calculat ion examples (2)
Dense urban environment
1) Macro cell (h = 50m)
2) Small cell (h = 30m)
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Coverage calculat ion examples (3)
Dense urban environment
1) Macro cell (h = 50m)
2) Small cell (h = 30m)
3) Micro cell (h = 6m)
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GSM/EDGE Planning ProcessSite PositioningSite Positioning
Coverage PredictionCoverage Prediction
Best Server Map
BuildingBest Server Map
Building
Quality AnalysisQuality Analysis
Interference Table
BuildingInterference Table
Building
Traffic SpreadingTraffic Spreading
Frequency Plan
DefinitionFrequency Plan
Definition
Adjacences
DefinitionAdjacences
DefinitionCells DimensioningCells Dimensioning
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Cell C7 Field E7 E7>Emin
Cell C3 Field E3 < E7 E3 >Emin
Cell C2 Field E2 < E3 E2 >Emin
Cell C9 Field E9 < E2 E9 >Emin..
....
Best ServerMap: the best cell
takes the pixel (if the field is greater than Emin)
Definitions
Ei Field Strength belonging to the cell iEmin Minimum Field Strength for Terminal Access
Definitions
Ei Field Strength belonging to the cell iEmin Minimum Field Strength for Terminal Access
Best Server Maps Calculat ion
For each pixel the field levels of the
different cells are considered:
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Best Server Maps Analysis
With the Best Server Maps evaluationstep we can have the first look of the
set of cells included in the Planning
Process.
After this step each pixel on the
geographic area is exclusively assigned
to a cell.
Each pixel on the geographic area is
exclusively assigned to the cell with the strongest Field strength
among the field levels belonging to the other cells which satisfies
the system constraints (minimum field strength and the timing
advance limit)
Sometimes masks are used to define geographic areas that are not
relevant for the planning (e.g. the sea)
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LDL
E(x,y)
PBTS
Lfeeder
Antenna parameters:- Gain- Azimuth, Electrical/Mechanical tilt- H/V plane diagrams
Coverage levels
)log(202.77minmin
min
fCE
MSC DLMS
++=+=
Different margins (indoor, incar..) lead
to different field level requirements
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Best Server Field Map
For each pixel the electromagnetic field associated to the best serveris
shown (i.e. the best field)
Best server Field Map gives an estimation of the overall network
coverage
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Best Server Field Reference Levels
No margin Outdoor Incar Indoor
Total Margin [dB] 0 19 27 32
Minimum power [dBm] -102 -83 -75 -70
Minimum Field [dBuV/m] 34 53 61 66
Color
)log(202.77 fCELPC DLBTS ++==
Reference field levels (colors) are defined using the same approach ofthe link budget
Best Server Field (received power) is calculated using EM engines:
)log(202.77minminmin fCEMSC DLMS ++=+=
Reference evels are calculated from MS sensitivity, introducing
design margins :
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Netw ork Coverage Analysis
No margin Outdoor Incar Indoor Total Margin [dB] 0 19 27 32
Minimum power [dBm] -102 -83 -75 -70
Minimum Field [dBuV/m] 34 53 61 66
Color
Area with
indoor and
outdoor
coverage
problems
Coverage
borderAreas with
indoor
coverage
problems
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Dimensioning/planning results comparison
Radio Network
Dimensioning (RLB)
Estimated number of sites (N)
Target area
Coverage
evaluation (RLB)
Simulation of N sites
in the target area
(planning tool)
In the radio network dimensioning phase a
regular layout is assumed.
The more irregular is the real network
(morphology, orography, traffic, siteconstraints), the higher is the number of
coverage holes expected in the planning phase.
Each hole must be evaluated in detail.
Possible choices :1) Accept a lower coverage probability in
the critical zone
2) Optimize site positioning and
radioelectric parameters
3) Introduce extra sites, improving also
the capacity in the area. Microcells can
be considered if the critical area is
small.
