persuasive rhetoric and argument
Post on 01-Dec-2014
389 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Rhetoric & Argument
LOGICAL CLAIMS
Logical Syllogism
MAJOR PREMISE
If Socrates is a man
MINOR PREMISE
And all men are mortal
CONCLUSION
Then Socrates is mortal
4 ways to state a premiseUniversal Affirmative – All people are mortal
Universal Negative – No people are perfect
Particular Affirmative – Some people are healthy
Particular Negative – Some people are not healthy
Reasoning Processes
DEDUCTIVE INDUCTIVE
REASONING
PREMISE: Austin is unprepared for the growth it is experiencing.
OBSERVATIONS: Roadways and mass transit cannot keep pace with the growth. Housing is expensive and scarce. Water rationing and concerns about utility blackouts. Cultural character is changing.
CONCLUSION: Austin needs to make immediate changes that accommodate growth and maintain the quality of life that makes Austin a great place to live.
DefinitionsCLAIM – A declarative statement that can be proved true or false
PREMISE – Proposition or assumed truth (claim) upon which the argument is based
INFERENCE – Process of applying reason to knowledge (claim) that is known or assumed to be true to reach valid conclusions
ARGUMENT – Verbal expression of the inference
CONCLUSION – The claim being supported by the argument
SYLLOGISM – The format of argument using three statement
RHETORICAL CLAIMS
FactualProve Document
EvaluativeGood BadHelpful HarmfulLike Dislike
CausalIf thenBecauseAs a result
RecommendationShouldNeed Must
Common SupportCLAIMS
Causal Claims
Use these facts:
Austin is growing by110 people per day.
Austin’s traffic is ranked 3rd worst in U.S.
To make a Causal Claim about traffic in AustinCAUSAL CLAIMS LINK TWO FACTS TOGETHER. BASIC If – then REASONING
Comparison Claim
Use these facts:
National job growth .61%
California job growth .52%
Texas job growth 1.4%
To make a Comparison Claim
Authority ClaimUse this fact and source:
Aquifer depletion between 2004 and 2008 was nearly triple the historical rate.
Source: United States Geological Association
To make an Authority Claim
*The source of information must be an expert in the field
Appeal to Needs & ValuesUse these facts:
Shopping locally puts 3X as much money into our local economy (NEED)
Shopping locally supports the character and uniqueness of the community (VALUE)
To Appeal to Needs and Values
Address Counter argumentsUse this information:
The city council is considering lowering the occupancy rate for homes from 6 unrelated adults to 4.
In the 78751 zip code north of UT where rents are high.
The demographics are mostly singles and students.
Pick a side and make a claim that Addresses the Counter argument
DefineWhat is rapid transit?
Bus? Rail? Something else?
Why is it called “rapid?”
How fast is “rapid”?
Make a definitive statement about whether MetroRapid actually addresses traffic problems in Austin.
Give Examples
The argument is that shopping at local businesses instead of National Chains and Big Box stores helps the community.
Can you name some examples of locally owned businesses in Austin?
Penguin Syllogism
Avoid using rhetorical fallacies
Challenge rhetorical fallacies when you hear them
Common Logical FALLACIES
Appeal to Authority
Authority is not always an expert on the subject• Ex. “Doctors” in
commercial ads.
Forget about other side of argument• Hardest thing to do!
Appeal to ForceThe dangers predicted are not inevitable
The consequences presented play on fear
Appeal to Popularity
Popularity equals truth and reason
•Advertisers love this fallacy• Ex. Mean Girls
•Majority can be wrong!
Ad Hominem or Personal attack
• Shifting your argument from objective to personal.
• Attack the author instead of the argument.
Name Calling
Negative Label
Stigmatize opponent
Hasty Generalization
Inductive generalization based on insufficient evidence.
False Dilemma
Presents an either-or situation that is not truly either-or.
There could be more than two choices
The audience doesn’t have to choose right now
Straw Man
Inaccurate presentation of ideas
Creates a ‘straw man’ or argument that is easy to knock down
False Analogy
The two ideas being compared are not really similar.
Slippery SlopeSuggests that one event following another is inevitable.
If – then statement that does not reflect a reasonable prediction.
Begging the Question
Circular reasoning
Assumes truth without proof
top related