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PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF OLSR PROTOCOL IN MANET
CONSIDERING DIFFERENT MOBILITY SPEED AND NETWORK
DENSITY
KOAY YONG CETT
BACHELOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE (COMPUTER NETWOR
SECURITY) WITH HONOURS FACULTY OF INFORMATICS AND
COMPUTING UNIVERSITY SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN
2020
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DECLARATION
I declare that the project report entitled Quality Analysis of the OLSR Protocol in
MANET Considering Different Mobility Speed and Network Density is based on the
results of my own investigations using information from knowledgeable sources with
the exception of quotations and quotations properly acknowledged. I also claim that no
student of the University of Sultan Zainal Abidin has previously submitted it.
Signature: ………………………
Name: Koay Yong Cett
Date:
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APPROVAL
This project report, entitled Performance Analysis of OLSR Protocol in MANET
Considering Different Mobility Speed and Network Density, was prepared and
presented by Koay Yong Cett (Matric Number: BTBL17046228) and found acceptable
in terms of content, quality and partial compliance with the Bachelor's degree in
Computer Science (Network Security) requirement in University of Sultan Zainal
Abidin.
Signature: ………………………………
Supervisor: Dr. Nor Aida Binti Mahiddin
Date:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I am grateful to my beloved God for blessing me and encouraging
me to finish the OLSR Protocol Performance Analysis this final year in MANET
Considering Different Movement Speed and Network Density study. I would also like
to convey my gratitude and appreciation to my lecturer, Dr. Nor Aida Binti Mahiddin,
for giving me a chance to do work and lead me through study and project experience. I
was profoundly influenced by her passion, honesty, and inspiration. She showed me
how to carry out the research and explain the conclusions of the study as nicely as
possible. Under his leadership, it was a great privilege and joy to be supervised. I am
also extremely indebted to my parents for their determination, encouragement, care and
willingness to educate and prepare me for my coming years. I would also like to thank
my classmates for the encouragement, support and feedback that I have provided
throughout this process.
Lastly, I am very much thankful to the Faculty of Informatics and Computing for the
chance given to me to explore and discover new knowledge. I would really like to thank
all the lecturer for aiding me with assistance and guidance to complete the project for
the final year.
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ABSTRAK
Rangkaian Ad Hoc Mudah Alih (MANET) merupakan rangkaian yang dicipta secara
dinamik oleh banyak nodyang bebas atau autonomi yang disambungkan melalui
sambungan tanpa wayar. MANET adalah rangkaian ad hoc mudah alih dan tidak
bergantung kepada infrastruktur yang sedia ada seperti router di rangkaian berwayar
atau titik akses dalam rangkaian tanpa wayar. Nod mudah alih dalam rangkaian ini
bergerak secara rawak dan topologi sering berubah. Protokol routing MANET
memainkan peranan penting untuk memastikan komunikasi yang boleh dipercayai dan
stabil antara nod mudah alih. Dalam routing MANET, protokol menggambarkan
komunikasi antara nod mudah alih dan mendorong mereka untuk memilih laluan yang
terbaik antara sumber dan destinasi. Pada umumnya, terdapat 3 jenis protokol
penghalaan: proaktif, reaktif dan hibrid. Projek ini akan memberi tumpuan kepada
OLSR yang merupakan protokol penghalaan proaktif. OLSR ialah ‘optimized link- state
routing protocol’ di mana penyebaran paket dalam rangkaian dilakukan dengan teknik
relasi pelbagai titik (MPR). Kertas kerja ini menilai prestasi protokol pelayaran OLSR
pada kelajuan mobiliti dan ketumpatan rangkaian yang berbeza. Metrik prestasi yang
dipertimbangkan dalam kajian ini diukur berdasarkan keupayaan purata, nisbah
penghantaran paket dan kelewatan purata. Simulator Rangkaian (NS) versi 2.35 dan
patch luaran UM-OLSR digunakan untuk merangsang dan menilai prestasi protokol
OLSR.
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ABSTRACT
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is generated by an autonomous mobile node
network linked via wireless links in a dynamic manner. MANET is a network of self-
organization and does not relied on pre-existing infrastructure including the wired
network routers or wireless network access points. The mobile nodes in this network
are shifting randomly, and topology is often evolving. MANET routing protocols play
a vital role in making connectivity between mobile nodes reliable and stable protocols
logically conclude interaction between mobile nodes in MANET routing and urge them
to pick the best pathway between origin and destination. There are 3 types of routing
protocols are generally available: constructive, reactive and hybrid. This project will
focus on OLSR which is a proactive routing protocol. OLSR defined as an optimized
version link state routing where the diffusion of packet in the network is performed with
multi point relay (MPR) technique. This paper examines OLSR routing protocol
performance on varying speed of mobility and network density. The performance
metrics considered in this study is measured based on average throughput, packet
delivery ratio and average delay. Network Simulator (NS) version 2.35 and external
patch UM-OLSR is utilised to stimulate and test the performance of OLSR protocols.
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CONTENTS
DECLARATION ....................................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL ..............................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................... iii
ABSTRAK.................................................................................................................................. iv
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... v
CONTENTS .............................................................................................................................. vi
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. viii
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................. xi
LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................................................................ xii
CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background .................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) ......................................................................... 1
1.1.2 Classification of the Routing Protocols .......................................................... 3
1.1.3 Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) Protocol .......................................... 5
1.2 Problem Statements ................................................................................................. 9
1.3 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 9
1.4 Scopes ...................................................................................................................... 10
1.5 Limitation of Works............................................................................................... 10
1.6 Summary ................................................................................................................. 11
CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................... 12
LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................................... 12
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 12
2.2 Related Works .............................................................................................................. 13
2.3 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 19
CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................................................................... 20
METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................ 20
3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 20
3.2 Research of Methodology ............................................................................................ 20
3.3 Simulation ..................................................................................................................... 22
3.4 Project Framework ...................................................................................................... 24
3.5 Project Flowchart of the Route Selection Technique ................................................ 27
CHAPTER 4 ........................................................................................................................... 29
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IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS ............................................................................... 29
4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 29
4.2 Installation of Oracle Virtual Box .............................................................................. 30
4.3 Installation of Ubuntu 16.04 in Oracle Virtual Box .................................................. 32
4.4 Installation of NS2.35 in Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS ........................................................... 37
4.5 Setup of UM-OLSR in NS2.35 .................................................................................... 42
4.6 Simulation Environment ............................................................................................. 45
4.7 Configuration ............................................................................................................... 47
4.7.1 Configuration the OLSR Environment ............................................................... 48
4.7.2 Run configurations and produce results ............................................................. 50
4.8 Results ........................................................................................................................... 55
4.8.1 Average Delay ........................................................................................................ 57
4.8.2 Average throughput .............................................................................................. 58
4.8.3 Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR)................................................................................ 59
4.9 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 60
CHAPTER 5 ........................................................................................................................... 61
Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 61
