pathways summary brief 25 aug2010
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HSCB Pathways Program25August 2010Jeffrey G. Morrison, Ph.D
morrisonj@tswg.gov
703.604.0339
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
HSCB & The Need for Frameworks• HSCB Phase 1: Shotgun of projects. All about models… “Seeds
in the field & Let’s see what grows” – Showcased at “Focus 2010”
• HSCB Phase 2: Need to rationalize & create foci for rapid protyping into operational capabilities by FY12– Define a common “framework” to ensure that models and data will
come together as needed– Must be supportable & transitionable within DoD PORs– Address urgent operational needs in a repeatable manner– Form basis for “composable” modeling– Serve as catalyst for next generation S-C modeling– 6.3 / 6.4 Foci given anticipated HSCB Funding profile
• CTTSO releases HSCB BAA 09-Q-4590 in May 2009
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CTTSO HSCB BAA 09-Q-4590 • Goal: Build and demonstrate end-to-end HSCB functional
capabilities:– Enable an analyst to translate an operational requirement to into a
analytic strategy given available data & models– Execute best available models against best available data (individually
& as hybrid / composites) to perform analyses – Visualize and share results, source data & models in a consistent
manner amenable to supporting command / tactical decision-making related to understand stability and threats in regions and develop appropriate course of action
• Semi-automatically manage data, condition and load it into appropriate models
• Provide a basis for an analyst to find and link together models with data to develop a usable product that supports operational decision making (i.e. enable Hybrid-Modeling).
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Road to Pathways
BAA 09-Q-4590 Requirements
•2531 – HSCB Modeling Decision Support Framework
•2532 – HSCB Dataset Repository and Management System
•2533 – HSCB Data Translation and Brokering System
•2534 – HSCB Modeling Visualization Framework
114 White Paper
s
•Papers evenly distributed across 4 requirements
•Source Selection Team recommends 13 papers for full proposals
•7 Full Proposals selected for FY10 Funding
Pathways
Program
•Proposals for Req’ts 2531, 2532, 2533 combined into 2 single contracts, creating two teams:•Team 1: Lockheed
Martin ATL / Lockheed Martin ISGS - “Nexus”
•Team 2: BAE / BBN – “Prism”
•Oculus selected as sole performer for 2534 due to funding – “Aperture”
•Anticipatory Funding Authorized 26 April 2010 for the 3 Pathways contracts
•Contract awards to be complete by Aug 2010
•Formal Kick-Off planned for 28 July 2010
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HSCB Pathways Program
Defining a Navigation Frameworkfor Socio-Cultural Topology
28 July 2010
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MG Flynn, USA, J2 ISAF; “Fixing Intel” - Jan 2010
“Our operators must find better ways to answer fundamental questions about the environment in which we
operate and the people we are trying to protect and persuade.”
HSCB Environment:Socio-Cultural (S-C) Topology questions are diverse
Data Driven Methods
Model Driven Methods
“What is the village’s sentiment toward US? Has it changed since the 2 new schools were built?”
Individuals andSmall groups
Regional Populations
General Population,Government Institutions.
“What is the local population’s attitude toward the insurgents? Is the population ready to marginalize the insurgency movement, especially in the south.
“What are the key factors that drive popular support for the insurgency verses that for the government?”
“What if local and district groups were empowered to define the rule of law and justice?”
“What if acceptable stability for the country is not achieved in the next 6 months?
“What if new economic initiatives are implemented in the southern provinces?
What if Questions
What isQuestions
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S-C Data ChallengesDiverse and Dynamic Data Variety of Models
Today’s Limits: Few extant methods and standards for joining information, analyses, and forecasts of this breadth, volume, and variability. Real World Data
Structured tables
Unstructured text from reports
Blogs
Imagery
Chat rooms
Geo-spatial data
Dynamic,Theory-based
Impact if Pathways is successful: Enhanced mission performance through easier data organization and access, and by making analyses, and forecasts easier to assemble and use
Descriptive, Statistical
Pathways Modeling Engine
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Pathways Objective Capability: Socio-Cultural Navigation
Pathways Objective Capability: Socio-Cultural Navigation
Data Driven Methods
Hypothesis Driven Methods
Models for forward base
Models for humanitarian response
Models for Division HQ to determining tipping points
Socio-CulturalTopology
Socio-Cultural Data
What is the Status?
