pass review

PASS Review

Stone Age Periods

• Old Stone Age -> Paleolithic

*hunters and gatherers

*nomad -> no permanent home

*stone tools

and weapons

*cave art /

NO written records

STONE AGE PERIODS

• New Stone Age -> Neolithic *man lived in larger groups *AGRICULTURE BEGAN *DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS *SURPLUS CROPS *SPECIALIZATION OF JOBS

Man’s Migration out of Africa

Man’s Migration into the Americas

FIRST CIVILIZATIONS!!

RIVER VALLEY

CIVILIZATIONS:

• Mesopotamia

• Egypt

• China

• India

River Valley Civilizations

Mesopotamia

In the FERTILE CRESCENT

Included Sumerian & Babylonian Empires *land between the rivers = TIGRIS & EUPHRATES

*Sargon -> created FIRST EMPIRE

*Hammurabi -> FIRST CODE OF LAWS

Hammurabi’s Code of Laws *Achievements: wheel, ZIGGURAT (religious center)

Hanging Gardens of Babylon, glass,

*WRITING = CUNEIFORM

Map of Fertile Crescent

Map of Mesopotamia

Sumerian Cuneiform

Hammurabi’s Code of Laws

ziggurat

Judaism

• Began in Fertile Crescent in Canaan

*FIRST MONOTHEISTIC Religion

*begun by Abraham

*holy text = Torah

*Ten Commandments

* Moses led Hebrews from Egypt to

Canaan

Torah

EgyptBegan along the NILE RIVER *Menes -> united Upper and Lower Egypt *Khufu -> (Cheops) Great Pyramid *Hatshepsut -> female pharaoh *Tutankhamun -> boy king, tomb found by Howard Carter *architecture = pyramids *writing = HIEROGLYPHICS on papyrus *government = pharaohs *economy = agriculture / FLOODING PRODUCED RICH SILT *religion = polytheistic *mummification

Egypt

Egypt

hieroglyphics

Great Pyramids of Giza

India

Began along the INDUS RIVER

*subcontinent of Asian Himalayas

cut it off from the rest of the continent

*cities = Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa

sometimes called Harappan Civilization

*writing = SANSKRIT

*TWO religions began here = HINDUISM & BUDDHISM

Indus River Valley

Hinduism

• Polytheistic religion introduced by

the Aryans• Brahman = supreme being• holy text = Vedas / “Books of Knowledge”• CASTE SYSTEM = different levels in society• REINCARNATION = cycle of birth, death, &

rebirth• dharma = laws and duties of Hindus

Buddhism

• Founder = Siddhartha Gautama “the Buddha”• Beliefs = Four Noble Truths (Suffering in Life) Middle Way Eightfold Path to reach Nirvana Reincarnation• Karma = end result of good & bad acts• NO caste system

Four Noble Truths

The Buddha

China

• Began along HUANG RIVER or Yellow River (because of loess or silt)

• government = dynasties Shang was the first *Mandate of Heaven = right to rule from the gods• oracle bones = predict the future

China continued:

• architecture = Great Wall of China -> built to keep out the Mongols

• tomb for Shihuangdi 1,000s of clay soldiers & horses

• achievements = SILK, Silk Road, seismograph, new type of rice, gunpowder, woodblock moveable type

• TWO religions began here = Confucianism & Taoism or Daoism

Great Wall

Shihuangdi’s Tomb

Seismograph

Silk Road

Confucianism

• Founder = Confucius

• Social order, harmony, and

good government based

on STRONG FAMILY

RELATIONSHIPS

• 5 basic relationships

• Education important to

society

Taoism or Daoism

• Founder = Laozi

• People should live simple

lives in harmony with

nature

• There should be little

interference from the

government

Greece

• TWO important city-states -> ATHENS & SPARTA• Architecture = Parthenon in Athens / temple for the goddess Athena• acropolis = high hill in Greeks city-states• Sparta = military was important• Olympic Games• 7 Wonders of the Ancient World (man made)• writing = Greek alphabet / adopted from the Phoenicians • agora = market place

Ancient Greece

The Parthenon

Athens FIRST DEMOCRACY in the world!! *people have a voice in the government

Greece continuedPeople / Know: *Socrates, Plato, & Aristotle = (SPA) philosophers *Archimedes = scientist & mathematician developed concept of pi *Homer = epic poems “The Iliad” & “The Odyssey” *Pericles = rich & poor had a part in the government / built Parthenon

*Alexander the Great = King of Macedonia

•conquered land in Europe, Africa, and Asia •military & political leader • began the Hellenistic Age = the Greek culture spread to other parts of the world