5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 61
5.2 Finalization of Project ................................................................................................. 61
5.3 Constrains and Challenges .......................................................................................... 62
5.4 Future Works ............................................................................................................... 63
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 64
APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................. 67
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE
2.1 Comparison of Parameter Metrics 13
3.1 Comparison of Network Simulator 22
3.2 Table in the cache of the nodes 26
4.1 Simulation Parameter References 45
4.2 Simulation Parameter 46
4.3 Complex Version Simulation Result 55
4.4 Simplified Version Simulation Result 56
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
1.1 Classification of Routing Protocol in MANET 3
1.2 Hello Message Format 6
1.3 Format of an OLSR Packet 6
1.4 Classical Flooding and Flooding with MPR 8
3.1 Research Methodology 21
3.2 NS2.35 installed in Ubuntu 16.04 23
3.3 UM-OLSR is patched into NS2.35 23
3.4 Framework of OLSR Routing Protocol 24
3.5 Routing Selection Technique (MPR) 27
4.1 Oracle Virtual Box Download Site 30
4.2 Setup Page for Oracle Virtual Box 31
4.3 Main page of Oracle Virtual Box 31
4.4 Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS Download Site 32
4.5 Creation of Virtual Machine for Ubuntu Operating System 33
4.6 Ubuntu 16.04 virtual machine is added 34
4.7 Desktop image for Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS is added 34
4.8 Installation page for Ubuntu as super user 35
4.9 Desktop page for Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS 36
4.10 NS2.35 Download site 37
4.11 Extraction of NS2.35 38
4.12 Alteration of coding in ls.h file 39
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4.13 Update and install the required packages 39
4.14 Installation for NS2.35 40
4.15 Installation of NS2.35 completed 41
4.16 Path added to the .barshrc file 41
4.17 The UM-OLSR Download site 42
4.18 Patch the UM-OLSR 43
4.19 The OLSR protocol is patched into ns2.35 43
4.20 TCL script with OLSR protocol is tested 44
4.21 Code for the number of nodes in TCL script 48
4.22 Code for the mobility speed in TCL script 49
4.23 Run TCL script 50
4.24 Node movement in NAM 50
4.25 Results of simulation 51
4.26 Formula for average throughput 52
4.27 Coding to calculate average throughput 52
4.28 Coding to print the results 52
4.29 Formula for Packet Delivery Ratio 53
4.30 Coding to calculate and print result of Packet Delivery Ratio 53
4.31 Formula for average delay 54
4.32 Coding for calculate average delay 54
4.33 Coding to calculate average delay and print result 54
4.34 Average Delay 56
4.35 Average Throughput 57
4.36 Packet Delivery Ratio 58
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
MANET Mobile Ad-Hoc Network
OLSR Optimized Link State Routing
AODV Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector
TORA Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm
ZRP Zone Routing Protocol
DSR Dynamic Source Routing
DSDV Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector
GRP Gathering based Routing Protocol
GPSR Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing
PDR Packet Delivery Ratio
xii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
1 Gantt Chart 1: Activities and milestones FYP1 66
2 Gantt Chart 2: Activities and milestones FYP2 67
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.1.1 Mobile ad hoc network (MANET)
The term MANET originate from the name of an Internet engineering task force
(IETF) work group founded in 1998 with the purpose of standardizing the routing
protocols based on Internet protocol technology for ad hoc networks, mobile, etc.
MANET can be described as a wireless network that is self-organized and self-
configured. It is dynamically generated by an autonomous system of mobile nodes
linked by wireless connections that can be implemented without any external
infrastructure support or centralized administration like centralized base station (BS) or
access point (AP). It is a temporary network that is able to setup anytime and anywhere
as an alternative way for the situation where the infrastructure is poor and insufficient.
For instance, MANET is the primarily selected network to be used in disastrous areas
that could have destroyed existing and local infrastructure, causing a huge breakdown
in communication.
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MANET essentially consists of multiple nodes or computers like tablets, cell
phones and video cameras. All of these machines are linked so that they can
communicate with each other via a wireless connection. In addition, All MANET
mobile nodes may connect or leave the network at any time without any limitations or
requirements. Then the nodes able to move randomly and organize themselves. Thus,
the network's topology may change vigorously and unforeseeable. Besides, each
network node can be used as a recipient, transmitter or intermediate node that functions
as a router that transmits data to other mobile nodes. The nodes are highly mobile in
real situations and rely on batteries to function depending on the MANET application
types [1].
Routing protocols are required in routing, a method of conveying information
across the network from a point of origin to the exact destination. The routing in
MANET is based on a easy approach that allow the re-emission of the data message by
each node for the ease of propagation within network. The key issues of routing protocol
lie in the choice of the best pathway. To find the correct route between two or mode
nodes in the network, the routing protocols are used. In a specific manner, these
protocols help nodes to make decision on finding the optimal path to route the packets
in network. It is also used to create and sustain an up-to-date routing table that allows
the node to choose the optimal route between the origin node and the target node for
communication. A few routing protocols were suggested to address the problems of
highly mobile nodes and frequent topology shifts in the MANET network [2].
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1.1.2 Classification of the Routing Protocols
Figure 1.1: Classification of Routing Protocols In MANET
Classification of Routing Protocols is divided into 3 types:
I. Proactive Protocols
It is also defined as table-driven protocols which uses mapping tables to retain
any node's route and path in the network. This builds the network's routing protocols by
constantly sending out the topological information data packets to each node in the
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network. Thus, with the newest routing information, the routing information of each
node is updated regularly. When new nodes are attached or removed from the network,
control messages are sent to neighbouring nodes and routing tables are modified. This
type of protocol typically utilizes link state algorithms that flood the network with
details about their neighbours [3].
II. Reactive Protocols
It is also called on-demand protocols and initiates a path exploration mechanism
only when the origin node has the information packets to be transmitted to the
destination to find the path between the communicating nodes. Once the path is
established, route maintenance will be done to maintain this route until it is no longer
necessary or the data packets arrive at the destination node. Series of action have been
taken to maintain the new route and avoid any looping such as a sequence number is
used [3].
III. Hybrid Protocols
It is a derivative of the approach of mixing proactive and reactive protocol. It
provides some benefits of both the above listed protocols by establishing an immediate
reactive vicinity up to a certain distance that is interconnected with the proactive
connections. A reactive scan is activated if an application needs to send packets to a
node outside this region. With this, the routes in the coverage zone of a node are
available immediately. Initially, the routing tables are used as proactive routing
protocols with the root nodes. If the node found that no data about the pathway to the
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destination of origin node, pathway detection is initiated as reactive routing protocols
[4].
1.1.3 Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) Protocol
OLSR is the equivalent implementation of the routing protocol for the classical
link-state. In contrast to the distance vector routing protocol, this routing protocols are
not subjected to routing loops and have no issues in term of scalability [3]. The
transmission of topological information between nodes leads to the creation of a
significant amount of traffic due to the flooding mechanism of the classical connection
state routing protocols. It is undesirable attribute of the MANET due to inadequate
resources. New procedure is implemented by the OLSR in the network to reduce the
volume of traffic involved. All nodes of OLSR are allowed to receive the data packet
of the topological information and only minimum number of nodes known as Multipoint
Relays (MPRs) are able to transmit the messages across the network. MPRs of certain
node are minimum number of its neighbour that are necessary to communicate will all
its other neighbours within two hops [7]. Thus, it guarantees the data messages of
topological information of network will be received by every node in network.
Two principal mechanism is found in OLSR protocol which is neighbourhood
detection and one for topology management. For this mechanism, 4 types of control
messages used are HELLO, TC, MID, and HNA [1]. Neighbour sensing is performed
by using HELLO packets. It has 3 different function in OLSR protocol. The messages
are sent to its neighbours at one hop and two hops. In addition, it is also used in the
declaration of local node as MPRs. [5] The HELLO message format is shown in Figure
2. The HELLO message is also part of the body of OLSR message that are shown in
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Figure3. The HELLO data packet is sent in data field of OLSR packet with Message
Type and TTL both set at 1.
Figure 1.2: HELLO message format [9].
Figure 1.3: Format of an OLSR packet [9].
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The dissemination of topological packet is performed by the spreading of TC
packets using optimized diffusion or MPRs. The TC message packet contain a list of
links in the neighbourhood of node in the network [6]. The OLSR protocol also take
into the consideration of all interfaces that are linked to the node with MID messages.