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GSM/EDGE Planning ProcessSite PositioningSite Positioning
Coverage PredictionCoverage Prediction
Best Server Map
BuildingBest Server Map
Building
Quality AnalysisQuality Analysis
Interference Table
BuildingInterference Table
Building
Traffic SpreadingTraffic Spreading
Frequency Plan
DefinitionFrequency Plan
Definition
Adjacences
DefinitionAdjacences
DefinitionCells DimensioningCells Dimensioning
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I .M. Building (1)
),(),(),(/yxEyxEyxIC
B
AAB =
In each pixel (x,y) of the best server area ofcell A, the C/I ratio is evaluated, for
interfering cell B, as: Cell A
EA
Cell B
EB
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I .M. Building (2)
0
5
10
15
20
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
N
umberofpixel
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 5 10 15 20 25
CD
F
Cell ACell B
MA,B is calculated as the 90th
percentile of the ratio EA/EB
%90Pr , =
> BA
B
A ME
E
0.9
MA,B
MA,B
EA/EB [dB]
EA/EB [dB]
90 %
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Interference Table (I.M.)
The Interference Table give us description of the interference between twocells included in the geographic area involved in the Planning Process, in
case ofco-channel assignment
Based on C/I computation on the pixels belonging to interfered cell (C)
B AF
E
D
H I
CG
MC,BMC,B
D
C
B
A
E
A B C D E
The lower the MC,B the greater the interference of cell B on the best server
of cell C in case of co-channel assignment
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Weighted interference table
0
5
10
1520
25
30
35
40
45
1 3 5 7 9 11
13
15
17
19
21
23
Ei/E dB
We
igth
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ei/Ej [dB]
CD
The contribution of each
pixel is multplied by a
weigth (e.g. related to
expected traffic)
0.9
MA,B
90 %
Traffic
probability
layer
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GSM/EDGE Planning ProcessSite PositioningSite Positioning
Coverage PredictionCoverage Prediction
Best Server Map
BuildingBest Server Map
Building
Quality AnalysisQuality Analysis
Interference Table
BuildingInterference Table
Building
Traffic SpreadingTraffic Spreading
Frequency Plan
DefinitionFrequency Plan
Definition
Adjacences
DefinitionAdjacences
DefinitionCells DimensioningCells Dimensioning
NBR tNBR t
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NBR setsNBR sets
NetworkNBR
Computed
NBR
NBRSet for the
Frequency
Plan
FictitiousNBR
Drive tests
Handover counters
Cell planner experience
PLANNING TOOLPLANNING TOOL
Cell planner
experience
Network elements
Al ith d t t NBRAl ith d t t NBR
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Algorithms used to compute NBRAlgorithms used to compute NBR
Interference Criteria
Every cell pair (i,j) which has at least
one of the 2 elements in the
interference table (Mij or Mji) lower
than a given threshold are defined to
be NBR
Geometric Criteria
Every cell pair (i,j) which has a
common border length percentage(for i or j) greater than a given
threshold are defined to be NBR
Cell ACell B
Cell A
Cell C
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GSM/EDGE Planning ProcessSite PositioningSite Positioning
Coverage PredictionCoverage Prediction
Best Server Map
BuildingBest Server Map
Building
Quality AnalysisQuality Analysis
Interference Table
BuildingInterference Table
Building
Traffic SpreadingTraffic Spreading
Frequency Plan
DefinitionFrequency Plan
Definition
Adjacences
DefinitionAdjacences
DefinitionCells DimensioningCells Dimensioning
T ffi S diTraffic Spreading (1)(1)
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Traffic SpreadingTraffic Spreading (1)(1)
Building
Density Roads
Population
Density
The Offered Traffic estimation is needed forCell Dimensioning in term ofnumber of frequency channel to assign to a given cell.
Traffic data (forecasts or measurements) are often referred to large areas.
Traffic spreading is used to define offered traffic on a pixel by pixel basis.
This is carried out by defining a traffic probability (or distribution) layer,
i.e. a raster layer derived by geographic data.
