peripheral giant cell granuloma (giant cell epulis
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GIANT CELLS LESIONS OF THE JAW
DEPARTMENT OF ORAL MEDICINE
Classification of giant cells lesions of jaw
I. Reactive disorders of bone (a) Central giant cell granuloma (b) Primary hyperparathyroidism
II. Tumors of the bone Giant cell tumor (osteoclastoma) Idiopathic histiocytosis (Langerhans cell diseases) -Letterer Siwe disease -Hand-Schuller Christian syndrome - Eosinophilic granuloma
III. Connective Tissues Hyperplasia Peripheral giant cell granuloma (Giant
cell epulis)
IV. Non-epithelialized primary bone cyst
Aneurysmal bone cyst Solitary bone cyst (simple bone cyst,
traumatic bone cyst)
V. Fibroosseous lesions Fibrous dysplasia Cherubism
Giant Cells Ultrastructurally → Derived from mononuclear phagocyte system (macrophages)
Show features of osteoclasts Immunohistochemically →
macrophages and giant cells have similar antigenic marker such as muramidase α-1 antichymotrysin.
Giant cells
Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma (Giant Cell Epulis)
Dept: of Oral medicine
UDM ( Mdy:)
One of the reparative hyperplasias commonly seen in oral mucous membrane representing an exuberant reparative response.
It does not represent a true neoplasm but is a reactive lesion caused by local irritation or trauma.
Distinguishing feature of this lesion is appearance of multinucleated giant cells
CLINICAL AND RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
Occurs exclusively on the gingiva usually in the area between first permanent molars and incisors.
Red or Reddish-Blue nodular mass (sessile or pedunculated)
Clinical appearance is similar to the pyogenic granuloma of the gingiva (PGG → more bluish-purple compared with bright red of a typical pyogenic granuloma).
Peak prevalence → 5th and 6th decades of life.
♀ > ♂ (60%); Either anterior or posterior regions of gingiva or alveolar mucosa;
Mandible > maxilla If arising from periodontal ligament or
periosteum → Bone resorption (+) X-ray → Cup-shape radiolucency (cupping
resorption of underlying alveolar bone)
Lack of involvement of bone
cuff-shaped radiolucency at the entrance to the alveolus of clinically vital tooth 12.
Cup-shaped osseous defect at 12 teeth
HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES
Basically → Hyperplastic granulation tissues (+)
Proliferation of multinucleated giant cells within a background of plump ovoid and spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells
Acute or chronic inflammatory cell (+)
Lack of mature collagen, abandance of cells
Peripheral giant cell granuloma arising interdentally
Multinucleated giant cells in peripheral giant cells granuloma
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
Local surgical excision down to the underlying bone
The adjacent teeth should be carefully scaled to remove any source of irritation and minimize the risk of recurrence.
D/D OF PGG
Pyogenic granuloma (PGG → more likely to cause bone resorption than pyogenic granuloma)
Central giant cell granuloma (Which is derived from medullary tissues of mandible and maxilla)
(Clinical features adequately separate these microscopically identical lesions; PGG and CGG)
CENTRAL GIANT CELL GRANULOMA
(GIANT CELL TUMOR)
Benign process exclusively occurs within jaw bones
AETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
Three possible causes:
1. Reparative response to intrabony haemorrhage and inflammation
2. A lesion considered to be a true neoplasm
3. Developmental anormaly closely related to A.B.C (Aneurysmal Bone Cyst)
CLINICAL AND RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
> 60% of cases → occur before age 30 Less frequent than PGG ♀ > ♂(2:1); mandible > maxilla (70%);
more common in anterior portions of the jaws
Mandibular lesions frequently cross the midline
Most of the cases → Asymptomatic Minority of the cases → Associated with
pain, paraesthesia or perforation of cortical plate
Based on clinical and radiographic features, CGG can be divided into two categories: (A) Non Aggressive lesions No symptoms Slow growth No cortical perforation (B) Aggressive lesions
Pain Rapid growth Cortical perforation and root resorption
(+) Marked tendency to recur after treatment.
X-ray = unilocular (or) multilocular radiolucency with well-demarcated presenting scalloping border
Radiographic finding - not diagnostic (small unilocular → Periapical granuloma
(or) cysts multilocular → Amelobastomas)
Multilocular radiolucency with expansion of jaw bone in central giant cells granuloma
Expansion of occlusal projection and multilocular radiolucency across the midline in CGCG
RADIOLUCENCY In midline of mandible,CGCG
Unilocular radiolucency with well defined margin in premolar area ,CGCG
CGCG
HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES Many multinucleated giant cells in
background of ovoid to spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells
Giant cells Small and irregular in
shape
Large, round containing
20 (or) more nuclei Connective tissue stroma Loosely
arranged
Cellular
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
Surgical management with aggressive curettage of tumor mass followed by removal of peripheral bone margin → Good prognosis and low recurrence rate
15 - 20% recurrence rate (+)
Patients with aggressive tumors, three alternative to surgery
(1) Corticosteroids
(2) Calcitonin
(3) Interferon α 2A
(Weekly injection directly into the tumor with triamcinolone acetonide x 6 weeks → success + +)
cases resistant to intralesional steroids→Salmon calcitonin (Systemic administration)
Intradermal Injection of calcitonin _12 months
These alternatives can be used for large lesions if treated surgically would result in significant deformity
D/D of CGG
Due to multilocular radiolucency,
1. Ameloblastoma
2. Odontogenic myxoma
3. Odontogenic keratocyst
4. ABC
Histological features of CGG is identical to brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism but no changes in blood chemistry in CGG
In case of hyperthyroidism
- ↑ Serum Ca + +
- ↑ Serum alkaline phosphatase
- ↓ Serum phosphorus value
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