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Perceptions of Opportunity and Empowerment in Sub-Saharan AfricaJanuary 2011
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Key Points
Feelings of disempowerment are an important consequence of
social and economic exclusion in sub-Saharan Africa
Africans’ economic optimism and perceptions of job availability
are strongly related to their current income level
In some countries with poor human rights records, residents’
satisfaction with personal freedom and belief in the value of hard
work rise with income
Satisfaction with local education systems also tends to rise with
income; strong relationships are seen in several countries,
including Zimbabwe and Mali
3Copyright © 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gallup World Poll Methodology
Data presented here were gathered in 2008, 2009 and 2010
from 31 countries in sub-Saharan Africa
All surveys are conducted in person after being translated into
the major languages spoken in each country
All surveys use randomly selected, nationally representative
samples. Sample sizes are1,000 in every country except
Cameroon, where it is 1,200
The Gallup World Poll continually surveys residents in more than
150 countries, representing more than 98% of the world’s adult
population
4Copyright © 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved.
Right now, do you feel your standard of living is getting better or getting worse?Results divided by respondents’ RELATIVE INCOME LEVEL within their own countries
5Copyright © 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. 5
Standard of Living Perceptions Suggest Growing DivergenceData aggregated from 31 sub-Saharan African countries, 2008-2010
34%
40%
45%
49%
57%
26% 27% 26% 25%22%
39%
33%
29%26%
21%
Poorest 20% Second 20% Middle 20% Fourth 20% Richest 20%
Getting better Staying the same (vol.) Getting worse
Right now, do you feel your standard of living is getting better or getting worse?Results divided by respondents’ LEVEL OF COMFORT ON THEIR PRESENT INCOME
6Copyright © 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. 6
Standard of Living Perceptions Suggest Growing DivergenceData aggregated from 31 sub-Saharan African countries, 2008-2010
31%
42%
54%
66%
25%28%
25%
18%
43%
30%
21%
16%
Finding it very difficult on present income
Finding it difficult on present income
Getting by on present income
Living comfortably on present income
Getting better Staying the same (vol.) Getting worse
Right now, do you feel your standard of living is getting better or getting worse?Results divided by respondents’ relative income level within their own countries
7Copyright © 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. 7
Standard of Living Perceptions Suggest Growing DivergenceDEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, November 2009
14%
28%
37%
44%
53%
22%
26%
38%
31%
19%
63%
46%
25% 24%27%
Poorest 20% Second 20% Middle 20% Fourth 20% Richest 20%
Getting better Staying the same (vol.) Getting worse
Right now, do you feel your standard of living is getting better or getting worse?Results divided by respondents’ relative income level within their own countries
8Copyright © 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. 8
Standard of Living Perceptions Suggest Growing DivergenceMALAWI, September 2009
37%
50%
58%
64%
82%
25% 26%23% 24%
12%
38%
24%
19%
12%
7%
Poorest 20% Second 20% Middle 20% Fourth 20% Richest 20%
Getting better Staying the same (vol.) Getting worse
Right now, do you feel your standard of living is getting better or getting worse?Results divided by respondents’ relative income level within their own countries
9Copyright © 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. 9
Standard of Living Perceptions Suggest Growing DivergenceBOTSWANA, July 2008
18%
36%
42%
56%
62%
36%
31%
13%16% 17%
44%
34%
45%
28%
21%
Poorest 20% Second 20% Middle 20% Fourth 20% Richest 20%
Getting better Staying the same (vol.) Getting worse
Thinking about the job situation in the city or area where you live today, would you
say that it is now a good time or a bad time to find a job?Results divided by respondents’ RELATIVE INCOME LEVEL within their own countries
10Copyright © 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. 10
Perceptions of Job Availability Rise with Income LevelsData aggregated from 31 sub-Saharan African countries, 2008-2010
28%32%
34%38%
42%
66%64%
62%
58%
53%
Poorest 20% Second 20% Middle 20% Fourth 20% Richest 20%
Good time Bad time
Thinking about the job situation in the city or area where you live today, would you
say that it is now a good time or a bad time to find a job?Results divided by respondents’ LEVEL OF COMFORT ON THEIR PRESENT INCOME
11Copyright © 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. 11
Perceptions of Job Availability Rise with Income LevelsData aggregated from 31 sub-Saharan African countries, 2008-2010
27%
33%
40%
52%
68%
62%
54%
44%
Finding it very difficult on present income
Finding it difficult on present income
Getting by on present income
Living comfortably on present income
Good time Bad time
Thinking about the job situation in the city or area where you live today, would you
say that it is now a good time or a bad time to find a job?Results divided by respondents’ relative income level within their own countries
12Copyright © 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. 12
Perceptions of Job Availability Rise with Income Levels CHAD, December 2009
32%
49%
62%
74%70%
56%
46%
34%
22%
28%
Poorest 20% Second 20% Middle 20% Fourth 20% Richest 20%
Good time Bad time
Thinking about the job situation in the city or area where you live today, would you
say that it is now a good time or a bad time to find a job?Results divided by respondents’ relative income level within their own countries