Traffic probability layer: (x,y)
Traffic SpreadingTraffic Spreading (2)(2)
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Traffic SpreadingTraffic Spreading (2)(2)
=
Areayx
Area
yx
yxTyxt
),(
),(
),(),(
AreaT
Traffic measurements(on cell basis)
Traffic forecasts(on area basis)
),( yx
Traffic probability layer
OfferedOffered traffictraffic
layer t(x,y)layer t(x,y)
Cell dimensioning (voice only)
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Cell dimensioning (voice only)
For a new cell:
- estimate offered traffic for thecell
- calulate number of TRX usingthe Erlang-B model
- review dimensioning ofneighbouring cells
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Offered Traffic [Erl]
NumberofTRXsneeded
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
BlockingProbability%
For an existiting cell:
- ifblocking probability (reportedby cell counters) is high: consider the activation of a new TRX
- iftime slots occupation (also reported by cell counters) is low: considerthe de-activation of an existing TRX (if more capacity is needed for
others cells in the network)
Target: determine the number of TRX needed for each cell
Traffic spreading (example)
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Traffic spreading (example)
In the existing network, offered traffic can be derived, on a cell basis,
from counters.
For each cell, the traffic can be spreaded over the best server area of the
cell. This leads to a traffic raster layer.
Est imat ing offered traffic for a new site
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Est imat ing offered traffic for a new site
When a new site is added to thenetwork, offered traffic can be
estimated considering the
previous traffic layerand the
fresh traffic contribution)()()(
)()()(
kiTiTiT
kiTkTkT
stolennew
istolenfreshnew
=
+=
GSM/EDGE Planning Process
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Site PositioningSite Positioning
Coverage PredictionCoverage Prediction
Best Server Map
BuildingBest Server Map
Building
Quality AnalysisQuality Analysis
Interference Table
BuildingInterference Table
Building
Traffic SpreadingTraffic Spreading
Frequency Plan
DefinitionFrequency Plan
Definition
Adjacences
DefinitionAdjacences
DefinitionCells DimensioningCells Dimensioning
Frequency Plan (Problem Definit ion)
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Frequency Plan (Problem Definit ion)
A Frequency Plan gives an answer to the question:
Which RF Channels in each Cell?A Frequency Plan gives an answer to the question:
Which RF Channels in each Cell?
Targets Reach a good enough Quality Level in terms of interference criteria and
maximize system performances in terms of C/I
Take account of the whole set of frequency reuse constraints
Optimum Solution
Each carrier in each cell with C/I respecting the quality threshold:
9 dB for GSM
depending on Coding Scheme if GPRS/EDGE is used
Each assigned frequency respect the minimum reuse spacing for:
Cell constraint
Site constraint
Adjacencies constraint
Other project area or operator specific constraint in frequency reuse
Frequency Plan (Problem Complexity)
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Frequency Plan (Problem Complexity)
Computational problem class NP-hard.It is impossible to find the optimum by examinating
exaustively all the possible solutions
Computational problem class NP-hard.It iIt is impossibles impossible toto findfind the optimumthe optimum byby examinatingexaminating
exaustively all the possibleexaustively all the possible solutionssolutions
A Frequency Plan definition assign N carriers for each of the K cells in
the network selected from a set ofM frequencies in the available band
Example300 cells with 2 carriers
50 frequencies availiable
Example
300 cells with 2 carriers
50 frequencies availiable
No of solutions:
12252
50
N
M 300300k =
=
Frequency Plan (Theoretical Situat ion)
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Frequency Plan (Theoretical Situat ion)
radio-electrical features are the same for each cell all cells have the same shape and the same number of carriers the frequency assignment method is based on geometric considerations
radio-electrical features are the same for each cell all cells have the same shape and the same number of carriers the frequency assignment method is based on geometric considerations
It is very simple to use
but it does not take
the real situation
into account!
It is very simple to use
but it does not take
the real situation
into account!
Available frequency band
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
1
2
2
3
3
44
5
5
66
7
7
Cluster
Frequency Plan (Real Situation)
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Frequency Plan (Real Situation)
Available frequency band
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
12
2 3
3 4
4
5
5 6
7
The radio electrical features foreach cell are different because
altitude and building layers
are considered
The radio electrical features foreach cell are different because
altitude and building layers
are considered
Cells shape and extension
are differentCells shape and extension
are different
The cell equipment has to carry
the offered trafficThe cell equipment has to carry
the offered traffic
Each cell has assigned a
different number of carriersEach cell has assigned a
different number of carriers
Frequency Plan Optimization Tools (1)
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Frequency Plan Optimization Tools (1)
High number of CellsHigh number of Cells
Nature of Reuse
Constraints
Nature of Reuse
Constraints
High number of
possible solutionsHigh number of
possible solutions
High Computational
power needed
High Computational
power needed
Using Software Tools for Frequency Planning
allow to evaluate an high number of possible solutionstaking account of a complex set of interference data
and constraints not easy to manage in traditional ways.
