pest and diseases of jathropha in lampung and west java

Pests and Diseases of Jatropha

in Lampung and West Java

Kikin H. Mutaqin

David Chandra

Gede Suastika

Dadang

Department of Plant Protection

Faculty of Agriculture – Bogor Agricultural University

Introduction

• Jatropha is a potential plant source for

development of biofuel

• Adequate raw material for biofuel

processing would be provided by

planting jatropha widely and often

monoculturally.

• Monoculture planting has many

consequences, such as triggering the

occurrence of plant pest and disease

problem.

• The control program requires the

knowledge about pest and disease

Objective

• To survey pests and diseases of Jatropha curcas

plantation located in West Java and Lampung

• To measure the intensity, incidence and severity of

the pests and diseases found

• Survey was conducted in Lampung (locations: South

Lampung and Bandar Lampung) and West Java

(Locations: Cigawir, Ciawi, Citerureup 1 and

Citerureup 2) during October 2007 – February 2008

• At each location, observation was done in 5

replications

• Observation: population intensity (number of

pests/leaf or plant; pest or disease incidence; disease

severity

• Samples of Pests and diseased plants were identified

at Department of Plant Protection Bogor Agricultural

university

Metodology

Pest or disease incidence (I):

Number of plants affected (n)I = ------------------------------------------------ X 100%

Number of plants observed (N)

Disease severity (S):

∑(ni.vi)S = --------------- X 100%

N x V

Ni = Number of plants affected at

category level i

Vi = Damage category level i

N = Number of plants observed

V = Highest damage category value

Damage category value:

0 = No symptom

1 = 0 < x ≤ 25 %

2 = 25 < x ≤ 50 %

3 = 50 < x ≤ 75 %

4 = x > 75 %

Plantation Characteristics

LocationAltitude

(m ASL)

Width

(ha)Spacing Phase of plant Maintenance

Lampung

Selatan50 m dpl 2,5 ha 2m x 2m Generative No

Bandar

Lampung70 m dpl 0,3 ha 0,5m x 0,5m Generative No

Sukabumi 600 m dpl 30 ha 2m x 2m Vegetative Yes

Ciawi 400 m dpl 2,5 ha 2m x 2m Generative Yes

Citeureup 1 200 m dpl 30 ha 2m x 2m Generative Yes

Citeureup 2 200 m dpl 0,5 ha 2m x 2m Vegetative Yes

Pests of Jatropha

Found in Lampung and West Java

Mealybug - Ferrisia virgata

(Hemiptera:Pseudococcidae)

• Indonesian name: kutu putih, kutu

dompolan

• Has wide host range

• Becomes an important pest of jatropha

• Pierce-sucking insect on leaf, young

stem, shoot and petiole

• Affected organs become yellow, dried

and fall - plant becomes partially wilt

• The insect secretes honey dew;

associated with fungus

• Known as vectors of several viruses

F. virgata Intensity

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

South

Lampung

Bandar

Lampung

Cigawir Ciawi Citeureup

1

Citeureup

2

Location

Inte

nsity (

insect/

leaf)

Pentatomid bug - Chrysocoris javanus

(Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

- Commonly found on castor

(Ricinus communis) and

jatropha

- Important pest on jatropha

- Pierce-sucking insect on fruit

- Affected fruit becomes dried

C. javanus Intensity

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

South

Lampung

Bandar

Lampung

Cigawir Ciawi Citeureup

1

Citeureup

2

Location

Inte

nsity (

inse

ct/

pla

nt)

Redbanded Thrips - Selenothrips rubrocinctus

(Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

• Rasping-sucking insect -

puncture the plant cells and

withdraw cell sap

• Commonly found in buds,

flowers, or on the underside of

leaves; plant becomes

distorted

• Incites characteristic symptom:

silverleaf due to their feed

activity

S. rubrocinctus Intensity

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

South

Lampung

Bandar

Lampung

Cigawir Ciawi Citeureup

1

Citeureup

2

Location

Inte

nsity (

insect/

leaf)

S. rubrocinctus Silverleaf Symptom Intensity

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

South

Lampung

Bandar

Lampung

Cigawir Ciawi Citeureup 1 Citeureup 2

Location

Silv

erl

ea

f sym

pto

m (

%)

Shorthorned grasshopper - Walanga nigricornis

(Orthoptera: Acrididae)

• Large size grasshopper

• Polyphagous insect - many crops

• Leaf feeder – causing severe damage

on plants– sporadic attack on

plantation

V. nigricornis Intensity

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

South

Lampung

Bandar

Lampung

Cigawir Ciawi Citeureup

1

Citeureup

2

Location

Inte

nsity (

insect/

pla

nt)

Red spider mite - Tetranychus sp.