Alexander’s Empire

Rome

• Created a large empire on 3 continents: Europe, Asia and Africa• Two groups of citizens = patricians

(wealthy) & plebeians (common)• TWELVE TABLES = first written laws

for Rome• Punic Wars = Rome fought Carthage and

won• Pompeii buried by Mt. Vesuvius

Rome continued:

• Government = REPUBLIC -> people choose representatives to run the government

*senators = patricians *tribunes represented plebeians *consuls = 2 elected officials /were supreme judges and commanders of the military

Roman Empire

Rome continued• People to know: *Julius Caesar = made himself dictator assassinated by friends *Augustus = (Octavian) first emperor ruled during Pax Romana *Constantine = Byzantine Empire / Eastern Roman Empire allowed Christianity• Two Roman Empires formed as Rome

declined *Western Roman Empire (Rome) fell first *Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine) Constantinople lasted 1,000 more years

Rome continued

• JUSTINIAN CODE = created by Justinian of the Byzantine Empire-> strict but fair laws which gave the same rights to everyone, rich or poor

• Achievements = aqueducts, domes, arches, Pantheon, Colosseum, roads, alphabet, Roman numerals, Latin, laws, concrete, keystones, etc.

Roman aqueduct

Roman Colosseum

keystones

Christianity• Religion begun during the time of the

Roman Empire

• Founder = Jesus

• Holy Text = Bible

• Beliefs = monotheistic

People will gain salvation if they

follow the teachings of Jesus

• Three largest groups: Catholic, Protestant

& Eastern Orthodox

Religion of Islam

• Founder = Muhammad• Holy Text = Koran or Quran• Islamic God = Allah• Five Pillars of Faith: *Faith in Muhammad and Allah *Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca *Almsgiving -> give money to the poor *Fast during the month of Ramadan *Pilgrimage to Mecca once in lifetime

Map of West Africa

Geography of West Africa:Climate Zones from north to south:

• Mediterranean Sea

• Sahel “shore” of the Sahara Desert

• Sahara Desert (largest desert in the world)

• Savanna or grasslands (in the Sahel)

• Tropical Rainforest

Sahel

Sahara

Notes KNOW THIS!!

Ghana /Mali / Songhai:• great empires in West Africa south of the Sahara Desert

and near to the Atlantic Ocean• controlled GOLD & SALT TRADE• established vital TRADE ROUTES that connected West

Africa, Europe, and Western Asia• became wealthy by controlling these trade routes and

charging taxes• camel caravans were used along these trade routes

because of the harsh desert climate• Muslim Arab traders spread the religion of Islam into this

area and it became the major religion in western and northern Africa

Ghana• GHANA -> first great empire in WEST AFRICA

->controlled gold & salt trade

*resources included iron ore & gold

*used the iron ore to make tools & weapons

*used gold to trade with other nations

*MUSLIMS of North Africa were important trade partners with Ghana -> Muslims brought horses, cloth & SALT to trade with Ghana

*SALT-> important to preserve food &

to stay healthy

Mali• A great TRADE EMPIRE

• TIMBUKTU -> major trading city of Mali

• Trade with MUSLIMS was linked to the conversion of local people to the ISLAM religion

• Islamic influence was evident in government, education, & architecture

in west Africa

Songhai

• the largest of the three west Africa Empires

• developed along the Niger River

• it became a rich nation because of the large GOLD-SALT trade routes between Arabia, North Africa, & West Africa

Mesoamerica

• First people came from Asia by way of BERINGIA -> a land bridge that was formed during the Ice Age between Asia and North America

• Greatest civilizations in Mexico and Central AmericaMAYAS & AZTECS• slash and burn agriculture / grew maize• stone pyramids for religious purposes• steles = flat stones with glyphs (symbols)• codex = folding screen book• conquered by Spanish Conquistadors

Mesoamerica

Aztec Capital CityTenochtitlan

Chinampa Farming

Mayan Pyramid

stele

codex

Incas

• Lived in the Andes Mountains in South America

• Cities = Machu Picchu & Cuzco

• NO written language

• Quipu = knotted cord used for record keeping

• Conquered by Spanish conquistadors

Inca Terrace Farming

Inca Roads14,000 Miles of Roads!!

Inca Empire

quipu

Machu Picchu

Adena• All across the eastern United States are great mounds

of earth. Some shaped like domes, some like cones, and some are built in the form of huge circles. The cultures that built these mounds are known as mound builders.

• One of the first groups of mound builders were called the Adena.

• The Adena culture developed in the Ohio River Valley but spread in all directions.