Using Software Tools for Frequency Planning
allow to evaluate an high number of possible solutions
taking account of a complex set of interference data
and constraints not easy to manage in traditional ways.
Frequency Plan Optimisation Tools (2)
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q y p ( )
Interference
TableInterference
Table
Cells EquipmentsCells Equipments
Reuse Constraints
Set (including NBR)Reuse Constraints
Set (including NBR)
Handover and Traffic
measurementsHandover and Traffic
measurements
Interdicted or notusable frequency setInterdicted or not
usable frequency set
Available BandwidthAvailable Bandwidth
Inputs
Optimisation Engine
EURISTIC APPROACH
Cost Function FC
Output
Best solution
(optimum)
FP inputs: available bandw idth
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FP inputs: available bandw idth
f1
f2
f3
f4
f5
f6
f7
f8
f9 .
fN
Limited number
of available channels
Licensed bandwidth
Available bandwidth is defined by the identifying numbers and by thefrequency values of RF channels available for the frequency plan.
The number of channels available for each cell to be planned is furtherlylimited by interdicted frequencies due, for instance, to agreementsbetween operators at the country borders or to blocked sitesat theborder between different FP areas.
Interdicted frequencies
X X
FP inputs: IM and cell equipments
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p q p
Best Server Map
BuildingBest Server Map
Building
Quality AnalysisQuality Analysis
Interference Table
BuildingInterference Table
Building
Traffic SpreadingTraffic Spreading
Frequency Plan
DefinitionFrequency Plan
Definition
Adjacences
DefinitionAdjacences
DefinitionCells DimensioningCells Dimensioning
The Interference matrix gives the description of the interferencebetween two cells included in the geographic area involved in the
Planning Process, in case ofco-channel assignment
Cell dimensioning gives the number of needed RF channels foreach cell
FP inputs: reuse constraint set (1)
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FAFB
FF
FG
FC
FD
Site
Adjacency
Cell constraint: Minimum spacing between channels
assigned to the same cell: Nc
Nc = 3 600 kHz in GSM 900 MHzNc = 5 1000 kHz in GSM 1800 MHz
Site constraint: Minimum spacing between channels
assigned to cell belonging to the same site: NsNs = 2 400 kHz in GSM 900/1800 MHz
Adjacency constraint: Minimum spacing betweenchannels assigned to neighbouring cells: NA
NA = 1 200 kHz in GSM 900 MHzNA = 2 400 kHz in GSM 1800 MHz
p ( )
Reuse constraints affect the frequency assigment for each cell:
FP inputs: reuse constraint set (2)
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Cell and site constraints are due to technological limits of the
BTS apparates
Handover procedure requires the origin cell and destination cell notdo be assigned with common channels
Interference: when two cells (A,B) interefere to each other but the IMcoefficients (MAB and MBA) are high (e.g. because of simulation or
geographic data inaccuracies), it is possible to define a NBR in order
to avoid a co-channel assignment
Adjacency constaints are used for two different reasons:
FA,FB,FC
FD,FE
Cost funct ion
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COSTFUNCTION
COSTFUNCTION
Interference part
Reuse constraint part
Number of carriers under threshold
Minimum C/I of the FP
Average C/I of the FP
Cell constraints violationsSite constraints violations
Adj 200 kHz constraints violations
Adj 400 kHz constraints violations
Each solution (i.e. each alternative FP) generated by the optimizationengine is evaluated using a multi-dimesnional cost funcion taking
different parameters into account
vncC
intCC FFF +=
Cost funct ion (weights)
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Minimum C/Iof the FP
Average C/Iof the FP
Adj. 200 kHz constraints
violations
Site constraints
violations
Cell constraintsviolations
Number of carriersunder threshold
Interference Part Reuse constraints part
Weigths
vncC
intCC FFF +=
The importance of each term in the cost funcion is determined by a weigth
Adj. 400 kHz constraints
violations
Optimizat ion tool behaviour
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Move Type A
1 frequency
substitutionin 1 cell
Move Type A
1 frequency
substitutionin 1 cell
2 Frequency Plans
are differentfor 1 assigment
Type A
Move Type B
1 frequency
substitutionin 2 cell
Move Type B
1 frequency
substitutionin 2 cell
2 Frequency Plans
are differentfor 2 assigment
Type B
Initial FP FP 2 FP 3 FP 4 FP 5 Final FP t
Fc
Each solution is generated by moves
Optimizat ion tool outputs
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For each Cell
