organic light-emitting diode
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• Organic Light-Emitting Diode
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Computer monitor Organic light-emitting diode
1 Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) monitors provide higher contrast and better viewing angles than LCDs but
they require more power when displaying documents with white or bright backgrounds. In 2011, a 25 in (64 cm) OLED monitor cost $7500,
but the prices are expected to drop.
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Flexible organic light-emitting diode - Technical Details and Applications
1 An OLED emits light due to the electroluminescence of thin films of
organic semiconductors approximately 100 nm thick. Regular
OLEDs are usually fabricated on a glass substrate, but by replacing
glass with a flexible plastic such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
among others, OLEDs can be made both bendable and lightweight.
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Flexible organic light-emitting diode - Technical Details and Applications
1 Such materials may not be suitable for comparable devices based on
inorganic semiconductors due to the need for lattice matching and the
high temperature fabrication procedure involved.
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Flexible organic light-emitting diode - Technical Details and Applications
1 In contrast, flexible OLED devices can be fabricated by deposition of
the organic layer onto the substrate using a method derived from inkjet printing, allowing the inexpensive
and roll-to-roll fabrication of printed electronics.
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Flexible organic light-emitting diode - Technical Details and Applications
1 Flexible OLEDs may be used in the production of rollable displays, electronic paper, or bendable
displays which can be integrated into clothing, wallpaper or other curved surfaces. Prototype displays have
been exhibited by companies such as Sony, which are capable of being
rolled around the width of a pencil.
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Flexible organic light-emitting diode - Disadvantages
1 Both flexible substrate itself as well as the process of bending the device
introduce stress into the materials. There may be residual stress from the
deposition of layers onto a flexible substrate, thermal stresses due to the
different coefficient of thermal expansion of materials in the device, in addition to the external stress from the bending of
the device.
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Flexible organic light-emitting diode - Disadvantages
1 Stress introduced into the organic layers may lower the efficiency or
brightness of the device as it is deformed, or cause complete
breakdown of the device altogether
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Flexible organic light-emitting diode - Disadvantages
1 Encapsulation is another challenge for flexible
OLED devices
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Light-emitting diode - Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
1 In an organic light-emitting diode (OLED), the electroluminescent material comprising the emissive layer of the diode is an organic
compound. The organic material is electrically conductive due to the
delocalization of pi electrons caused by conjugation over all or part of the molecule, and the material therefore functions as an
organic semiconductor. The organic materials can be small organic molecules in
a crystalline phase, or polymers.
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Light-emitting diode - Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
1 The potential advantages of OLEDs include thin, low-cost displays with a low driving
voltage, wide viewing angle, and high contrast and color gamut. Polymer LEDs have the added benefit of printable and
flexible displays. OLEDs have been used to make visual displays for portable electronic
devices such as cellphones, digital cameras, and MP3 players while possible
future uses include lighting and televisions.
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Organic light-emitting diode
1 An 'OLED' ('organic light-emitting diode') is a light-emitting diode (LED)
in which the emission (electromagnetic radiation)|emissive
electroluminescence|electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound which emits light
in response to an electric current
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Organic light-emitting diode
1 There are two main families of OLED: those based on small molecules and those
employing polymers
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Organic light-emitting diode
1 An OLED display works without a backlight. Thus, it can display deep black
levels and can be thinner and lighter than a liquid crystal display (LCD). In low ambient light conditions such as a dark
room an OLED screen can achieve a higher contrast ratio than an LCD,
whether the LCD uses cold cathode|cold cathode fluorescent lamps or LED-backlit
LCD television|LED backlight.
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Organic light-emitting diode - History
1 The first observations of electroluminescence in organic
materials were in the early 1950s by André Bernanose and co-workers at
the Nancy-Université, France
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Organic light-emitting diode - History
1 In 1960, Martin Pope and co-workers at New York University developed
ohmic dark-injecting electrode contacts to organic crystals
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Organic light-emitting diode - History
1 Pope's group reported in 1965 that in the absence of an external electric field, the electroluminescence in
anthracene crystals is caused by the recombination of a thermalized electron and hole, and that the
conducting level of anthracene is higher in energy than the exciton
energy level
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Organic light-emitting diode - History
1 Electroluminescence from polymer films was first observed by Roger Partridge at the
National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)|National Physical Laboratory in the United Kingdom. The device consisted of a
film of poly(N-Vinylcarbazole|n-vinylcarbazole) up to 2.2 micrometres thick located between
two charge injecting electrodes. The results of the project were patented in 1975Partridge, Roger Hugh, Radiation sources , Issue date: November 30, 1976 and published in 1983.