• The Adena thrived from 700 BC to 100 AD.

Adena• The mounds built by the Adena were burial

mounds. • At first they were small hills of dirt built over the

graves of important people. As more people were buried in them, new layers of dirt were added and the mounds grew.

• The Adena were primarily hunters and gatherers but developed agriculture to supplement their supply of food.

Hopewell• The Hopewell thrived between 100

BC and 500 AD.• The Hopewell also lived in some of

the same places as the Adena did. This is probably why their cultures were so similar.

• However, the Hopewell spread over a far greater area. They also farmed and built more and larger mounds than the Adena.

Mississippian Culture• The Mississippian culture flourished

after 700 AD in much the same place as the Hopewell.

• Like the Hopewell and Adena they built mounds; however, they did not build burial mounds. Instead they built temple mounds.

• These mounds were usedfor religious and ceremonial purposes. Sometimes high rankingpriests lived on top of them.

• Cahokia is the largest temple mound site.

Pueblo – Anasazi*the foundational civilization of the Southwest

• The Anasazi is a Navajo word for “the Ancient Ones.”

• Anasazi culture thrived in the Southwest from 500 AD to 1280. They flourished in the shadows of the rugged cliffs of the Chaco Canyon.

• They are thought to be the ancestors of today’s Pueblo Indians.

Pueblo – Anasazi • The Anasazi are known for their architecture. • Around 750 BC they built pueblos, structures

made of stone or adobe bricks. (Adobe is made from sun dried mud… remember Mesopotamia?)

• One pueblo that still stands today is called “Pueblo Bonito” – “pretty village.”

• It is five stories tall with 800 rooms. It could over house over 1,000 people!

Middle Ages

• Also known as MEDIEVAL

(Latin for “middle”)

• Period between AD 500-1400

• Between fall of the Roman Empire & the Modern Age

• FEUDALISM->way of life during the Middle Ages based on ownership of land and loyalty

Middle Ages continued• Society: *King or monarch *Lords *Vassals = lower lords *Knights = protected the land *serfs or peasants = worked the land• MANORS = lord’s estate / including castle,

farmland, & village• GUILDS = first workers’ unions of craftsmen /

set rules on quality of products and prices of products

Middle Ages continued• MAGNA CARTA = THE Great

Charter which for the first time limited the power of a king and gave more power to the nobility

• King John I = was forced to sign the Magna Carta

knight & castle

King John signing the Magna Carta

Medieval Guilds

Japanese and European Feudal System:

JAPAN EUROPE

*Emperor *King (Monarch)

*Shogun *Lord (Noble)

*Daimyo *Vassals

*Samurai *Knights

*Serfs or Peasants---------------------

Shintoism

• Japanese religion based on nature

Crusades

• HOLY WARS (1096-1272)

• Purpose = to regain the Holy Lands (Palestine) from the Muslim Turks

• Outcome = opened TRADE between Europe and Asia

• Important products that were traded = SPICES, silk, linen, coffee, jewels, etc.

Trade Items Included:

Bubonic Plaguefollowed Trade Routes from Asia

to Europe

Renaissance1400-1600

• REBIRTH of Greek & Roman

Culture

• Began in FLORENCE, ITALY

• Focus on HUMANISM, secular belief on education and what the individual could achieve during his/her lifetime

• MEDICI family were PATRONS of the arts

Renaissance People to Know:

• Leonardo da Vinci – “Mona Lisa” &

“The Last Supper”• Michelangelo – painted Sistine Chapel• Johannes Gutenberg – movable type

printing press• Martin Luther – protested ways of the

Catholic Church &

began Protestantism

Counter Reformation

• Once Martin Luther began the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Church had to respond.

• The church created the Counter Reformation or the Catholic Reformation.

• The church tried to fix some of the problems and slow down the spread of Protestantism.

• Pope Paul III set up the Council of Trent as a reaction to the Reformation.

Age of Exploration• People began to explore to find an all water route to

get to Asia to buy the products like spices and silk• There was already a land route = the Silk Road• Portugal led the way *Vasco da Gama-> rounded Africa to get to

Asia• Columbus (sponsored by Spain) went west

across the Atlantic Ocean to get to Asia * Columbus called the natives “Indians” because

he thought he was in the Indies *He NEVER realized he “discovered” a New World • Ferdinand Magellan-> FIRST TO

CIRCUMNAVIGATE the world

Vasco da Gama

Christopher Columbus

Ferdinand Magellan

Columbian Exchange

*the transfer of goods and diseases from Europe to the Americas and American items back to Europe

DONE!!I hope you do well on the PASS Test.