List of assigned RF Channels
Channel Quality (Statistical C/I)
List of violated Reuse Constraints
Frequency Reuse Distribution
Global FP Quality Data
CO08D1 34 16 20 30 43 -1 -1 -1 -1
CO70D1 40 31 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1MI01D1 19 37 47 63 16 -1 -1 -1 -1
MI01D2 57 35 53 50 31 -1 -1 -1 -1
MI01D3 40 59 27 33 43 21 55 12 -1
MI02D1 66 21 33 59 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
MI02D2 36 63 28 43 19 46 -1 -1 -1
CELL F1 CELL F2 Constr
MI11D1 24 MI11D2 25 SITE
MI11D1 24 MX78D2 24 ADJ 200
MI11D1 28 MI11D3 29 SITE
MI11D2 40 MI11D4 41 SITE
MI11D2 40 MY65D1 40 ADJ 200
MI11D2 25 MI11D1 24 SITE
MI11D2 25 MI11D4 26 SITE
MI11D3 29 MI11D3 28 CELL200
Best solution characteristics:
BCCH Frequency planning
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minimum number of reuse constraints violations
maximum C/I (used when two carriers assigned to the cellhave the same number of reuse constraints violations)
BCCH carrierof each cell can be chosen among the assigned
frequency channels (after FP). Two possible criteria:
An alternative solution is BCCH carriers segregation
(Two different FP are defined for BCCH carriers and for TCHcarriers)
BCCH Segregat ionBCCH Segregat ion (1)(1)
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Available Band
Sub-Band A
Configuration 1
Sub-Band B
Sub-Band A Sub-Band B
Configuration 2
Sub-Band BSub-Band A
Sub-Band A & B
Configuration 3
BCCH Segregat ionBCCH Segregat ion (2)(2)
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Main advantage: BCCH quality improvement in terms of C/I (mostly on non-fully
mature networks) and better control on potential interfering
sources
Main drawbacks:
The benefits of segregation decrease in high re-useenvironments.
Impacts on re-use constraints: sub-bands represent an extraconstraint in the frequency assignment process. This leads to
a higher constraints violation probability, particularly in mature
networks
It is seldom applicable in mature networks, unless a large
bandwidth is available.
Frequency planning advanced features
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The following nework features can be introcuced to reduceinterference and to provide a better frequency reuse:
DTX: downlink discontinuous transmission downlink consists in
switching off the BTS transmitter during pauses in speech or datatransmission.
Base Station Power Control: the output power of a Base TransceiverStation (BTS) can be controlled during a connection in order to
maintain a desired received signal strength and quality in the mobilestation (MS).
Frequency Hopping: consists in changing the transmitting frequency
(among the carriers assigned to the cell) for the voice/data burststhat have to be sent on the radio interface.
The expected gain provided by these features can be considered
during the assignment procedure
GSM/EDGE Planning Process
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Site PositioningSite Positioning
Coverage PredictionCoverage Prediction
Best Server Map
BuildingBest Server Map
Building
Quality AnalysisQuality Analysis
Interference Table
BuildingInterference Table
Building
Traffic SpreadingTraffic Spreading
Frequency Plan
DefinitionFrequency Plan
Definition
Adjacences
DefinitionAdjacences
DefinitionCells DimensioningCells Dimensioning
Frequency plan quality analysis (1)
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The Quality Analysis of the defined Frequency Plan is performed via a C/Iper pixel computation (for each cell, for each carrier)
BTS(2): FA, FD
42
1
EE
E
I
C
AF
+=
BTS(1): FA, FB, FC
BTS(3): FE, FG
BTS(4): FA, FB
BTS(5): FD, FL, FH
Frequency plan quality analysis (2)
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BCCH C/I Best C/I
Worst C/I AverageC/I
Frequency plan quality analysis (3)
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Single carrier C/I and reuse analysis: examples
Carrier No. 8 Carrier No. 9
Frequency plan quality analysis (4)
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Impact of dominant sites
on frequency reuse:
Frequencies assigned to
the dominant site (e.g. 40)cannot be reused in the
high traffic area
F1
Reuse analysis: carrier No. 40
Quality optimization example (1)
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Quality (C/I) can be locally improved by manually re-assign frequecies forselected cells in the network (paying attention also to reuse constraints)
Example: analysis ofcritical area forBCCH C/I
Quality optimization example (2)
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BCCH frequency is re-
assigned (54 33)BCCH quality in the
area is improved.