Thus, the nodes are able to use all available routes independent of the type of each hop
in an efficient way. One of the interface addresses in the network will be chosen to be
the main address and uses as a reference in control messages. Furthermore, HNA
messages are used for the declaration of subnetworks and host outside of MANET. The
subnetworks and hosts are made reachable by a node acting as a gateway [1].
The main goal of MPRs is to lower down the number of redundant or unneeded
transmission during the normal diffusion of the message. MPRs is specifically useful in
the transmission of control messages over the network. The classical diffusion
mechanism applied in link state protocol is optimized by the MPRs. A group of MPRs
is selected by a given node based on the knowledge of the neighbourhood at two hops.
In MANET network with topology that changes in a random manner, the MPRs needed
to be recalculated every time the two-hop neighbour set experience changes. For this
reason, the status of MPRs is set for a limited period in the neighbourhood [8]. The
improvement in diffusion methods of the packets with MPR technique is shown in the
Figure 4. In the first part of the diagram, central node diffuses the control packets to
eight other nodes using the classical the classical flooding technique. On the next
illustration, the relay technique is used and four nodes is selected to relay the message.
Thus, With the choice of MPRs, the number of unnecessary transmissions is minimized.
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Figure 1.4: Classical flooding and Flooding with MPR technique [1].
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1.2 Problem Statements
The nodes relocate in an arbitrary and unpredictive way due to the multi-hop
behaviour of ad hoc networks. This non-specific and volatile node motion causes the
connection to split and reform continuously. The performance of the mobile ad hoc
network is depending on the interconnection between any two nodes transferring the
message that contain the topological information. The mobility speed and network
density of the nodes may affect the duration required to forward the messages from its
source to destination. Thus, it is important to utilise the routing protocol so that the
nodes in the network can maintain the information packet needed for transferring
packets from source to destination.
1.3 Objectives
The main goal of this thesis is to solve the problem statement proposed by
analyse the effect of different mobility speed and network density. Thus, this project is
mainly focus on the following objectives:
o To study the OLSR in MANET.
o To apply the OLSR routing protocol in MANET by using NS2 stimulation tools.
o To analyse and evaluate the performance of OLSR by using different node
mobility speed and network density.
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1.4 Scopes
The scope in this thesis is to evaluate the performance of OLSR routing protocol
in MANET environment. In addition, the other scope is to study the simulation tools
needed for this routing protocols.
1.5 Limitation of Works
The MANET could not be implemented in real-life experiment because:
1. Costly
The coverage area for the application of MANET such as in a disastrous
environment is large. Then, the amount of labour and mobile devices needed for the
network is very high. Thus, the expenditures for setting up the real-world environment
for MANET will be enormous.
2. Time for configuration is long
The configuration of MANET in real world is time consuming due to the
coverage area required is wide. For instance, disaster area like tsunami is huge and it
will take a few days to set up and build this environment for real-life simulation.
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1.6 Summary
This chapter covered the context, MANET presentation, problem statement,
project goal, scale and limitation. Because of the existence of MANET, it is promising
in terms of education to establish this research project as a commitment to MANET's
field.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
In this chapter, few research papers related to the project are selected as a
literature review. Data and information are collected to give a better view of how the
process works and how it benefits from the project.
As described in chapter 1, it is understandably stated about the definition of
routing protocol in MANET. In the multi hop nature of MANET, the nodes
communicate with each other node using the wireless link. Every node can be viewed
as a host as well as a router that transmits topological information data packets to other
nodes in the network. The foremost difficulty in the application of multi hop mobile ad
hoc networks is the evolution of the routing protocol that can perform best in finding
pathway between the origin and targeted destination in MANET. Since MANET is less
a network system and the nodes are constantly breaking and rebuilding, its existence
makes it difficult to control the network. The implementation of the routing protocol is
therefore used to boost the MANET's performance.
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2.2 Related Works
Figure 2.1: Comparison of Metrics Parameter.
Ad hoc routing protocol is considered as the convention and typical term to
describe the protocol that help to make the decision on which paths to route the packets
between the source and destination of computing devices in MANET. In ad hoc
networks, nodes do not possess the knowledge about the topology of their networks.
Due to the nature of limited resources and random movement of nodes, routing can be
a problem in MANET. Thus, routing protocol is proposed to solve the situation and find
the optimal pathway from the origin to target node.
In a research paper “Performance Analysis of AODV, OLSR and GPSR
MANET Routing Protocols with Respect to Network Size and Density” [10] from
Muthana Najim Abdulleh and Salman Yussof. In this paper, they perform a routing
protocol evaluation comparison with the specific number of nodes and the grid size of
the stimulated area. Routing protocol assessment was conducted by network simulation
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and efficiency is defined in terms of throughput, average end-to-end delay, packet
delivery fraction and normalized routing load. The stimulation is executed for 2
scenarios and the differences between these 2 scenarios was in term of stimulation
parameter examined. They set the number of nodes for the simulation in the first
example at 30, 50, 70, 90, 110, 130, 150 nodes. In the second scenario, they focus on
the network density and set the map size into 500×500, 750×750, 1000×1000,
1250×1250, 1500×1500 and 1750×1750 in term of metre. The result from the
simulation shows that GPSR outperform OLSR and AODV in the most of the tests.
Furthermore, the simulation findings also demonstrate that the increase in the number
of nodes influences the normalized routing load, while the change in the map scale of
the stimulated region has a significant effect on throughput, end-to-end delay and packet
delivery fraction.
In a research paper from K.Natarajan and G.Mahadevan titled “Mobility based
Performance Analysis of MANET Routing Protocols” [11] make a performance
analysis on how the speed in mobility can influence the routing performance of
protocols. The routing protocols that chosen for the performance analysis is Ad hoc on
demand distance vector routing (AODV), Destination Sequenced Distance Vector
(DSDV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Location-Aided Routing (LAR), Optimised
Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR), Fisheye State Routing (FSR) and Zone Routing
Protocol (ZRP). The network stimulation is split into 3 different scenario which is low
mobility where node speed is 10m/s to 15m/s, medium mobility with node speed is set
to 15m/s to 20m/s and high mobility where node speed is 20m/s to 30m/s. The pause
time is kept constant at 10s. The simulation outcome reveals that LAR and AODV work
better than other protocols, where both transmit approximately 50 to 60 percent data
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packets, regardless of speed, successfully. Besides, the DSR shows that 53% and 95%
higher delay than AODV and DSDV protocols.
In addition to that, Lakshman Naik L, R. U. Khan and R. B. Mishra in “Analysis
of Node Velocity Effects in MANET Routing Protocols using Network Simulator
(NS3)” [7] analysed the performance of various ad hoc routing protocols with different
node speed. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the effect of mobility speed of the
nodes on different routing protocol. The routing protocol that are chosen for the
performance analysis is AODV, DSDR and OLSR. They run the network simulation
with 3 different node speed which is 10m/s, 20m/s and 30m/s. The simulation has been
carried out by keeping 10 number of source/sink connections fixed. As for the result,
the throughput of the OLSR protocol is high as compared to AODV and DSDV during
node speed variation. Although OLSR has a slight degradation as node speed increases
but it is still better comparing to AODV and DSDV. In addition, packet delivery ratio
of OLSR is higher when comparing to AODV and DSDV. However, OLSR slightly
degrades as node speed increases. In End to end delay, the performance of OLSR is
superior when comparing to the AODV and DSDV. However, OLSR also experience a
slightly degradation as node speed increases. Moreover, the packet loss results reveal
that the performance of OLSR is better than AODV and DSDV, but it slightly degrades
as node speed increases. Lastly, they infer that performance of OLSR is better when it
is compared to AODV and DSDV in all the metrics they analysed.