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Organic light-emitting diode - History
1 The first diode device was reported at Eastman Kodak by Ching W. Tang and Steven Van Slyke in 1987. This
device used a novel two-layer structure with separate hole
transporting and electron transporting layers such that
recombination and light emission occurred in the middle of the organic layer. This resulted in a reduction in
operating voltage and improvements in efficiency and led to the current era of OLED research and device
production.
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Organic light-emitting diode - History
1 Research into polymer electroluminescence culminated in 1990 with J. H. Burroughes et al. at
the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge reporting a high
efficiency green light-emitting polymer based device using 100nm
thick films of poly(p-phenylene vinylene).
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Organic light-emitting diode - Working principle
1 A typical OLED is composed of a layer of organic materials situated between two electrodes, the anode
and cathode, all deposited on a substrate (materials science)|
substrate
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Organic light-emitting diode - Working principle
1 Originally, the most basic polymer OLEDs consisted of a
single organic layer
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Organic light-emitting diode - Working principle
1 During operation, a voltage is applied across the OLED such that the anode
is positive with respect to the cathode
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Organic light-emitting diode - Working principle
1 Phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes make use of spin–
orbit interactions to facilitate intersystem crossing between singlet
and triplet states, thus obtaining emission from both singlet and triplet
states and improving the internal efficiency.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Working principle
1 Indium tin oxide (ITO) is commonly used as the anode
material
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Organic light-emitting diode - Working principle
1 Experimental research has proven that the properties of the anode,
specifically the anode/hole transport layer (HTL) interface topography
plays a major role in the efficiency, performance, and lifetime of organic
light emitting diodes
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Organic light-emitting diode - Working principle
1 Single carrier devices are typically used to study the chemical kinetics|
kinetics and charge transport mechanisms of an organic material and can be useful when trying to study energy transfer processes
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Organic light-emitting diode - Small molecules
1 Efficient OLEDs using small molecules were first developed by Dr.
Ching W. Tang et al. at Eastman Kodak. The term OLED traditionally
refers specifically to this type of device, though the term SM-OLED is
also in use.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Small molecules
1 Molecules commonly used in OLEDs include organometallic chelation|
chelates (for example Tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminium|Alq3,
used in the organic light-emitting device reported by Tang et al.),
fluorescent and phosphorescent dyes and conjugated dendrimers
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Organic light-emitting diode - Small molecules
1 The production of small molecule devices and displays usually involves
Evaporation (deposition)|thermal evaporation in a vacuum
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Organic light-emitting diode - Small molecules
1 Coherent emission from a laser dye-doped tandem SM-OLED device, excited in the pulsed regime, has
been demonstrated. The emission is nearly diffraction limited with a spectral width similar to that of
broadband dye lasers.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Polymer light-emitting diodes
1 Polymer light-emitting diodes (PLED), also light-emitting polymers (LEP), involve an electroluminescence|electroluminescent conductive polymer that emits light when
connected to an external voltage. They are used as a thin film for full-spectrum colour displays. Polymer
OLEDs are quite efficient and require a relatively small amount of power for the amount of light produced.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Polymer light-emitting diodes
1 Vacuum deposition is not a suitable method for forming thin films of polymers
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Organic light-emitting diode - Polymer light-emitting diodes
1 Typical polymers used in PLED displays include derivatives of
poly(p-phenylene vinylene)|poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and
polyfluorene
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Organic light-emitting diode - Polymer light-emitting diodes
1 While unsubstituted poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) is typically
insoluble, a number of PPVs and related poly(naphthalene vinylene)s
(PNVs) that are soluble in organic solvents or water have been
prepared via ring opening metathesis polymerization.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Phosphorescent materials
1 Phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes use the principle of electrophosphorescence to convert electrical energy in an OLED into light in a highly efficient manner,