What if this occurred; or action was taken?
Modeling Challenges:1. Develop Models for the Mapping S-C topology2. Develop Models for Navigating the topology3. Develop Models for forecasting plausible futures
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Develop a new hybrid modeling engine for navigating the Socio-Cultural Topology.
Develop a new hybrid modeling engine for navigating the Socio-Cultural Topology.
Pathways Technical Objective
• Address the full spectrum of diverse, military, S-C needs as they emerge Enable the tailored and rapid assembly of models with best available
data Enable the discovery and adaption of data to meet emergent
operational needs. Enable better understanding the operational S-C environments. Support exploring fundamental “what if” and “what is” questions. Provide a common user interface to enable access to hybrid models &
data - with interactive visualizations that support S-C situation awareness and commanders’ option assessment.
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Each map may have its own topology, coordinate/attribute scheme.
Socio-Culture Topology: (n-Dimensional State Space) - Geospatial & Temporal- Entities, e.g.
- People (individuals)- Groups- Institutions
- Events- Economics & Security- Resources (& movement)- Attitudes, Values & Influences,
and trends
x0
S0
Path1
Path2
State Data
y0
Data notsubject toinfluence
Data thatcan be
influenced
CollectibleDerivedStateData
Socio-Culture Topology & Requirements
2. Model characterization to aid discovery and integration into different applications, i.e., use State Data to generate S-C maps (typically data-driven models in this step)
3. Build Architecture for joining heterogeneous collections of models; with quick addition of new models, to create COA models
4. Discovery of actionable factors within the models that influence any given outputs 5. Visualization of threads that
link data, models, and analysis to increase model/decision transparency
1. Enable data organization via meta-tagging
Key Technology Requirements:
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Modeling Conceptual Challenge
“How do we know we are getting the right answers - not just getting the wrong answers faster?”
• Better question: How do we make sure we are getting useful results from hybrid models?1. Develop Process Theories for how Hybrid Models will be used.
• Different models may be applicable to different analysts at different echelons & with different problems.
2. Expose model & data at the appropriate levels to be meaningful to S-C Theorists & Analysts
“Essentially, all models are wrong – but some are useful.”,(George E. P. Box)
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Meta-Theory for S-C Analysis• Object:
1. Manage the S-C Modeler / Analyst Dialog as a repeatable Process. 2. Demonstrate that we can get better answers through Hybrid Modeling.
• Challenge: Start with needs based on what an analyst does today: Define a process theory that will be meaningful to S-C Hybrid Modeling– Show what can & needs to be done– Provide a System Diagram & narrative addressing Process
• Map out and expose an S-C Topology• Develop Courses of Action given the S-C Topology
– Identify Strengths & Weaknesses• Describe your plan to address weaknesses• Define Metrics for assessment
– Propose program assessment protocols & metrics
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A Meta-Model for the Analytic Process
TIME/EFFORT
Shoebox
Evidence File
Search & Filter
Read & Extract
Schematize
Build Case
Tell Story
Search for Information
Search for Relations
Search for Evidence
Search for Support
Reevaluate
STR
UC
TUR
E
Schemas
Hypotheses
Presentation
External Data
Sources
Sense Making Loop
Foraging Loop
Courtesy of PARC (2007)
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Notional Meta-Theory ObjectivesTell us where you think we will end up*
• Tells us what model decomposition is appropriate & meaningful to end users.
• Tells us about data– What sort of data is needed & help maps what data is available– Tells the form(s) of data should be to answer need
• Suggests an “evidence calculus”; – What we need to know from the models– What we do / don’t know– Necessary assumptions– Hypotheses that need to be explored– ID schemas to tell the story– ID the Inputs/Outputs of the model to address the operational
questions
• *Subject to change without notice
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Assemble: Data, Causal &
Correlation Relationships
Identify & Assemble Hybrid
Models; Measure Fit (for analysis topics)
Generate Projections, i.e.,Courses of Action
Assess evidence with respect to the projections.Deduce and generate:-Additional data to improve fit, or-Next question & supporting data
Situational:EconomicsFoodMedicalMedia SaturationStabilityPublic Works
Perceptual, I.e., HowPublic supports:OPFORBlue ForceLocal Govt.Other Authorities
Evidence Calculus
“If we have these observations , what weight of evidence to
we accord to each projected path?”