(Acarina: Tetranychidae)

• Non insect pests (acarina)

– pierce sucking pest

• Polypagous pest

• Withdraws plant sap, the

mesophyll tissue

collapses, causing mall

chlorotic spot forms at

each feeding.

• Distorted leaves;

complete defoliation if the

mites are not controlled

Tetranychus sp. Intensity

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

South

Lampung

Bandar

Lampung

Cigawir Ciawi Citeureup

1

Citeureup

2

Location

Inte

nsity (

mites/leaf)

Tetranychus symptom incidence

0

5

10

15

20

25

South

Lampung

Bandar

Lampung

Cigawir Ciawi Citeureup

1

Citeureup

2

Location

stu

nte

d leaf

(%)

Other pestsPierce sucker:

• Green stink bug - Nezara viridula (Hemiptera:Pentatomidae)

• Rice bug - Leptocorisa oratorius (Hemiptera: Alydidae)

• True Bug (Coreidae: Hemiptera)

• Pyrrhocoreid (Pyrrhocoridae - Coleoptera)

• Leafhopper - Empoasca sp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Leaf feeder:

• Geometrid looper (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

• Limacodid caterpillar - Parasa lepida (Lepidoptera :

Limacodidae)

• Bag moth (Lepidoptera:Psychidae)

• Leafminer - Liriomyza sp. (Diptera)

• Long snout weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Nezara viridula

Parasa lepida

Empoasca sp.

CurculionidLiriomyza sp.

Bag moth

Diseases of Jatropha

Found in Lampung and West Java

Bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas ricinicola)

• The bacteria infect plant

primarily in vascular system:

cortex, phloem or xylem

• Affected leaf shows brown or

yellowish spot – developed

into larger deep brown spot

• Severe infection cause leaf

yellowing and early fall of the

leaves

• Can also infect fruit

Bacterial leaf spot disease intensity

0

20

40

60

80

100

South

Lampung

Bandar

Lampung

Cigawir Ciawi Citeureup

1

Citeureup

2

Location

pe

rce

nta

ge

Disease incidence

Disease severity

Leaf blight

(Helminthosporium sp.)

• The fungi infect leaves;

cause small spots at

beginning; developed into

larger brown spot – irregular

shape (blight)

• Severe infection cause leaf

yellowing

Brown spot disease intensity

0

20

40

60

80

100

South

Lampung

Bandar

Lampung

Cigawir Ciawi Citeureup

1

Citeureup

2

Location

pe

rce

nta

ge

Disease incidence

Disease severity

Fruit Rot (Botrytis ricini)

• The fungi causes diseases

in many crops

• Infect young flower and

fruit – flower and fruit

• Decreases fruit yield

significantly

• Can also infect stem,

causing damping off, and

die-back

Fruit rot disease intensity

0

20

40

60

80

100

South

Lampung

Bandar

Lampung

Cigawir Ciawi Citeureup

1

Citeureup

2

Location

pe

rce

nta

ge

Disease incidence

Disease severity

Stem and root rot (Fusarium sp.)

• The fungi infects many crops

• Jatropha: Infect stem – dry rot

along the stem

• Stem tissues become red then

turn to black (tissues undergo

necrosis)

• Can also infect root

• Plant died due to stem and

root damage

Stem rot disease intensity

0

20

40

60

80

100

South

Lampung

Bandar

Lampung

Cigawir Ciawi Citeureup

1

Citeureup

2

Location

pe

rce

nta

ge

Disease incidence

Disease severity

Other diseases

• Powdery mildew (Oidium sp.) : foliar disease

• Grey spot (Pestalotia sp.) : foliar disease

• Mosaic (virus) : systemic disease

THANK YOU

Should there be any question, kindly

address to:

Dr. Dadang

Email: dadangtea@ipb.ac.id

Mobile phone: +62 817 724 251