Manual optimization
can be assisted by theplanning tool
Serving cell in the critical area is individuated.
GSM/EDGE Planning ProcessSite Positioning
Site Positioning
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gSite Positioning
Coverage PredictionCoverage Prediction
Best Server Map
BuildingBest Server Map
Building
Quality AnalysisQuality Analysis
Interference Table
BuildingInterference Table
Building
Traffic SpreadingTraffic Spreading
Frequency Plan
DefinitionFrequency Plan
Definition
Adjacences
DefinitionAdjacences
DefinitionCells DimensioningCells Dimensioning
EDGEEDGE
EDGEEDGE
Traffic spreading w ith data services
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With E-GPRS (or simply GPRS) introduction, GSM becomes a multi-service network. Each service has its own coverage and quality
requirements (e.g. defined in terms ofE orC/I thresholds)
Each service has a different traffic probability layer and, as aconsequence, a different traffic layer.
For circuit switched (CS) services: Erl
For packed switched (PS) services: Mbyte/h or ErlEq
Specific measurements/forecasts have to be carried out for eachservice (e.g. data and voice statistics)
Cell dimensioning (voice+data)
Dimensioning models have to evolve in order to consider traffic of data
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Dimensioning models have to evolve in order to consider traffic of dataservices (showing typically a variable bit rate)
When multi-service traffic is considered, the impact of RRM (RadioResource Management) on cell dimensioning must be considered (RRM
algorithms are vendor-dependent!)
Traffic and
RRM modelsOffered voice
(Erl) and data
(Mbyte) traffic
Number of GSM and
GSM/EDGE carriersRRM parametrs
Performace indicators:
-blocking prob. (voice)
- avg. throughput (data)
Adjust cell equipments
until target performance
is met
Dimensioning example (GIANUS Model)
Dimensioning of a GSM/GPRS/EDGE cell with full and half rate carried
EXTRA
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traffic and GPRS/EDGE offered traffic
Voice offered traffic: 30 Erlang
GPRS CS2: 10.5 kbps EDGE MCS6: 29.6 kbps
UL/DL GPRS Mbytes offered: 10/20 UL/DL EDGE Mbytes offered: 5/10
Dual Rate terminals percentage: 90% # of sign time slots: setting table
Number of dedicated time slots: 2 # of EDGE time slots: 4
DR Resources Activation Thr. : 70% Terminal Capability: 4+1
Ericsson: TBFULLIMIT,TBFDLLIMIT: 1
Required voice loss: 2% Required data loss: 1%
UL/DL required GPRS thr. : 10/20 kbps
UL/DL required EDGE thr. : 20/60 kbpsNumber of carriers: 4 Voice Loss: 0.11%
Number of traffic time slots: 30 UL/DL Data loss (%): 0.01,0.33%UL GPRS throughput: 10.33 kbps DL GPRS throughput: 25.06 kbps
DL EDGE throughput: 28.20 kbps DL EDGE throughput: 52.30 kbps
Frequency planning w ith EDGE
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Relevant input information:
Number of EDGE TRX per cell
EDGE on BCCH TRX? (depends on the impact of APD)
Possible approachs to FP:
Free band FP without specific weights for EDGE TRXs:EDGE Carriers may be chosen among cell ARFCNs after
FP (e.d.g. on the basis of maximum C/I criteria)
Band segregation for EDGE
Free band FP with specific weights for EDGE TRXs:
optimization is used in order to drive better quality onEDGE carriers (a degradation of average C/I for voice only
carriers is expected)
Frequency planning w ith EDGE (example)Case study: 2333 cells with a total of 8736 carriers. About 5% of blocked
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y
cells. Available bandwidth: 56 ARFCNs. EDGE on BCCH carrier
FP A: Free band planning (without specific weights)
FP B: Segregation (12 carriers dedicated to BCCH/EDGE)
FP C: Segregation (24 carriers dedicated to BCCH/EDGE)
FP D: Free band with specific weights for BCCH/EDGE carriers
Parameter FP A FP B FP C FP DC/I min BCCH/EDGE [dB] 8.58 5.27 9.91 11.92
C/I min TCH [dB] 7.06 5.25 0.81 5.81
C/I med BCCH/EDGE [dB] 18.61 14.74 21.07 21.81
C/I med TCH [dB] 15.39 16.32 12.85 13.23
BCCH/EDGE under threshold 2 61 0 0
TCH under threshold 39 23 514 267
Constraints violations (TCH only) 165 6 515 165
avg
avg
Band Segregation for EDGE
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Pros: Good radio conditions and guaranteed available resources
for EDGE.