16
On other hand, Gouri M. Patil, Ajay Kumar and A. D. Shaligram in
“Performance Comparison of MANET Routing Protocols (OLSR, AODV, DSR, GRP
and TORA) Considering Different Network Area Size” [12] make a comparative
performance analysis of various ad hoc routing protocol by considering different
network area size. The routing protocols that have been evaluated are OLSR, AODV,
DSR, GRP (Gathering based Routing Protocol) and TORA (Temporally Ordered
Routing Algorithm). The simulation of the various routing protocol is performed for
network area size of 500 X 500 square meters, 1000 X 1000 square meters and 2000 X
2000 square meters with 50 number of nodes is kept consistent. The results show that
the TORA is the best choice when network load is an important factor. The DSR is the
second-best choice continued with AODV, OLSR and GRP for extensible network area
size up to 2000x2000 square meters. Besides, if end-to-end is important factor in the
application scenario, the GRP provides better performance if network area size is up to
1000 x1000 square meters. While, OLSR is the first choice for 2000x2000 squares
meters. In addition, AODV have the maximum throughput in 3 scenarios with different
network area size.
This recent paper by D. Kumar and S.C. Gupta had conducted “Transmission
Range, Density & Speed based Performance Analysis of Ad Hoc Networks” [13]. The
purpose of this paper is to study the effect of various transmission range, node density
and speed on three routing protocols which is OLSR (proactive), DSR (reactive) and
ZRP (hybrid). These 3 routing protocols represent the three groups in the mobile ad hoc
network which is proactive, reactive and hybrid routing protocols respectively. The
network simulation is executed based on 3 scenarios in term of node density,
transmission range and node speed where the simulation area is kept constant at 1000 x
17
1000 square meter. The first scenario is modelled by using specific the number of nodes
in the fixed area which is 25, 50, 75 and 100 nodes. The second scenario is modelled
by considering different the range of transmission. The transmission range used in this
scenario is 50, 150, 250, 350 and 450 m. As for the third scenario, the speed is set to
0m/s, 4m/s, 8m/s, 12 m/s, 16m/s and 20 m/s in a fixed simulation area. The simulation
result shows DSR performs better than OLSR and ZRP in the performance metrics end
to end delay. In packet delivery ratio, DSR outperforms OLSR and ZRP in all the case.
Lastly, they concluded that DSR is much more better performing protocol followed by
OLSR and ZRP based on the performance metrics used in the simulation.
Moreover, Ashutosh Sharma and Rajiv Kumar conducted a paper “Performance
Comparison and Detailed Study of AODV, DSDV, DSR, TORA and OLSR Routing
Protocols in Ad Hoc Networks” [14] that generates a performance analysis of various
number of ad hoc routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks. Comparison between
different routing protocols have been done by using different performance metrics like
the average throughput, average packet data ratio and average delay. The results show
that AODV is outperform the other routing protocols in the average throughput. In
addition, OLSR perform best in the scenario of average packet delivery ratio due to the
OLSR perform route selection in acyclic path. Besides, TORA is effective in
performing in dense network by broadcasting the message to all nodes. Lastly, DSR
produces the least delay in the network. They concluded the reactive protocols perform
well in term of average delay and throughput.
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Lastly, Ako Muhammad Abdullah, Emre Ozen and Husnu Bayramoglu (2019)
conducted “Investigating the Impact of Mobility Models on MANET Routing Protocols”
[15]. In this paper, the authors investigate few mobility models such as Fast Car Model
(FCM), Slow Car Model (SCM), Race Walking Model (RWM) and Human Walking
Model (HWM). These mobility models are designed by the authors with different speed
applied to analyse the performance of AODV, OLSR and GRP protocols with ten pause
time values. Different performance metrics are used to compare the performance
between mobility models with different routing protocol used. For instance, data drop
rate, media access delay, network load, retransmission attempts and throughput. In this
simulation, they show that the performances of these protocols are different from one
model to another. Thus, the results from one model cannot serve as a basis for another
mobility models. From the result of simulation, they deduced that the OLSR protocols
provides better performance than two other routing protocols. In addition, The OLSR
protocol is the most suitable and efficient network routing protocol allowing low delay
and retransmission attempts and higher performance in terms of data transfer from the
source node to the destination node. They also found that the AODV protocol performed
much better compared to OLSR and GRP in respect of data drop rate and network load
in all the configuration of models. AODV network load was a bit high in HWM model
when compared to GRP protocol. In addition, the GRP protocol also yields a much more
lower media access delay and higher throughput than AODV in all scenarios. According
to the results of simulation, they also concluded that they type of application plays a
vital role in determining which protocol should be utilised in the network. For example,
the OLSR protocol is ideal for offering real-time support.
19
2.3 Summary
This chapter manifest and conclude the methods and parameters that were
implemented in the research paper that are related to the evaluation and routing selection
scheme in MANET. This study is crucial to obtain the concept and theory needed to
conduct a successful project.
20
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This Chapter discuss the methods and alternatives ways that have been utilised
from the beginning till the end of the following project. The simulation of the project
will also be discussed. The network simulation tools used is NS2 Simulator. In addition,
this chapter will also review the research of methodology and flowchart of the project.
It can provide a better understanding in term of visualization in the implementation of
the project.
3.2 Research of Methodology
In the research of methodology, the planning and scheduling of the project is
crucial for the development of the project. Based on the figure below, there are few
phases of the methodology mentioned. The first phase is related to identifying the
problems regarding the field of research. For this project, the problems of MANET are
identified in this phase. The problem statement is identified based on the related
research paper for a better understanding about MANET and the problems occurred on
MANET. The second phase is designing and developing. The main purpose of the
following phase is to find the suitable method to be implemented in the project. For this
21
project, different mobility speed and network density are used on the OLSR routing
protocol. Next phase in the methodology is the simulation of project. In the following
phase, the simulation that will be used in this project is discussed. The stimulation tool
used for this project will be used for this project is Network Simulator 2 (NS2). In
addition, the last phase is evaluating the performance. The performance metrics of this
project need to be evaluated and analysed. The performance metrics that will be
evaluated are packet delivery ratio, average delay and average throughput.
Figure 3.1: Research Methodology [16].
22
3.3 Simulation
Table 3.1: Comparison of Network Simulator [17]
The simulation of the project is performed with NS2 due to the constraints in
real-life experiment which consume a lot of time and cost. NS2 is used to stimulate the
OLSR routing protocol in current project. NS2 is one of the simulation types utilised in
the network stimulation such as MANET and VANET. This offers emulation for both
wired and wireless networks for routing and multicast protocols. Network Simulator is
authorized under GNU (General Public License) version 2 and is widely referred to as
NS2. Therefore, NS2 is an even-driven, object-oriented and discrete simulator. It is
written in combination of C++ and Octl/tcl programming language. In NS2, C++ is
utilised for thorough protocol implementation and Octl is utilised for the configuration.
The compiled C++ objects are made available to Otcl interpreter in the NS2. This
provides the C++ objects to be managed from the simulator Otcl level. The NS2 is used
for this project because it has the advantages of large number of available models [18].
In addition, UM-OLSR is an OLSR implementation for ns2 network simulator. Thus,
23
UM-OLSR will be used for the simulation of OLSR routing protocol of MANET in this
project.
Figure 3.2: NS2.35 installed in ubuntu 16.04.
Figure 3.3: UM-OLSR is patched into NS2.35.