with the internal quantum efficiencies of such devices
approaching 100%.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Phosphorescent materials
1 Typically, a polymer such as poly(N-Vinylcarbazole|n-vinylcarbazole) is used as a host material to which an
organometallic Coordination complex|complex is added as a
dopant. Organoiridium compound|Iridium complexes such as Ir(mppy)3 are currently the focus of research, although complexes based on other heavy metals such as platinum have
also been used.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-organic-light-emitting-diode-toolkit.html
Organic light-emitting diode - Phosphorescent materials
1 The heavy metal atom at the centre of these complexes exhibits strong spin-orbit coupling,
facilitating intersystem crossing between Singlet state|singlet and Triplet state|triplet
states. By using these phosphorescent materials, both singlet and triplet excitons
will be able to decay radiatively, hence improving the internal quantum efficiency of
the device compared to a standard PLED where only the singlet states will contribute
to emission of light.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Phosphorescent materials
1 Applications of OLEDs in solid state lighting require the achievement of high brightness with good CIE 1931
color space|CIE coordinates (for white emission). The use of macromolecular species like
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) in conjunction
with the use of phosphorescent species such as Ir for printed OLEDs have exhibited brightnesses as high
as 10,000cd/m2.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Structure
1 ; Bottom or top emission: Bottom or top distinction refers not to
orientation of the OLED display, but to the direction that emitted light
exits the device
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Organic light-emitting diode - Structure
1 ; Transparent OLEDs: Transparent OLEDs use transparent or semi-
transparent contacts on both sides of the device to create displays that can be made to be both top and bottom emitting (transparent). TOLEDs can greatly improve contrast, making it
much easier to view displays in bright sunlight. This technology can be used in Head-up displays, smart
windows or Augmented Reality applications.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Structure
1 ; Graded Heterojunction: Graded heterojunction OLEDs gradually
decrease the ratio of electron holes to electron transporting chemicals.
This results in almost double the quantum efficiency of existing
OLEDs.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Structure
1 ; Stacked OLEDs: Stacked OLEDs use a pixel architecture that stacks the
red, green, and blue subpixels on top of one another instead of next to one
another, leading to substantial increase in gamut and color depth,
and greatly reducing pixel gap. Currently, other display technologies
have the RGB (and RGBW) pixels mapped next to each other
decreasing potential resolution.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-organic-light-emitting-diode-toolkit.html
Organic light-emitting diode - Structure
1 ; Inverted OLED: In contrast to a conventional OLED, in which the
anode is placed on the substrate, an Inverted OLED uses a bottom
cathode that can be connected to the drain end of an n-channel TFT
especially for the low cost amorphous silicon TFT backplane
useful in the manufacturing of AMOLED displays.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Patterning technologies
1 Patternable organic light-emitting devices use a light or heat activated electroactive layer. A latent material (PEDOT-TMA) is included in this layer
that, upon activation, becomes highly efficient as a hole injection
layer. Using this process, light-emitting devices with arbitrary
patterns can be prepared.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Patterning technologies
1 Colour patterning can be accomplished by means of laser,
such as radiation-induced sublimation transfer (RIST).
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Organic light-emitting diode - Patterning technologies
1 Organic vapour jet printing (OVJP) uses an inert carrier gas, such as
argon or nitrogen, to transport evaporated organic molecules (as in
Organic Vapor Phase Deposition). The gas is expelled through a micron
sized nozzle or nozzle array close to the substrate as it is being
translated. This allows printing arbitrary multilayer patterns without
the use of solvents.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-organic-light-emitting-diode-toolkit.html
Organic light-emitting diode - Patterning technologies
1 Like ink jet material depositioning, inkjet etching (IJE) deposits precise amounts of solvent onto a substrate designed to selectively dissolve the
substrate material and induce a structure or pattern
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Organic light-emitting diode - Backplane technologies
1 For a high resolution display like a TV, a Thin-film transistor|TFT
backplane is necessary to drive the pixels correctly. Currently, low
temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) - thin-film transistor (TFT) is
used for commercial AMOLED displays. LTPS-TFT has variation of the performance in a display, so
various compensation circuits have been reported.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Backplane technologies
1 Due to the size limitation of the excimer laser used for LTPS, the