Policy/Treatment Question
S0
Path1
Path2
S1
Path1
Path2
S2
Path1
Path2
AnalysisTopic 1
AnalysisTopic 2
AnalysisTopic 3
Pathways Way-Ahead
Interactive Visualization tools
Brigade & Above Strategic Influence for
Sudan, Congo & Horn of Africa
Model- and Data-DrivenApplications
New Generation Modeling System
Technology Base for Model andInformation System Development
1. Select Exemplars that Span Diverse Applications
2. Identify Hybrid Models that should Address the Exemplars
3. Develop New Modeling Integration Framework joining Data- and Model-driven uses
Battalion & BelowStability Operations for
Provincial ReconstructionTeam in Afghanistan
Tools and Techniquesfor Non-obvious
relationships
4. Integration of point solutions when & where appropriate
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SA/OA
SA/OA SA
/OA
Pathways’ Key Milestones
Milestone 1 Milestone 3Milestone 2 Milestone 4
Establish Static
System
Dynamic Model, Data
Selection
Aids to Automate,
Guide Analysis
Testing, Transition
Technology Integration Experiments (TIE)
TIE#1
TIE #2
TIE #3
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Pathways Program OverviewPhase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 TransitionEstablish Static Framework & Baseline Capability
Dynamic Model & Data Selection
Demonstrate Data Discovery & Model Selection for Operational Decision Support
Mission Specific Operational& Transition Demos
Deploy & Sustainment
Focus: • Integrate models &
data into framework• Define & Implement
S-C Meta-Model • Define operational
decision support requirements for users
Focus: • Integrate models on
demand• Demonstrate use of
theoretically derived S-C meta-models
• Code & manage data in multiple security enclaves
• Decision support for model selection & composition
Focus: •End-to-end Capability•Analyst & Planners able to take command challenge problem & offer valid, model-based solutions that support command decision-making.
•Demonstrated utility & internal validation of S-C models at meta-model level
Focus: •Prepare for Transition•Documentation & Training
•POR Integration • In-Theater Operational use testing & Utility assessment
Focus: •Tools sustained via Programs Of Record
Metrics:• Demonstrate
repository mapping of Open Source Data
• Define S-C Auto-Tagging of structured data
• Baseline models show theoretically derived dependencies interaction
• Demo Model integration using fixed data & models
Metrics:• 200% reduction in
time for trend analysis• 82% Meta-Data
Coding Accuracy• Dynamically Map new
data source into frame work <8 Person-Hours.
• Planner able to compose models to address requirement <8 Person-Hours
Metrics:• Automatic detection of significant
changes in S-C Topology.• Models optimized and support
assessment of COA < 8 Person-Hours.
• “Shrink Wrap” solutions for 3 mission areas
• 92% Coding Accuracy• Automatic anomaly detection from
open source data• System guided drill down into model
pedigree & data for Analyst SA & Command decision-maker OA.
Metrics:• Models adapted for
use as tools to support 3 operational missions at 2 different echelons
• Able to exploit live data in theater < 6 Hours
6 Mo. 8 Mo. 18 Months 12 Months 16Months
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Pathways: Evidence of SuccessFrom: To:
Arbitrary technical approaches guiding tool development
Combine Empirical and Theory Driven Approaches
Interactive VisualizationStatic views with no visibility into inner workings
Hybrid Modeling EngineSupporting “mash-up” with data & tailoring on demand
One-off solutions with hard-wired models & data
End-to-End SystemModel Components
User Composeable - Scaleable Framework
Custom, brittle, implementations
Hybrid Modeling for Navigating the Socio-Cultural TopologyHybrid Modeling for Navigating the Socio-Cultural Topology
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Combating Terrorism Technical Support Office, (CTTSO)Human Social, Culture & Behavior Modeling Program (HSCB)
Questions?
HSCB Pathways ProgramDefining a Navigation Framework
for Socio-Cultural Topology
Jeffrey G. Morrison, Ph.D
morrisonj@tswg.gov
703.604.0339
BACKUP
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Initial Insights, Concerns & Caveats• Insights & Concerns:
– Pathways needs to define Challenge Problems (by program phase).
• Clear, Compelling, Operationally Relevant• Framed in a suitable context
– S-C Theory derived meta-models– Strategically chosen Mission Areas
– Assessment & Metrics – Evolving as we go … we need input ASAP!