24
3.4 Project Framework
Figure 3.4: Framework of OLSR Routing Protocol.
25
The OLSR protocol consists of two principal mechanisms which is
neighbourhood detection and neighbourhood sensing for topology management. For
both of this mechanism, OLSR protocol uses 4 types of control messages which are
HELLO, TC, MID, and HNA. In addition, neighbourhood sensing is carried out by the
OLSR protocol using the HELLO packets [1]. The distribution of topological
information is performed by the dispersal of TC packet using optimised diffusion or
MPRs. The TC messages contain a list of links in the neighbourhood of the mobile
nodes for the packet management of the OLSR protocol [19]. Besides, the OLSR
protocol takes into account all interfaces kinked to mobile unit by using the MID
messages. Therefore, the noes of the network can utilise all of the available routes
independent of the type of interfaces used at each hop. The OLSR node select one of its
interface address as main address, which it then can be used as a reference in control
messages. Moreover, HNA messages in the OLSR protocol are used to declare
subnetworks and hosts which is outside of the MANET that is reachable by a node
acting as gateway [1].
In neighbourhood sensing, OLSR protocol as a derivative of the classical link-
state protocols maintains a variety of information tables. The tables are updated every
time control messages are received and every time it is sent out. The nodes store a
variety of different tables in the cache:
26
Information tables Explanation
MPR selector set It contains all the local nodes that are selected as MPRs in the
network.
Neighbour Set All the neighbour at one hop distance are saved in the
following table. It is updated dynamically through link set
data. The information involved the symmetric and
asymmetric link neighbours is also stored at this table.
Two-hop neighbour
set
It contains information which is accessible via one hop paths
and this also include the node that inquiry about the
information itself.
In addition, this table may contain similar information of the
same nodes that are appeared in the neighbour set table.
Table 3.2: Table in the cache of the nodes [1].
Furthermore, the HELLO messages have three different roles in OLSR protocol.
The messages are sent to the neighbour at one hop distance for link sensing and
neighbour sensing and to neighbour at two hops away for the two-hop sensing. Lastly,
it functions as an MPR selector sensing which declare the MPRs in the network [1].
27
3.5 Project Flowchart of the Route Selection Technique
Figure 3.5: Routing Selection Technique (MPR) [19]
28
OLSR is also known as proactive and table-driven routing protocol. The link
state routing protocols are not subjected to routing loops. In addition, Link state routing
protocol possess no problem in term of scalability. However, link state routing protocol
generates a large amount of traffic during the exchange of topological data in mobile
nodes. Large amount of traffic is an undesirable attribute in MANET due to limited
resources available in MANET [19]. The OLSR protocol implemented a new procedure
or technique to greatly reduce the volume of traffic involved in the process of
exchanging topological data between nodes. In the OLSR protocol, all of the nodes are
authorized and allowed to receive the topological data message. Nevertheless, only a
small number of nodes known as multipoint relays (MPRs) are able to transmit all these
messages across the network. In explanation, The MPRs of the given node are the
minimum number of its immediate neighbours which have the necessities to contact all
its neighbour in two hops. Thus, the MPRs guarantees that the data message of the
network topology will be received by every node in the network.
3.6 Summary
The following chapter clarifies and shows the concept of the research
methodology, framework, and flowchart of the project. It provides a better
understanding for the implementation of the simulator that we selected in this project.
29
CHAPTER 4
IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS
4.1 Introduction
This chapter will be focusing on the application of OLSR in the Network
Simulator (NS2.35) in the Ubuntu 16.04. Specification of OLSR simulation and
application of different mobility speed and network density to achieve this project's
objective. This chapter also illustrates the project's OLSR network efficiency
evaluations and tests.
30
4.2 Installation of Oracle Virtual Box
Oracle VM Virtual Box is a virtualization software which operates across
platforms. It enhances the entire computer's capability such that it can execute several
OSes concurrently within several virtual machines. It's used on my window machine to
operate the Ubuntu 16.04 operating system. Installation steps is discussed in detail.
Step 1: Download the Virtual Box from the official website.
Oracle Virtual Box can be downloaded from the following link:
https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads. In the official website, it provide several
platform packages to be downloaded depends on the operating system of the current
machine. In this project, the Oracle Virtual Box for Windows host will be downloaded
as it is compatible with current machine that operate on Windows 10.
Figure 4.1: Oracle Virtual Box Download Site.
31
Step 2: Start the Installation
The installation of Oracle Virtual Box will be started and the default option
will be chosen for the ease of installation.
Figure 4.2: Setup Page for Oracle Virtual Box
Step 3: Installation is successful
The installation is completed and the main page of Oracle Virtual Box is
shown in the Figure 4.3.
Figure 4.3: Main page of Oracle Virtual Box
32
4.3 Installation of Ubuntu 16.04 in Oracle Virtual Box
Ubuntu version 16.04.6 LTS (Xenial Xerus) will be used as the base operating
system to run NS 2.35 for the simulation of the OLSR routing protocol in MANET. The
steps for the installation of Ubuntu 16.04 in the Oracle Virtual Box will be shown in the
following steps.
Step 1: Download Desktop image for the Ubuntu 16.04
Desktop image for Ubuntu version 16.04.6 LTS (Xenial Xerus) can be
downloaded from the official website link https://releases.ubuntu.com/16.04/. The
following website provide the 32 bit PC desktop image and 64 bit PC desktop image to
be downloaded. In this project, the 64 bit PC desktop image is used because it is
compatible with this machine.
Figure 4.4: Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS Download Site
Step 2: Add and create a virtual machine in Oracle Virtual Box
33
Ubuntu operating system is added into the Oracle Virtual Box by clicking on
the “NEW” button in the main menu. The default and recommended option is selected
for the ease of installation.
Figure 4.5: Creation of Virtual Machine for Ubuntu Operating System
34
Step 4: Select the Desktop image for Ubuntu 16.04.6
The virtual machine is added and appeared in the main menu of Oracle Virtual
Box that are shown in the Figure 4.6. The desktop image of Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS is
added into the controller: IDE in the storage tab setting of the Ubuntu 16.04 machine
which is shown in Figure 4.7.
Figure 4.6: Ubuntu 16.04 virtual machine is added
Figure 4.7: Desktop image for Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS is added
35
Step 5: Start the Virtual Machine for installation
Click start for the Ubuntu 16.04 and proceed to the installation for the Ubuntu
operating system. The default and recommended options are followed through for ease
of installation.
Figure 4.8: Installation page for Ubuntu as super user
36
Step 6: Success installation of Ubuntu
Main page for the Ubuntu Operating System is shown in the Figure 4.9.
Figure 4.9: Desktop page for Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS
37
4.4 Installation of NS2.35 in Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS
Network simulator 2 version 2.35 is used to simulate this project in the Ubuntu
16.04.6 LTS operating system. Steps taken for installing the NS2 in the Ubuntu 16.04.6
LTS are shown. All of these procedures must be done to ensure a successful installation.
Step 1: Download Network Simulator 2 (version 2.35)
NS2 can be downloaded from the following website link
https://sourceforge.net/projects/nsnam/files/latest/download. Various version of NS2
can be found in the website.
Figure 4.10: NS2.35 Download site
38
Step 2: Extract the download package into the home directory.
The download file is referred as ns-allinone-2.35.tar.gz and it is extracted to
the home directory.
Figure 4.11: Extraction of NS2.35
Step 3: Edit the ls.h file in ns-2.35 directory
Change directory into the ns-2.35 directory from home directory with command:
cd ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35. Then, edit the ls.h file with command: nano ls.h. After
opening the file, navigate to the line 137 to add the word “this ->” which is before the
erase (basemap::begin(), baseMap::end()) code.