AMOLED size was limited. To cope with the hurdle related to the panel
size, amorphous-silicon/microcrystalline-
silicon backplanes have been reported with large display prototype
demonstrations.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Fabrication
1 Transfer-printing is an emerging technology with the capability to
assemble large numbers of parallel OLED and AMOLED devices under
efficient conditions
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Organic light-emitting diode - Advantages
1 The different manufacturing process of OLEDs lends itself to several
advantages over flat panel displays made with LCD technology.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Advantages
1 ; Lower cost in the future: OLEDs can be printed onto any suitable
substrate (printing)|substrate by an inkjet printer or even by screen
printing, theoretically making them cheaper to produce than LCD or
plasma displays
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Organic light-emitting diode - Advantages
1 ; Lightweight and flexible plastic substrates: OLED displays can be
fabricated on flexible plastic substrates leading to the possible fabrication of flexible organic light-
emitting diodes for other new applications, such as rollable display|roll-up displays embedded in fabrics or clothing. As the substrate used can be flexible substrate|flexible
such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the displays may be produced
inexpensively.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Advantages
1 ; Wider viewing angles and improved brightness: OLEDs can enable a
greater artificial contrast ratio (both dynamic range and static, measured
in purely dark conditions) and a wider viewing angle compared to
LCDs because OLED pixels emit light directly. OLED pixel colors appear correct and unshifted, even as the viewing angle approaches 90° from
Surface normal|normal.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-organic-light-emitting-diode-toolkit.html
Organic light-emitting diode - Advantages
1 ; Better power efficiency and thickness: LCDs filter the light
emitted from a backlight, allowing a small fraction of light through
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Organic light-emitting diode - Advantages
1 ; Response time: OLEDs also can have a faster response time than
standard LCD screens. Whereas LCD displays are capable of between
Liquid crystal display#Specifications|1 and 16 ms response time offering a refresh rate of 60 to 480Hz, an OLED
theoretically can have a response time less than 0.01 ms, enabling a
refresh rate up to 100,000Hz .. OLEDs also can be run as a flicker
display, similar to a CRT, in order to eliminate the sample-and-hold effect that creates motion blur on OLEDs.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Disadvantages
1 ; Current costs: OLED manufacture currently requires process steps that
make it extremely expensive. Specifically, it requires the use of
low-temperature polysilicon backplanes; LTPS backplanes, in turn,
require laser annealing from an amorphous silicon start, so this part
of the manufacturing process for AMOLEDs starts with the process
costs of standard LCD, and then adds an expensive, time-consuming
process that cannot currently be used on large-area glass substrates.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Disadvantages
1 ; Lifespan: The biggest technical problem for OLEDs was the limited
lifetime of the organic materials
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Organic light-emitting diode - Disadvantages
1 ; Color balance issues: Additionally, as the OLED material used to produce blue light degrades
significantly more rapidly than the materials that produce other colors,
blue light output will decrease relative to the other colors of light
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Organic light-emitting diode - Disadvantages
1 ; Efficiency of blue OLEDs: Improvements to the efficiency and lifetime of blue OLEDs is vital to the success of OLEDs as replacements
for LCD technology
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Organic light-emitting diode - Disadvantages
1 ; Water damage: Water can damage the organic materials of the displays.
Therefore, improved sealing processes are important for practical
manufacturing. Water damage especially may limit the longevity of
more flexible displays.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Disadvantages
1 ; Outdoor performance: As an emissive display technology, OLEDs
rely completely upon converting electricity to light, unlike most LCDs which are to some extent reflective
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Organic light-emitting diode - Disadvantages
1 ; Power consumption: While an OLED will consume around 40% of the
power of an LCD displaying an image that is primarily black, for the
majority of images it will consume 60%–80% of the power of an LCD
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Organic light-emitting diode - Manufacturers and commercial uses
1 OLED technology is used in commercial applications such as displays for mobile phones and
portable digital media players, car radios and digital cameras among
others
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Organic light-emitting diode - Manufacturers and commercial uses
1 OLEDs have been used in most Motorola and Samsung color cell
phones, as well as some HTC Corporation|HTC, LG and Sony
Ericsson models.Electronic News, [ http://www.edn.com/index.asp?