• Programmatic – What progress are you making & is it consistent with the plan?
• Technical – Does it do anything? Does it do what it needs to do?• Operational – Does it do anything useful & of interest to our
customers? Why should we care?• Transition – Will it go / is it going … anywhere?
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Initial Insights, Concerns & Caveats• Insights & Concerns:
– Need to develop “stories” for inside (HSCB) & outside consumption (Scientific Modeling /End-users)(Know you audience!!)
• Vision: Complementary... To HSCB, to each other, to related sponsored efforts
• Mission, Goals & Objectives (by program phase)
– Technology Integration Events (TIEs) & Formal Assessments– HSCB Outreach Events… as directed.
• Need media & stories ASAP to support “emergent” HSCB outreach events.
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Tell a “Story”
• BLUF: You need a story... – You need to tell us what you are going to do... – It needs to have an elevator speech ...– Every story will be different (know your audience!)… – We need supporting media (stand alone): Posters, 3-Minute Video, etc.– We will do what we can to help…
• Each project needs to tell a story that makes it clear where you are going, why it is important, how it is relevant to HSCB / Pathways, and why it will make a difference
• Heilmeier Catechism: (George H. Heilmeier, DARPA TD 1975-77)
• What are we trying to do?• How does this get done at present? Who does it? What are the limitations of the present
approaches?• What is new about your approach? Why do we think you can be successful at this time?• If you succeed, what differences do you think it will make?• How long do you think it will take? What are your mid-term and final exams?• How much will it cost?
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Notional Pathways Story Template• Commander Smith needs to know X in order to do Y – turns to his staff…• An analyst has n hours to help the commander. He breaks the information need
into these questions: A, B, C. • He uses (Pathways Framework) as a decision support system to find best
available information that will answer the questions. – Discovers models that might help answer the questions– Looks for and discovers contextually relevant data that could feed the models.– Assesses the applicability of data to the models & conditions the data as needed.– Develops (or verifies) an understanding the S-C topology. (Note: May link together models
to create the needed S-C Topology.)– Starts Hybrid Modeling; linking models & data together to create Courses Of Action (COAs)
within the topology (s). Documents Assumptions & Limitations.– Evaluates COAs & Develops recommendations– Packages Recommendations to give to Commander.– Command staff looks at recommendations and have visibility into supporting models /
analyses.
• Commander makes decisions, wins the war, and everyone lives happily ever after!
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DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT OPTIONS
Pathways Kick-Off GuidanceNEXUS ProposalPRISM Proposal
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Pathways Nexus Team Advanced Technology Laboratories
For Official Use Only
Preliminary Recommendations
• SSTR – Somalia - Hospital opening in Mogadishu– Leverage LM pathfinder project (availability of initial models, data)– Scenario defined by LM SME (Alex Moore) – value / correctness verified w/ active duty
members of reserves• IO - Mexico – Influence campaign / Military campaign analysis
– Leverage LM Opinion Propagation Models, structured equation models– Leverage relevant Columbian analyses / models – agent based models related to drug interdiction
operations
• Stability Analysis - Congo – Potential partition / stability analyses– Potential leverage of statistical models and open source models– Leverage of LM – ORNL Shared vision program – Congo interest– Considered high interest to AFRICOM
• IO - Disappearance of Leaders – Single Bullet– Multiple theories could be implemented as models– Significant literature on authoritarian governments– Instances of models could be applied to multiple situations
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HSCB Analysis Users
Category User (Analyst) Organizations HSCB RolesStrategic Human Factors Analysis
Human Factors Analyst HF IPT;DIA; JIOC Global Harvest, NASIC, NGIC, 4POG, others
Rigorous analysis of foreign individuals and networks
Special Analysis; Manhunt SOCOM; SKOPE; others All-source analysis; focus problems
Cultural Analysis and Targeting SOCOM All-source analysis; focus problems
Targeting Analysis NSA Special analysis; focus problems
Operational Socio-Cultural Dynamics Analysis
Human Terrain Geospatial Intelligence Analyst (General)