39
Figure 4.12: Alteration of coding in ls.h file
Step 4: Update and install required packages
Insert and hit enter for the command “sudo apt-get update” in order to update
the repositories for the required packages. Next, insert the command “sudo apt-get
install build-essential autoconf automake libxmu-dev” to fetch and install the required
packages needed to run NS2.
Figure 4.13: Update and install the required packages
40
Step 5: Start the installation for NS2
The installation process for NS2 will be initiated with command: “./install” and
the time completion of the installation is vary according to the machine that is used in
this project.
Figure 4.14: Installation for NS2.35
Step 6: The installation is complete and alteration of .bashrc file is needed
The installation of NS2 is complete and it is shown in the Figure 4.15. After the
installation is finished, open the .bashrc file with command: “nano .bashrc” in home
directory. Then, add the PATH stated in Figure 4.16 which is obtained from the
completion message of installation for the NS2.35 into the .bashrc file.
41
Figure 4.15: Installation of NS2.35 completed
Figure 4.16: Path added to the .barshrc file
42
4.5 Setup of UM-OLSR in NS2.35
OLSR routing protocol is not available in the NS2.35 for default. The OLSR’s
file and function needed to be patched into the NS2.35. Steps needed to be taken in
order to run the simulation of OLSR routing protocol will be discussed in detail.
Step 1: Download UM-OLSR from the website
The patch for the OLSR protocol is referred as UM-OLSR and can be download
from the website link https://sourceforge.net/projects/um-olsr/.
Figure 4.17: The UM-OLSR Download site
43
Step 2: Extract the UM-OLSR and Patch the UM-OLSR
The downloaded file of UM-OLSR is extracted and various version of NS2 is
found in the file. Then, move the downloaded file from home directory into the ns-2.35
directory with command: “mv ~/um-olsr ~/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35/olsr”. Next, patch
the UM-OLSR associated with the correct version of NS2.35 into the ns-2.35 directory
with command: “patch -p1 < olsr/um-olsr_ns-2.35_v1.0.patch”.
Figure 4.18: Patch the UM-OLSR
Step 3: Check the OLSR file in the ns-2.35 directory
All the file in UM-OLSR is patched into the ns-2.35 and shown in the figure
4.19. Then, navigate back into the ns-allinone-2.35 with command: “cd..” and run the
installation process for NS2.35 again with the command: “./install” that are mentioned
before.
Figure 4.19: The OLSR protocol is patched into ns2.35
44
Step 4: Run an OLSR example TCL script
The NS2 is successfully installed and tested with simple TCL script which is
shown in the Figure 4.20. Now, the NS2 in the Ubuntu 16.04 can run the MANET
simulation with OLSR protocol.
Figure 4.20: TCL script with OLSR protocol is tested
45
4.6 Simulation Environment
The simulation environment which include the result parameters are discussed
in the research paper and concluded in the Table 4.1. The simulation parameters used
in this following project are referred on previous research paper that are shown in Table
2.1.
Table 4.1: Simulation Parameter References
Based on the Table 4.1, the simulation parameters for the project is proposed.
The simulation area selected is 1000x1000 (m) because that most of the simulation area
used in the research paper is 1000x1000 (m). In addition, this project requires a set of
various number of nodes. The nodes selected in the following project is 20, 40, 60, 80
and 100 nodes. The number of nodes above 100 are not selected as the simulation
requires too much time to compute in current machine used. The mobility speeds are
varied into 5 situations which are the very slow mobility (VSM), slow mobility (SM),
46
moderate fast mobility (MFM), fast mobility (FM) and very fast mobility (VFM). The
VSM is stated as 10m/s, SM is stated as 15m/s, MFM is stated as 20m/s and FM is
stated as 20 m/s. The simulation time limit is set to 900s which is the maximum
simulation time in the research papers. The parameter is summarized in the Table 4.2
below.
Parameter Specification
Simulation Area 1000x1000
Mobility Model Random Waypoint
Routing Protocol OLSR
Number of Nodes 20, 40, 60 , 80 , 100
Speed(m/s) 10 ,15 ,20 ,25 ,30
Simulation Time Limit 900
Mac Type 802.11
Traffic CBR
Packet Size 512 bytes
Table 4.2: Simulation Parameter
47
4.7 Configuration
In this following section, the configuration of OLSR will be applied according
to the proposed simulation parameter in Table 4.2. In NS2, TCL scripts, nam file and
trace file are important component to the network simulation. The TCL script contains
all the coding that are required to initialise a network simulation. Besides, the nam file
that are produced from the network simulation is used to visualise the movement of
nodes. Then, the trace file will be utilised to calculate the performance of network
simulation.
48
4.7.1 Configuration the OLSR Environment
The TCL script file is used to run the network simulation. Different number of
nodes can be applied to execute the simulation and it is shown in Figure 4.21. The
number of nodes can be changed in the function of set opt (nn) in order to run the
simulation based on the simulation parameter shown in Table 4.2.
Figure 4.21: Code for the number of nodes in TCL script
The mobility speed can be also applied in the TCL script and it is changed
according to the simulation parameter stated in Table 4.2. The network simulation is
performed with the various mobility speed that can be changed and it is shown in the
Figure 4.22. The process of the simulation is repeated until all the results for different
scenario is produced.
49
Figure 4.22: Code for the mobility speed in TCL script.
Mobility speed
50
4.7.2 Run configurations and produce results
This projects have 5 different situations thus the coding in the TCL script will
be changed to run each scenarios accordingly. The simulation of OLSR protocol is
executed in the terminal of Ubuntu 16.04 and shown in the Figure 4.23.
Figure 4.23: Run TCL script
The visual movement of the nodes can be observed from the nam file produced
from the execution of TCL script that is shown in the Figure 4.24.
Figure 4.24: Node movement in NAM
51
The result of the simulation is recorded in the trace file and measured with AWK
script created to calculate the results based on the trace file. The AWK script combined
with the trace file can be used to calculate out the results which is shown in the Figure
4.25. The gawk is a GNU implementation of the AWK programming language. Use
gawk to analyse the trace file with the specific AWK script prepared.
Figure 4.25: Results of simulation
52
The AWK script that is used to calculate the average throughput is prepared with
formula shown in the Figure 4.26 and the results is printed out in the terminal.
Figure 4.26: Formula for average throughput
Figure 4.27: Coding to calculate average throughput
Figure 4.28: Coding to print the results
53
The AWK script that is used to calculate the packet delivery ratio is prepared
with formula shown in the Figure 4.29 and the results is printed out in the terminal.
Figure 4.29: Formula for Packet Delivery Ratio
Figure 4.30: Coding to calculate and print result of Packet Delivery Ratio
54
The AWK script that is used to calculate the average delay is prepared with
formula shown in the Figure 4.31 and the results is printed out in the terminal.
Figure 4.31: Formula for average delay
Figure 4.32: Coding for calculate average delay
Figure 4.33: Coding to calculate average delay and print result
55
4.8 Results
The proposed performance metrics of this project are average delay, average
throughput and packet delivery ratio to evaluate the network performance. Table 4.3
will display the results obtained for the performance metrics with various mobility
speed and network density (no of nodes).