13Copyright © 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. 13
Perceptions of Job Availability Rise with Income Levels RWANDA, August 2009
27%
35%38%
57%59%
65%
58% 57%
40%
29%
Poorest 20% Second 20% Middle 20% Fourth 20% Richest 20%
Good time Bad time
In [country], are you satisfied or dissatisfied with your freedom to choose what you
do with your life?Results divided by respondents’ relative income level within their own countries
14Copyright © 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. 14
Satisfaction with Personal Freedom Shows Little Variation at Aggregate LevelData aggregated from 31 sub-Saharan African countries, 2008-2010
63%67% 67% 68% 68%
36%32% 32% 31% 32%
Poorest 20% Second 20% Middle 20% Fourth 20% Richest 20%
Satisfied Dissatisfied
In [country], are you satisfied or dissatisfied with your freedom to choose what you
do with your life?Results divided by respondents’ relative income level within their own countries
15Copyright © 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. 15
Satisfaction with Personal Freedom Rises with Income in Some CountriesDEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, November 2009
43%39%
60%
69%66%
51%
61%
39%
32%34%
Poorest 20% Second 20% Middle 20% Fourth 20% Richest 20%
Satisfied Dissatisfied
In [country], are you satisfied or dissatisfied with your freedom to choose what you
do with your life?Results divided by respondents’ relative income level within their own countries
16Copyright © 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. 16
Satisfaction with Personal Freedom Rises with Income in Some Countries ZIMBABWE, March 2010
45%
64%
73%70%
80%
55%
36%
27%30%
20%
Poorest 20% Second 20% Middle 20% Fourth 20% Richest 20%
Satisfied Dissatisfied
Can people in this country get ahead by working hard, or not?Results divided by respondents’ relative income level within their own countries
17Copyright © 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. 17
Belief that Hard Work Pays Off Shows Little Variation at Aggregate LevelData aggregated from 31 sub-Saharan African countries, 2008-2010
82% 82% 84% 85%88%
16% 16% 15% 14% 12%
Poorest 20% Second 20% Middle 20% Fourth 20% Richest 20%
Yes, can get ahead No, cannot get ahead
Can people in this country get ahead by working hard, or not?Results divided by respondents’ relative income level within their own countries
18Copyright © 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. 18
Belief that Hard Work Pays Off Rises with Income in Some CountriesCHAD, December 2009
59%
43%
62%
71%
82%
41%
57%
38%
27%
18%
Poorest 20% Second 20% Middle 20% Fourth 20% Richest 20%
Yes, can get ahead No, cannot get ahead
Can people in this country get ahead by working hard, or not?Results divided by respondents’ relative income level within their own countries
19Copyright © 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. 19
Belief that Hard Work Pays Off Rises with Income in Some CountriesSENEGAL, June 2009
57%
67%
75% 77%
85%
42%
32%
25% 23%
15%
Poorest 20% Second 20% Middle 20% Fourth 20% Richest 20%
Yes, can get ahead No, cannot get ahead
20Copyright © 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. 20
Belief that Hard Work Pays Off Related to Literacy RatesData from 28 sub-Saharan African countries, r = 0.53
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Literacy rate (UNESCO 2007)
Percent saying "Yes, people can get ahead by working hard"
In the city or area where you live, are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the
educational system or the schools?Results divided by respondents’ relative income level within their own countries
21Copyright © 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. 21
Modest Relationship Overall Between Income and Education Satisfaction Data aggregated from 31 sub-Saharan African countries, 2008-2010
47%49%
51%53%
57%
53%50%
48%46%
43%
Poorest 20% Second 20% Middle 20% Fourth 20% Richest 20%
Satisfied Dissatisfied
In the city or area where you live, are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the
educational system or the schools?Results divided by respondents’ relative income level within their own countries
22Copyright © 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. 22
Income and Education Perceptions Strongly Related in Some CountriesZIMBABWE, March 2010
26%30%
34%
40%
52%
74%70%
66%
60%
48%
Poorest 20% Second 20% Middle 20% Fourth 20% Richest 20%
Satisfied Dissatisfied
In the city or area where you live, are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the
educational system or the schools?Results divided by respondents’ relative income level within their own countries
23Copyright © 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. 23
Income and Education Perceptions Strongly Related in Some CountriesMALI, October 2009
20% 21% 23%
33%
43%
80% 79%76%
67%
57%
Poorest 20% Second 20% Middle 20% Fourth 20% Richest 20%
Satisfied Dissatisfied
Conclusion
Though the relationships between income level and perceptions
of empowerment are modest at the aggregate level, they are
much stronger in some African countries than others
Countries where perceptions of empowerment are most strongly
related to income include those where political patronage and
human rights violations are most severe
Economic inclusion and empowerment are just two concepts that
fall under the larger bracket of social mobility which in turn is
simply one element fed into a broader concept of social cohesion
– consistent perceptual measures can also be used to address
the other elements
24Copyright © 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved.
Thank you
25Copyright © 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved.
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