NGA HT Pilot program developing broad application analytic methodology
S2/J2 Intel Analyst ; PMESII targeting Cells Brigade and Above
COCOMS (ex. PACOM Socio-cultural Dynamics Center)
DCGS-A users; JIPOE analysis; socio-cultural
HTS Reach-back Cell TRADOC CONUS expert support to HTT’s
Targeting; Socio-Cultural Analyst JIEDDO COIC Threat targeting analysis; social environment analysis
Operational/Tactical Field Analysis
S2 Intel Analyst Brigade and Below
COCOM S2 cell JIPOE analysis; socio-cultural
HTT Human Terrain System- Human Terrain Team (HTT)
TRADOC Support BCT Brigade Combat Team; Interact with S3 effects cell
Stability Operations Information Center (SOIC) Analyst
COCOM Social analysis; populations, organizations, leaders and influences
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HSCB Planning Users
Category User (Planner) Organizations HSCB Roles
Strategic and Operational Influence Planning
Strategic Influence Planner CIA, DIA; COCOMs Develop national level deterrence, influence plans (Strategic Communication, IO, Lethal Force)
Operational PSYOP Planner SOCOM; 4POG Plan operational PSYOP campaigns and activities
National IO Planner STRATCOM (JIOWC) ISPAN; VISION (JFCOM) Perform coordinated theater and national-level IO planning
Operational Planning Support
J3 IO Planners COCOM J3 Cells, JIEDDO, Ist IO Command, other IO cells
Plan coordinated Information Operations campaigns
Wargaming Analysts (J8) Joint Collaborative Analysis Conf (JCAC) IPT
Conduct socio-cultural analyses in support of Operational-level planning
Classified Task Cells JWAC Special planning activities
Operational Field Planners
S3 PMESII Targeting Cells XVII Airborne, others Plan and monitor special PMESII targeting actions
S3 Brigade and below IO lanners COCOM Units Tactical level, rapid response planning; HSCB provides support with planning products (organized information, progress tracking, human terrain products, etc.)
S5 Brigade and Below Planners COCOM units
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Challenge 1 – COIN Operations in Afghanistan
• Three ISAF LOOs– Governance– Development– Security
• Data: Availability of adequate social-cultural and economic data.
• Decision Support: Availability of decision support tools in combination with data to:
– Enable analysts to understand social-cultural dynamics
– Enable planners to develop lines of effort and COA’s within the S-C context
– Enable policy-makers to make effective decisions and create measurable social, security, economic opportunities in Afghanistan.
Inefficient or Corrupt Governance
Practices; Urban-Rural divide
Dynamic social political environment;
violent disruptions and coercive
influences
Widely distributed rural societies;
embedded threats
Social-Cultural Analysis Challenges in Quasi-Stable Environments
Regional geo-political influences
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Challenge 2- Strategic Influence Planning in HOA
• Phase 0 (Shaping) Challenges– Counter growing influence of China– Preventing spill-over of instability across
borders– Deny safe havens
• Data: Sparse social-cultural and economic data to support sources of influence and behavior to sources
• Decision Support: Availability of decision support tools in combination with data to:
– Enable analysts to understand diverse interests, perspectives, perceptions, and influences
– Enable planners to develop lines of effort and COA’s within the S-C context
– Enable policy-makers to make effective decisions and create measurable effects of Strategic Communications, diplomatic , security, and economic COA’s.
Horn of Africa• AFRICOM challenge problems; phase 0 shaping • Tribal power struggles; environmental degradation; resource competition• Marginal infrastructure; limited media sources• Competing foreign influences
PROJECT QUAD CHARTS
For Official Use Only
NEXUS Pathways
Integrated Socio-Cultural Model and Data Exploitation for Multiple Missions & Granularity
Schedule: 60 Months
PERFORMERS: Lockheed Martin, Lustick Consulting, SAE Inc. , The Penn State University, The Rendon Group
TECHNICAL APPROACH: Unlock and link the power of heterogeneous models, simulations, tools, and data through a services oriented architecture (SOA) focused on:
• Providing innovative modeling and data analytic capabilities including composing hybrid models, semantic and theoretically grounded model interoperability, mixed-method forecast triangulation, etc.
• Implementing translation and brokering services to support data-dependent modeling/simulation needs from a virtual distributed heterogeneous pool of data sources.
• Demonstrating framework flexibility by handling high-volume input of raw structured and unstructured data sources to feed a range of mission-specific prototypes.