Speed
(m/s)
Number of
Nodes
Average Delay (Ms) Average Average Throughput (kbps) Average Packet Delivery Ratio (%) Average
10 20 5.8272 14.3285 9.46952 9.8750 22.7337 11.1224 32.0462 21.9674 61.0714 69.8721 43.4562 58.1332
40 26.8134 30.2992 21.0788 26.0638 10.4034 16.3216 13.3287 20.0269 52.3221 69.1352 55.2517 58.903
60 34.8213 32.472 20.2967 29.1967 19.9813 10.4661 19.0822 16.5099 69.3712 60.0340 72.6115 67.3389
80 33.9781 45.5885 34.4732 38.0132 20.2517 19.1405 22.5058 20.6326 68.4000 72.6115 61.6216 67.5444
100 43.7550 52.2428 32.7376 42.9118 16.7002 24.7328 17.6446 19.6925 82.8087 66.1576 78.4404 75.8022
15 20 19.5881 5.8202 6.3037 10.5707 16.5779 31.8411 25.0311 24.4834 83.4146 43.7340 55.5195 60.8893
40 21.0972 18.4432 15.1367 18.2257 16.3749 16.2917 18.3019 16.9829 84.4444 84.8635 75.6637 81.6572
60 32.8643 8.5136 17.6438 19.6739 18.4216 27.8613 14.5687 20.2839 75.1468 49.9270 94.7368 73.2702
80 37.8731 25.8595 24.4551 29.3959 16.7426 15.3074 16.7407 16.0836 82.6087 90.2378 82.6087 85.1517
100 37.7502 27.5511 30.4390 31.9134 15.5099 20.7644 18.1747 18.1497 89.0625 86.7969 88.1693 88.0096
20 20 22.6934 5.8453 16.4489 14.9959 18.3014 28.5592 24.0466 23.6357 75.6637 48.7179 57.7703 60.7173
40 11.5474 18.3668 18.9718 16.2953 22.9800 18.9584 21.5428 21.1604 60.4240 73.0769 64.4068 65.9692
60 17.9784 15.3941 22.5883 18.6536 27.6567 19.1646 20.2710 22.3641 50.2941 72.3044 68.4000 63.6662
80 22.7744 48.7496 20.4538 30.6592 19.2519 20.4777 20.4867 20.0721 70.5752 67.6587 67.2691 68.5010
100 63.6219 58.7877 28.7528 50.3875 19.7347 19.7810 17.4666 18.9941 64.1975 64.1278 75.6410 67.9888
25 20 6.5572 16.7321 13.4241 12.2378 34.7123 14.9382 19.0825 22.9260 40.1408 92.4324 72.6115 68.3949
40 12.9557 12.5625 16.5572 14.0251 29.6670 19.9440 34.7123 28.1078 46.9136 69.5122 49.1408 55.1889
60 15.3617 26.6022 44.114 28.6926 21.9543 19.9441 17.8087 19.9024 63.2613 69.5122 77.7273 70.1669
80 39.6903 56.8078 47.7400 48.0793 21.2749 21.3787 15.0182 19.2239 52.7624 49.7059 74.3083 58.9253
100 83.9889 48.7713 10.8979 67.8659 15.7476 16.2659 16.7456 16.2530 71.7949 70.2797 65.5914 69.2220
30 20 6.7041 6.2094 14.0215 8.9783 25.4823 22.6927 22.6928 23.6226 54.5455 61.1807 61.1807 58.9690
40 9.6356 31.9864 16.3081 19.3100 27.9849 29.1747 22.8144 26.6580 49.7093 47.6987 60.8541 52.7540
60 13.0103 10.3785 29.2284 17.5391 24.9080 20.7235 15.5531 20.3979 55.7912 66.9276 88.8312 70.5167
80 30.6276 43.8233 40.4853 38.3120 17.2854 13.8524 18.8491 16.6623 64.6259 80.4255 65.1226 70.0580
100 45.9773 55.7586 68.9054 56.8804 15.3111 21.4879 14.6946 17.1645 65.0650 63.0508 61.8812 63.3323
Table 4.3: Complex Version Simulation Result
56
Speed (m/s) Number of Nodes Average Delay (Ms) Average Throughput
(kbps)
Packet Delivery
Ratio (%)
10 20 9.8750 21.9674 58.1332
40 26.0638 20.0269 58.903
60 29.1967 16.5099 67.3389
80 38.0132 20.6326 67.5444
100 42.9118 19.6925 75.8022
15 20 10.5707 24.4834 60.8893
40 18.2257 16.9829 81.6572
60 19.6739 20.2839 73.2702
80 29.3959 16.0836 85.1517
100 31.9134 18.1497 88.0096
20 20 14.9959 23.6357 60.7173
40 16.2953 21.1604 65.9692
60 18.6536 22.3641 63.6662
80 30.6592 20.0721 68.5010
100 50.3875 18.9941 67.9888
25 20 12.2378 22.9260 68.3949
40 14.0251 28.1078 55.1889
60 28.6926 19.9024 70.1669
80 48.0793 19.2239 58.9253
100 67.8659 16.2530 69.2220
30 20 8.9783 23.6226 58.9690
40 19.3100 26.6580 52.7540
60 17.5391 20.3979 70.5167
80 38.3120 16.6623 70.0580
100 56.8804 17.1645 63.3323
Table 4.4: Simplified Version Simulation Result
57
4.8.1 Average Delay
As shown in the figure, the delay is increasing as the number of nodes increase.
The FM illustrated the average delay is increase in a gradual speed as the number of
nodes increase. In addition, the FM has the highest average delay when it reached 100
nodes in the simulation. In contrast, the VFM has the lowest average delay when the
number of nodes is set at 20. Besides, the average delay for the 100 nodes in the
simulation is the highest in all various mobility speed. Therefore, the average delay is
the lowest when the number of nodes is less.
Figure 4.34: Average Delay
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
20 40 60 80 100
Ave
rage
del
ay (
ms)
Number of Nodes
Average Delay
VSM SM MFM FM VFM
58
4.8.2 Average throughput
Figure 4.35 illustrated the results of throughput obtained in the network
simulation. From the results, we notice that FM that associated with 40 nodes in the
simulation has the highest average throughput among all others. In addition, the VFM
has the second highest average throughput when compared to other simulation. Whereas,
the SM associated with 80 nodes has the lowest average throughput. Therefore, the
simulation for various mobility speed with same number of nodes do not possess any
large differences of average throughput between them. Except for the FM and VFM that
are associated with 40 nodes have a big difference of average throughput when
compared to the VSM, SM and MFM.
Figure 4.35: Average Throughput
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
20 40 60 80 100
Ave
rage
th
rou
ghp
ut
(kb
ps)
Number of Nodes
Average Throughput
VSM SM MFM FM VFM
59
4.8.3 Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR)
Based on the Figure 4.36, SM has the higher percentage of PDR in all different
number of nodes except for the number of nodes that are set to 20. This can be concluded
that OLSR has a better packet delivery ratio when the mobility speed is set to SM when
the number of nodes is set above 20. In addition, the SM with nodes being set to 100
has the highest packet delivery ratio. Whereas, the VFM with nodes being set to 40 has
the lowest packet delivery ratio. The packet delivery ratio for various mobility speed
has slight differences when the number of nodes is set as 20.
Figure 4.36: Packet Delivery Ratio
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
20 40 60 80 100
Pac
ket
Del
iver
y R
ato
(%
)
Number of Nodes
Packet Delivery Ratio
VSM SM MFM FM VFM
60
4.9 Summary
This chapter explains the application and result of OLSR performance by
altering the speed of mobility and the network density. The network simulation for the
OLSR protocol is executed and all the results obtained are recorded. From the result,
the average delay graph illustrates an increasing trend as the number of node increases.
While, both the packet delivery ratio graph and the average throughput graph shows not
much of changes when the number of node increases. The mobility speed for different
node does not show a huge differences with same number of node given in simulation.
The performance analysis and evaluation is done based on the result obtained. This is a
crucial aspects of the project development.