layout=articlearticleid=CA516009partner=enews OLEDs Replacing LCDs
in Mobile Phones], April 7, 2005, retrieved on July 28, 2007
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Organic light-emitting diode - Manufacturers and commercial uses
1 The Google and HTC Nexus One smartphone includes an AMOLED screen, as does HTC's own HTC Desire|Desire and HTC Legend|
Legend phones. However due to supply shortages of the Samsung-
produced displays, certain HTC models will use Sony's S-LCD|SLCD
displays in the future, while the Google and Samsung Nexus S
smartphone will use Super Clear LCD instead in some countries.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Manufacturers and commercial uses
1 OLED displays were used in watches made by Fossil (JR-9465) and Diesel (DZ-7086).
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Organic light-emitting diode - Manufacturers and commercial uses
1 Other manufacturers of OLED panels include Anwell Technologies Limited (Hong Kong), AU Optronics (Taiwan), Chimei Innolux Corporation (Taiwan),
LG (Korea), and others.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Manufacturers and commercial uses
1 In 2009, Shearwater Research introduced the Predator as the first
color OLED diving computer available with a user replaceable battery.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Manufacturers and commercial uses
1 DuPont stated in a press release in May 2010 that they can produce a
50-inch OLED TV in two minutes with a new printing technology. If this can
be scaled up in terms of manufacturing, then the total cost of OLED TVs would be greatly reduced.
Dupont also states that OLED TVs made with this less expensive
technology can last up to 15 years if left on for a normal eight hour day.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Manufacturers and commercial uses
1 The use of OLEDs may be subject to patents held by Eastman Kodak, DuPont, General Electric, Philips|
Royal Philips Electronics, numerous universities and others.OLED-Info.com, [ http://www.oled-
info.com/tags/companies/kodak Kodak Signs OLED Cross-License
Agreement], retrieved on March 14, 2008. There are by now thousands of patents associated with OLEDs, both from larger corporations and smaller
technology companies.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Manufacturers and commercial uses
1 Research In Motion|RIM, the maker of BlackBerry smartphones, have
unofficially announced that their upcoming BlackBerry 10 devices will use OLED displays. This marks the upcoming BB10 smartphones as
some of the first to use OLED displays.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Manufacturers and commercial uses
1 Foldable OLED smartphones could be as much as a decade away because of the cost
of producing them
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Organic light-emitting diode - Fashion
1 Textiles incorporating OLEDs are an innovation in the fashion world and pose for a way to integrate lighting
to bring inert objects to a whole new level of fashion
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Organic light-emitting diode - Samsung applications
1 By 2004 Samsung, South Korea's largest conglomerate (company)|
conglomerate, was the world's largest OLED manufacturer,
producing 40% of the OLED displays made in the world, and as of 2010
has a 98% share of the global AMOLED market
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Organic light-emitting diode - Samsung applications
1 Samsung SDI announced in 2005 the world's largest OLED TV at the time, at . This OLED featured the highest
resolution at the time, of 6.22 million pixels. In addition, the company
adopted active matrix based technology for its low power
consumption and high-resolution qualities. This was exceeded in January 2008, when Samsung
showcased the world's largest and thinnest OLED TV at the time, at
31inches (78cm) and 4.3mm.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Samsung applications
1 In May 2008, Samsung unveiled an ultra-thin 12.1inch (30cm) laptop
OLED display concept, with a 1,280×768 resolution with infinite
contrast ratio. According to Woo Jong Lee, Vice President of the Mobile
Display Marketing Team at Samsung SDI, the company expected OLED
displays to be used in notebook PCs as soon as 2010.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Samsung applications
1 In October 2008, Samsung showcased the world's thinnest OLED display, also the first to be flappable
and bendable
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Organic light-emitting diode - Samsung applications
1 In the same month, Samsung unveiled what was then the world's largest OLED Television
at 40-inch with a Full HD resolution of 1920×1080 pixel.40-inch OLED panel from Samsung. Hdtvinfo.eu (2008-10-30) In the FPD International, Samsung stated that its
40-inch OLED Panel is the largest size currently possible. The panel has a contrast
ratio of 1,000,000:1, a colour gamut of 107% NTSC, and a luminance of 200cd/m² (peak
luminance of 600cd/m²).
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Organic light-emitting diode - Samsung applications
1 At the Consumer Electronics Show|Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in
January 2010, Samsung demonstrated a laptop computer with a large, transparent OLED
display featuring up to 40% transparency and an animated OLED
display in a photo ID card.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-organic-light-emitting-diode-toolkit.html
Organic light-emitting diode - Samsung applications
1 Samsung's latest AMOLED smartphones use their Super AMOLED trademark, with the
Samsung Wave S8500 and Samsung i9000 Galaxy S being launched in
June 2010. In January 2011 Samsung announced their Super AMOLED Plus
displays, which offer several advances over the older Super
AMOLED displays: real stripe matrix (50% more sub pixels), thinner form factor, brighter image and an 18% reduction in energy consumption.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Samsung applications
1 At CES 2012, Samsung introduced the first 55 TV screen that uses
Super OLED technology.Clark, Shaylin (2012-01-12).