Cons:
GSM voice quality could be affected Based on the expected demand growth in the future,
extending EDGE on other carriers beyond the first reserved
ones could be not easy
If it is not possible to find out EDGE suitable carriers (in termsof C/I) for all the cells, it could be advisable to use band
segregation to plan GSM and EDGE separately
EDGE on BCCH TRXEDGE on BCCH TRX (1)(1)
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8-PSK modulated TSs on the BCCH carrier, with the exceptionof TN7, may use a mean power which is at most 4 dB lower thanthe power used for GMSK modulated TSs.
If the Operator decides to allow 8-PSK modulation on the BCCHcarrier in certain cells, the cell re-selection and handoverprocedures involving these cells will be somewhat sub-optimal.
The extent of the performance degradation is dependent upon:
the measurement schedule in each particular MS
the used Average Power Decrease (APD)
the current 8-PSK load
the signal fluctuations resulting from8-PSK modulation
Additionally, in areas with very low cells overlap, some coverageloss effects may have to be taken into account by the Operator.
EDGE on BCCH TRX (2)
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Alternative 1:Alternative 1:Reducing the power of the GMSK modulated TS
to the 8-PSK modulated TS level
Pros:the BCCH carrier power is constant, not affecting themeasurement reports with signal fluctuations, apart fromthose resulting fromthe 8-PSK modulation characteristics
Cons:it causes a reduction of the coverage area of the cell
EDGE on BCCH TRX (3)
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Pros:the BCCH power is not reduced
Cons:cell re-selection and handover procedures will be sub-
optimal
Alternative 2:Alternative 2:Introducing the Average Power Decrease of the 8-PSK
modulated TSs with respect to the GMSK modulated TSs level
TXTX PowerPowerGMSK
8-PSK
TTNN00 GMSKGMSKGMSKGMSK GMSKGMSK GMSKGMSK88--PSKPSK 88--PSKPSK 88--PSKPSK
APD
tt
GSM/EDGE Planning ProcessSite Positioning
Site Positioning
EXTRA
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Coverage PredictionCoverage Prediction
Best Server Map
BuildingBest Server Map
Building
Quality AnalysisQuality Analysis
Interference Table
BuildingInterference Table
Building
Traffic SpreadingTraffic Spreading
Frequency Plan
DefinitionFrequency Plan
Definition
Adjacences
DefinitionAdjacences
DefinitionCells DimensioningCells Dimensioning
HCSHCS
HCSHCS
HCSHCS
HCSHCS
Hierarchic structures
V i Di i i
EXTRA
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Voice Dimensioning:
Micro 900 MHzMicro 900 MHz
Macro 900Macro 900
MHzMHz
Macro 1800 MHzMacro 1800 MHz
Hierarchical Cell Structure
Traffic Overflow(Fredericks-Wilkinson) Micro 900Micro 900
Macro 1800Macro 1800
Macro 900Macro 900
System Loss
Total Offered Traffic
Traffic Overflow
Traffic Overflow
Targets and Constraints:
System Loss (%) --> 2 % Max TRX per Cell --> 8
First Server Definit ion
EXTRA
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Best Server
for
not Hierarchical
Networks
Best Server
for
not Hierarchical
Networks
Each pixel in the geographic area is exclusively assigned to
the cell with the strongest Field strength,
chosen among the cells which satisfythe system constraints
(minimum field strength and the timing advance limit)
Each pixel in the geographic area is exclusively assigned to
the cell with the strongest Field strength,
chosen among the cells which satisfythe system constraints
(minimum field strength and the timing advance limit)
First Server
for
Hierarchical
Networks
First Server
for
Hierarchical
Networks
Each pixel in the geographic area is exclusively assigned to
the cell with the strongest Field strength,
chosen among the cells which satisfy
the system constraints
(minimum field strength and the timing advance limit)taking the Hierarchical Cell Structure in account
Each pixel in the geographic area is exclusively assigned to
the cell with the strongest Field strength,
chosen among the cells which satisfy
the system constraints
(minimum field strength and the timing advance limit)taking the Hierarchical Cell Structure in account
First Server Calculat ionFirst Server Calculat ion
E
E
XTRA
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ightsreservedCell C7 Field E7 E7>Smin
Cell C3 Field E3 < E7 E3 >Smin
Cell C2 Field E2 < E3 E2 >Smin
Cell C9 Field E9 < E2 E9 >Smin..