61
CHAPTER 5
Conclusion
5.1 Introduction
This chapter addresses the project completion. Other than that, the constraints
and challenges experienced during the implementation of current project will be
explained in the following chapter regarding the limitations and difficulties encountered
during the project's completion process. In addition, this chapter addresses potential
research or development for this project. It will be discussed on the recommendation
for this current project.
5.2 Finalization of Project
The intention of MANET's simulation is to better explain how MANET
functions how its routing protocols are implemented. The node mobility must be
reviewed since in daily life, people move and it’s not in stationary movement. This
project is being applied to evaluate MANET's performance, particularly in OLSR, so
that it could be applied effectively in the actual world. This will aid the researcher to
look for an optimum level in setting OLSR speed and network capacity. This can be
seen through the findings of simulation presented in the preceding chapter. OLSR
performance is assessed based on average throughput, average delay and packet
delivery ratio once the proposed simulation parameters are applied in OLSR
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5.3 Constrains and Challenges
MANET is definitely a topics where there are not many sources discussed and
reviewed in term of the routing protocol executed in this network. In other terms, the
basis of understanding how MANET functions and all its routing protocol is not covered
in the network subject's syllabus. Therefore, it is quite challenging to obtain the
information related to MANET and its routing protocols during the earlier time. There
are a lot of items that need to be researched and studied first before starting this project,
and it consumed almost all of the time to understand and get a clearer knowledge about
specific routing protocol and which parameters is suit to be applied on the OLSR
protocol. A number of recent research papers on the current project need to review and
grasp the configuration and the procedure of data transfer from node to node. The
neighbour detection and neighbourhood sensing need to be understand in detail and
what control packet related.
In addition, there are a lot of challenges when comes to the simulation of OLSR
protocol in the NS2. There are a lot of pre-configuration and pre-installation needed to
be performed correct in order to have the NS2 installed in the operating system. The
code for the execution of OLSR is required a lot of effort in understanding and learning
from internet sources. There are also many files needed to be understand and added into
the NS2 to run the OLSR protocol because it need to be patch into NS2 from external
sources. A huge effort is invested in writing the code to ensure that the simulation of
OLSR protocol is able to produce the results for evaluation of performance.
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5.4 Future Works
There are some recommendation for further work on OLSR routing protocol to
obtain better outcomes on OLSR. The simulation can be executed with other mobility
models namely the Gauss-Markov mobility model, rather than utilizing Random
Waypoint as an element of the mobility model. Moreover, the transmission range, pause
time and network area can be considered in the simulation of the routing protocol. This
is done to analyse and evaluate the performance in a different aspects. For the future
works, the evaluation of the OLSR protocol can be studied with different routing
protocols in term of the classification such as proactive, reactive and hybrid routing
protocols.
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REFERENCES
1. Frikha, M. (2011). Ad hoc networks: routing, QoS and optimization. London:
ISTE.
2. Sarkar, S. K., Basavaraju, T. G., & Puttamadappa, C. (2016). Ad Hoc Mobile
Wireless Networks Principles, Protocols, and Applications, Second Edition.
Baton Rouge: CRC Press.
3. Ismail, R., Zulkifli, C. Z., & Samsudin, K. (2016). Routing Protocols for Mobile
Ad-Hoc Network: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Jurnal Teknologi, 78(8).
doi: 10.11113/jt.v78.6025
4. Bai, Y., Mai, Y., & Wang, N. (2017). Performance comparison and evaluation
of the proactive and reactive routing protocols for MANETs. 2017 Wireless
Telecommunications Symposium (WTS). doi: 10.1109/wts.2017.7943538
5. Arora, D., Millman, E., & Neville, S. W. (2012). Assessing the Expected
Performance of the OLSR Routing Protocol for Denser Urban Core Ad Hoc
Network Deployments. 2012 IEEE 26th International Conference on Advanced
Information Networking and Applications. doi: 10.1109/aina.2012.93
6. E., Z., & Atef, M. (2017). Performance Evaluation of AODV, DSR and OLSR
in MANET using Opnet Simulator. International Journal of Computer
Applications, 163(11), 23–30. doi: 10.5120/ijca2017913775
7. Lakshman Naik L, R. U. Khan and R. B. Mishra (2016). Analysis of Node
Velocity Effects in MANET Routing Protocols using Network Simulator (NS3).
International Journal of Computer Applications, 144(4), 1–5. doi:
10.5120/ijca2016910225
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8. Abdullah, A. M., Ozen, E., & Bayramoglu, H. (2019). Investigating the Impact
of Mobility Models on MANET Routing Protocols. International Journal of
Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 10(2). doi:
10.14569/ijacsa.2019.0100204
9. Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR). (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3626#section-19.
10. Abdulleh, M. N., & Yussof, S. (2015). Performance Analysis of AODV, OLSR
and GPSR MANET Routing Protocols with Respect to Network Size and
Density. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and
Technology, 11(4), 400–406. doi: 10.19026/rjaset.11.1794
11. Natarajan, K., & Mahadevan, G. (2017). Mobility based performance analysis
of MANET routing protocols. International Journal of Computer
Applications, 163(10), 37–43. doi: 10.5120/ijca2017913759
12. Performance Comparison of MANET Routing Protocols (OLSR, AODV, DSR,
GRP and TORA) Considering Different Network Area Size. (n.d.). International
Journal of Engineering and Management Research, 6(3), 475–484.
13. D. Kumar and S.C. Gupta (2015). Transmission Range, Density & Speed based
Performance Analysis of Ad Hoc Networks. (n.d.). African Journal of
Computing & ICT, 8(1), 173–178.
14. Sharma, A., & Kumar, R. (2016). Performance comparison and detailed study
of AODV, DSDV, DSR, TORA and OLSR routing protocols in ad hoc
networks. 2016 Fourth International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and
Grid Computing (PDGC). doi: 10.1109/pdgc.2016.7913218
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15. Abdullah, A. M., Ozen, E., & Bayramoglu, H. (2019). Investigating the Impact
of Mobility Models on MANET Routing Protocols. International Journal of
Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 10(2). doi:
10.14569/ijacsa.2019.0100204
16. Asri, U. S. (2018). An Enhancement of Gateway Selection Scheme in Mobile
Ad-Hoc Network (MANET).
17. Mobile Ad-hoc Network Simulators, a Survey and Comparisons.
(n.d.). International Journal of P2P Network Trends and Technology
(IJPTT), 4(3), 22–26.
18. (n.d.). Retrieved December 21, 2019, from https://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/.
19. Moad, D., Djahel, S., & Nait-Abdesselam, F. (2012). Improving the quality of
service routing in OLSR protocol. 2012 International Conference on
Communications and Information Technology (ICCIT). doi:
10.1109/iccitechnol.2012.6285815
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APPENDIX
GANTT CHART FINAL YEAR PROJECT 1
Activity/Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Topic
Discussion
Project Title
Proposal
Introduction
Literature
Review
Presentation
Methodology
Draft Report
Submit Draft
Report
Final
Preparation
and
Presentation
Final Report
FYP 1
Gantt Chart 1: Activities and milestones of FYP 1
68
GANTT CHART FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2
Activity/Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Project
Meeting with
supervisor
Project
Development
Progress
Presentation
and Evaluation
Project
Development
(cont)
Project Testing
FYP Format
Writing
Workshop
Project Testing
(cont)
Submit Draft
Report and
Documentation
Submit Poster
and
Preparation for
Final
Presentation
Seminar/Final
Presentation
and Panel
Evaluation
Final Thesis
Submission
and Supervisor
Evaluation
Gantt Chart 2: Activities and milestones of FYP 2
top related