OBJECTIVE: Exploit a broad range of extant and evolving heterogeneous Socio-Cultural Modeling and Simulation services to foster improved 1) Situation Understanding and Exploitation; (2) Cultural Drivers and Theories; 3) Course of Action Assessment and (4) Decision Support Options
MILITARY RELEVANCE: Forecast and Assess the impact and consequences of potential actions on beliefs of hostile, friendly, and neutral actors for specific areas and contexts of interest.
Enable commanders and command staff to readily collect, model, forecast, and monitor pertinent situation, trends, and activities.
Support a broad range of critical military mission areas including Stability, Security, Transition and Reconstruction (SSTR), Influence Operations (IO), Stability Analysis, Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HA/DR), etc.
Task FY 10 FY 11 FY 12 FY 15
Capability Develop. & utility assessment
System Design
FY 14FY 13
Concept Development and Requirements
System Prototype Development and Evaluation
Capability Enhance, Eval & Transition
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SCHEDULE:TECHNICAL APPROACH: Develop and Implement a Computational Model-Based Analysis Capability:• Modeling: Build and compose custom computational
models of the environment• Data Management: Construct a data management
system capability to support model building and sharing• Interactive Viewing: Explore causal chains and
indirect consequences of actions.
MILITARY RELEVANCE / OPERATIONAL IMPACT: Improve intelligence modeling and analysis using integrated analysis tools supported by critical automated information management and coding processes. Provide tools to extract and monitor metrics such that the effects of given actions can be understood by the command staff.
Task FY 10 FY 11 FY 12 FY 15
Capability Develop. & utility assessment
System Design
FY 14FY 13
Concept Development and Requirements
System Prototype Development and Evaluation
Capability Enhance, Eval & Transition
OBJECTIVES: Develop and implement an hybrid modeling system to be both scalable & robust, and can be transitioned to operational use. PRISM features: provide for unbiased, objective, valid science-based tools to enable DOD Stability Operations, Analysis, Intelligence, and Experimentation.
PRISM TeamAnalysis
J2Planning
J5 (plan) J3 (0ps)J8 (Assessment)Data
Acquisition
Reporting
Analysis
Plan Assessment
PlanExecution
SituationAssessment
MissionIntent
Plan Development
DataTranslation
•Language•Extraction•Organize
•Search•Acquire•Metatag
•Structure•Model, Test•Anticipate
Social-Cultural Target
•Summarize; explain•Focus Issues•Warn, Predict
•Conceive Courses of actions within constraints, restraints, and resources
•Assess COA’s, effects and outcomes
2532,2533Data Mgmt,Brokering
2531 ScalableModelingSystem
36© 2010 Oculus Info Inc.
HSCB Modeling Visualization Framework
SCHEDULE:
OBJECTIVE● Design, develop and implement “Aperture” an open source
interactive visualization framework and API.● Implement using web services / protocols.● Demonstrate model developer and analyst plug-and-play,
component-based, “mashup” approach to modeling.● Deliver “Aperture” as non-proprietary, components in a
Services Oriented Architecture (SOA).
MILITARY RELEVANCE/OPERATIONAL IMPACT● Support interaction for a wide range of operation user
scenarios.● Provide modelers and operators key visualization capability
including time-line views, geo-spatial views, social network graphs, etc.
TECHNICAL APPROACH• Design and implement easy-to-use, innovative
and interoperable visualization foundation “vizlets”.
• Provide interactive visualization as reference implementation for integration and extension by PRISM and NEXUS modeling teams.
• Provide Aperture as a Web 2.0, SOA framework, APIs and documentation under an open source license.
• Collaborate with Topic One Teams and expert panels.
• Deliver tested documented releases of Aperture framework every six months.
Task FY 10 FY 11 FY 12 FY 13
Requirements Definition and Analysis
Develop SOA compliant Prototype & System Eval. System Demonstration, Deployment & Transition
System Design of Framework Architecture
PERFORMER: TRANSITION: PRISM & NEXUS Architecture
Tier 1: Basic Integration 1 Authentication and Authorization 2 Persistence 3 Container and Vizlet ServicesTier 2: Enhanced Integration 4 Selection Model 5 Pasteboard 6 Command Stack and Activity Logging 7 Data Mapping, Filtering and HighlightingTier 3: Resource Services 8 Layout Managers 9 GeoAssociation, Place Disambiguation,
Geolocation and Map Services10 Iconography Service
Aperture Services andVizlet Components
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