pharm intro power point

INTRODUCTORY PHARMACOLOGY PRESENTATIONBY

DR. ABDULRAHMAN BELLO (DVM , MSc)

Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University,

Sokoto, Nigeria.

E-mail:-abccrcfge28@gmail.com. +234(0)8039687589.

07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 1

PharmacologyIntroduction

07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 2

Key TopicsHow are drugs described and referenced?What are the relevant drug laws and

regulations?What are the factors affecting how drugs are

given?What are some of the key terms?

07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 3

Drug DescriptionsNamesSourcesFormsReference MaterialsComponents of Drug Profiles

07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 4

Drug NamesChemical Name: 2-(diethylamino)-2’,6’-

acetooxylid monohydrochloride monohydrate.

07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 5

NotParticularlyUseful!

NotParticularlyUseful!

Drug NamesGeneric Name: lidocaine hydrochlorideOfficial Name: Lidocaine Hydrochloride, USPBrand (Trade) Name: Xylocaine®

07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 6

MuchMoreUseful

MuchMoreUseful

Drug ReferencesUSPPDRDrug InsertsNursing Drug ReferencesPocket Field GuidesDigital Guides

Jeff’s Pharmacology Reviewhttp://www.templejc.edu/ems/drugs/

PharmIndex.html

07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 7

Components of a Drug ProfileNamesClassification

(including prototype)Mechanism of ActionKineticsIndicationsContraindications

Side EffectsInteractionsRoutes of

AdministrationDosageHow SuppliedSpecial

Considerations

07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 8

Drug LawsPure Food and Drug Act of 1906Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938

Durham-Humphrey AmendmentsComprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and

Control Act of 1970

07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 9

Controlled SubstancesSchedule I High abuse potential with risk of

severe dependence; no medical use.

Schedule II High abuse potential with risk ofsevere dependence. Some medicalindications

Schedule III Moderate abuse potential with riskof moderate to low physicaldependence and/or highpsychological dependence.

Schedule IV Low abuse potential with limitedrisk of dependence.

Schedule V Lowest abuse potential with limiteddependence risks.

State and Local Laws‘Scope of Practice’ LawsResponsibility vs Authority of Medical

Direction

07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 11

Drug StandardizationAssaysBioequivalenceBioassayUSP is the official standard

07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 12

Research and DevelopmentKey points from FDA handout

Purpose?What are controls? What are the phases? What is an IND? An NDA?Why is skepticism important?

07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 13

Handout Source: http://www.fda.gov/fdac/special/newdrug/testing.html

Six Rights of Medication Administration

Right MedicationRight DoseRight TimeRight RouteRight PatientRight Documentation

07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 14

Pregnancy ConsiderationsIncreased maternal HR, CO and blood volume

May affect absorption, distribution, effectiveness

Drugs may cross placentaDrugs may cross into breast milkTertatogens

07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 15

Pregnancy CategoriesA: controlled studies in pregnancy (<1 %).B: animal studies show no risk; Inadequate

human data.C: animal studies show risk, inadequate

human data.D: human data show risk, benefit may

outweigh risk.X: animal or human data positive for risk.

Use unwarranted.

07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 16

Pediatric Considerations Oral absorptionThinner skin ( topical absorption) Plasma protein concentration

Free protein-bound drug availability Extracellular fluid in neonateAltered metabolic rates Elimination/metabolismBSA/weight based dosing important!

07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 17

Geriatric Considerations Oral absorption Plasma protein concentration Muscle mass, body fat Liver/renal functionMultiple drugsMultiple diseases

07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 18

Some TerminologyReceptor affinityEfficacy1° vs. 2nd

messengersUp vs. down

receptor regulationAgonist vs.

antagonist-lytic vs. -mimetic

Inhibition (antagonism)Competitive vs.

noncompetitive vs. irreversible

Allergic reactionIdiosyncrasyTolerance

07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 19

More TerminologyCross toleranceTachyphylaxisCumulative effectDependenceDrug interactionsSummation (1+1=2)

Additive effect

Synergism (1+1=3)PotentiationInterference

07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 20

Basics of Drug ClassificationKnowledge groupingPrototype drugPredictive value

07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 21

Drug ClassificationBy chemistry

electrolytesBy mechanism

Beta blockersbenzodiazepines

By diseaseantihypertensivesAntiemetics

07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 22

ResourcesClinical Pharmacology 2000

http://cp.gsm.com/default.aspUniversity of Kansas Medical Center

http://www.kumc.edu/AMA-MSS/study/pharmacology.htm

Infomed Online!http://www.infomed.org/index-e.html

Mosby’s GenRX http://www.genrx.com/genrxfree/Top_200_2000/

Top_200_2000.html

07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 23

ResourcesHardin MD (Meta-Directory)

http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/hardin/md/pharm.html

Top 200 Prescription Drugshttp://www.rxlist.com/top200.htm

Medline Plus: Consumer Information on Prescription Drugshttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/

druginformation.htmlFDA Online (Testing Drugs in People)

http://www.fda.gov/fdac/special/newdrug/testing.html

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