[http://www.webpronews.com/ces-2012-samsung-oled-awards-2012-01 CES 2012: Samsung’s OLED TV Rakes In Awards]. WebProNews. Retrieved
on 2012-12-03.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Samsung applications
1 On January 8, 2013, at CES Samsung unveiled a unique curved 4K Ultra S9
OLED television, which they state provides an IMAX-like experience for viewers.Rougeau, Michael (2013-01-
08). [http://www.techradar.com/news/television/hdtv/samsungs-curved-oled-tv-
provides-an-imax-like-experience-1123683]. Techradar. Retrieved on
2013-01-08.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-organic-light-emitting-diode-toolkit.html
Organic light-emitting diode - Samsung applications
1 On August 13, 2013, Samsung announced availability of a 55-inch
curved OLED TV (model KN55S9C) in the US at a price point of
$8999.99.Boylan, Chris (2013-08-13). Big Picture Big Sound. Retrieved on
2013-08-13.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Samsung applications
1 On September 6, 2013, Samsung launched its 55-inch curved OLED TV
(model KE55S9C) in the United Kingdom with John Lewis.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Samsung applications
1 Samsung introduced the Galaxy Round smartphone in the Korean market in October 2013. The device features a 1080p screen,
measuring , that curves on the vertical axis in a rounded case. The corporation has promoted the following advantages: A new feature called Round Interaction that allows users to look at
information by tilting the handset on a flat surface with the screen off, and the feel of one continuous transition when the user switches
between home screens.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Sony applications
1 The Sony CLIÉ PEG-VZ90 was released in 2004, being the first PDA
to feature an OLED screen. Other Sony products to feature OLED
screens include the MZ-RH1 portable minidisc recorder, released in 2006
and the Walkman X Series.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Sony applications
1 At the 2007 Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas Consumer Electronics Show
(CES), Sony showcased 11-inch (28cm, resolution 960×540) and 27-inch (68.5cm), full HD resolution at 1920×1080) OLED TV models.Sony
announces a 27-inch OLED TV
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Organic light-emitting diode - Sony applications
1 In May 2007, Sony publicly unveiled a video of a 2.5-inch flexible OLED
screen which is only 0.3 millimeters thick
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Organic light-emitting diode - Sony applications
1 In July 2008, a Japanese government body said it would fund a joint project of leading firms, which is to develop a key technology to produce large,
energy-saving organic displays
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Organic light-emitting diode - Sony applications
1 In October 2008, Sony published results of research it carried out with
the Max Planck Institute over the possibility of mass-market bending displays, which could replace rigid
LCDs and plasma screens. Eventually, bendable, see-through
displays could be stacked to produce 3D images with much greater
contrast ratios and viewing angles than existing products.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Sony applications
1 Sony exhibited a 24.5 (62cm) prototype OLED 3D television during
the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2010.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Sony applications
1 In January 2011, Sony announced the PlayStation Vita handheld game
console (the successor to the PlayStation Portable|PSP) will feature
a 5-inch OLED screen.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Sony applications
1 On February 17, 2011, Sony announced its 25 (63.5cm) OLED
Professional Reference Monitor aimed at the Cinema and high end Drama
Post Production market.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Sony applications
1 On June 25, 2012, Sony and Panasonic announced a joint venture for creating low cost mass production
OLED televisions by 2013.
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Organic light-emitting diode - LG applications
1 As of 2010, LG Electronics produced one model of OLED television, the
15inch 15EL9500[http://www.lg.com/uk/tv-audio-video/televisions/LG-oled-tv-15EL9500.jsp LG 15EL9500 OLED
Television]
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Organic light-emitting diode - Mitsubishi applications
1 Lumiotec is the first company in the world developing and selling, since January 2011, mass-produced OLED lighting panels with such brightness and long lifetime. Lumiotec is a joint
venture of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, ROHM, Toppan Printing,
and Mitsui Co.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Mitsubishi applications
1 On June 1, 2011, Mitsubishi installed a 6-meter OLED 'sphere' in Tokyo's
Science Museum [ http://www.mitsubishielectric.com/ne
ws/2011/0601.html MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC News Releases Installs 6-
Meter OLED Globe at Science Museum]. Mitsubishielectric.com
(2011-06-01). Retrieved on 2012-11-12.