..
..
Best ServerMap
the best cell
takes the pixel
Cell C4 (L1) Field E4 E4>Smin, S1
Cell C2 (L1) Field E2 < E4 E2>Smin, S1
Cell C8 (L2) Field E8 > E4, E2 E8>Smin, S2
Cell C5 (L2) Field E5 < E8 E5 >Smin, S2..
..
..
First ServerMap
the best cell takes the pixel
according to Hierarchical algorithm
Ei Field Strength belonging to the cell iSmin Minimum Field Strength for Terminal AccessLj Hierarchical Level j[1,5]Sj Hierarchical Threshold of Level j
Ei Field Strength belonging to the cell iSmin Minimum Field Strength for Terminal AccessLj Hierarchical Level j[1,5]Sj Hierarchical Threshold of Level j
Definitions:
First Server Example
E
XTRA
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900 only BTS
1800/900 BTS
1800 coverage
(with HCS)
900 coverage
Tow ards a hierachica l multi-access netw ork
A multi access network (GSM//EDGE/UMTS) can be considered as
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A multi access network (GSM//EDGE/UMTS) can be considered asa hierarchical cell structure
Service: e.g voicecalls on GSM layer,
videocalls on UMTS
layers, sharing ofdata calls
RRM algorithms determine the best layer for each user, considering :
GSM/EDGE GSM/EDGE GSM/EDGE GSM/EDGE
UMTSMacro F1
UMTSMacro F1
UMTSMacro F1
UMTSMicro F2
Soft HO
Soft HO
Hard HO
Inter-System HO
GSM/EDGE GSM/EDGE GSM/EDGE GSM/EDGE
UMTSMacro F1
UMTSMacro F1
UMTSMacro F1
UMTSMicro F2
GSM/EDGE GSM/EDGE GSM/EDGE GSM/EDGE
UMTSMacro F1
UMTSMacro F1
UMTSMacro F1
UMTSMicro F2
Soft HOSoft HO
Soft HOSoft HO
Hard HO
Inter-System HO
Mobility: e.g. Fast moving users on macro layers (GSM and UMTS), slowmoving users on micro layers (GSM and UMTS),
Quality: e.g quality based inter-system handover in critical areas
Load: different policies are feasible (overfolw. load balancing)
A first example: intersystem HO planning
GSM Handover
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UMTS
CPICH
Ec/Io
GSMBCCH
C/I
HandoverGSM to
UMTS
Handover
UMTS to
GSM
Bibliography
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3GPP TS 05.05, Technical Specification GroupGSM/EDGE, Radio Access Network; Radio
transmission and reception (Release 1999)
ETSI TR 101.362, Digital cellular telecommunicationssystem (Phase 2+); Radio network planning aspects
(GSM 03.30 version 8.3.0 Release 1999)
GSM, GPRS and EDGE Performance, Edited by T.Halonen, J. Romero and J. Melero, Wiley
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ightsreserved
Thank you for the at tent ion!
michele.ludovico@telecomitalia.it
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