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Organic light-emitting diode - Recom Group/video name tag applications
1 On January 6, 2011, Los Angeles based technology company Recom
Group introduced the first small screen consumer application of the OLED at the Consumer Electronics
Show in Las Vegas
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LED - Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
1 In an organic light-emitting diode (organic light-emitting diode|OLED),
the electroluminescence|electroluminescent material
comprising the emissive layer of the diode is an organic compound. The
organic material is electrically conductive due to the Delocalized
electron|delocalization of pi electrons caused by conjugated system|
conjugation over all or part of the molecule, and the material therefore
functions as an organic semiconductor.
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LED - Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
1 The potential advantages of OLEDs include thin, low-cost displays with a low driving
voltage, wide viewing angle, and high contrast and color gamut. Polymer LEDs have the added benefit of printable and
flexible organic light-emitting diode|flexible displays. OLEDs have been used to make
visual displays for portable electronic devices such as cellphones, digital cameras, and MP3 players while possible future uses
include lighting and televisions.
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Organic light-emitting diode roll-up display
1 A 'flexible organic light emitting diode (FOLED)' is a type of organic light-emitting
diode (OLED) incorporating a flexible plastic Substrate (semiconductor)|substrate on
which the electroluminescence|electroluminescent organic semiconductor is deposited. This enables the device to be bent
or rolled while still operating. Currently the focus of research in industrial and academic groups, flexible OLEDs form one method of
fabricating a rollable display.
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Organic light-emitting diode roll-up display - Technical details and applications
1 An OLED emits light due to the electroluminescence of thin films of
organic semiconductors approximately 100nm thick. Regular OLEDs are usually fabricated on a glass Substrate (semiconductor)|
substrate, but by replacing glass with a flexible plastic such as
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) among others, OLEDs can be made
both bendable and lightweight.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-organic-light-emitting-diode-toolkit.html
Organic light-emitting diode roll-up display - Technical details and applications
1 Such materials may not be suitable for comparable devices based on
inorganic semiconductors due to the need for lattice matching and the
high temperature fabrication procedure involved.
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Organic light-emitting diode roll-up display - Disadvantages
1 Both flexible substrate itself as well as the process of bending the device introduce Stress (mechanics)|stress
into the materials. There may be residual stress from the deposition of
layers onto a flexible substrate, thermal stresses due to the different coefficient of thermal expansion of
materials in the device, in addition to the external stress from the bending
of the device.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-organic-light-emitting-diode-toolkit.html
Organic light-emitting diode roll-up display - Disadvantages
1 Encapsulation is another challenge for flexible
OLED devices
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Display examples - Organic light-emitting diode
1 [http://www.rpi.edu/~simonk/pdf/natacadLighting.pdf rpi.edu –
Lighting industry, Structure and technology in the transition to solid
state]
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Display examples - Organic light-emitting diode
1 2003 Active-matrix OLED (AMOLED):[http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organische_Leuchtdiodeoldid=
88934244 WP-de Organische Leuchtdiode] 2011-05-17
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Phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode
1 'Phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes' ('PHOLED') are a
type of OLED|organic light-emitting diode (OLED) that use the principle of
phosphorescence to obtain higher internal efficiencies than fluorescent OLEDs. This technology is currently
under development by many industrial and academic research
groups.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-organic-light-emitting-diode-toolkit.html
Phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode - Method of operation
1 Like all types of OLED, phosphorescent OLEDs emit light due
to the electroluminescence of an organic semiconductor layer in an
electric current. Electrons and electron hole|holes are injected into the organic layer at the electrodes and form excitons, a bound state of
the electron and hole.
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Phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode - Method of operation
1 Electrons and holes are both fermions with half integer spin
(physics)|spin. An exciton formed by the recombination of two such
particles may either be in a singlet state or a triplet state, depending on how the spins have been combined.
Statistically, there is a 25% probability of forming a singlet state
and 75% probability of forming a triplet state. Decay of the excitons
results in the production of light through spontaneous emission.
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Phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode - Method of operation
1 In OLEDs using fluorescent organic molecules only, the decay of triplet excitons is quantum mechanically
forbidden by selection rules, meaning that the lifetime of triplet
excitons is long and phosphorescence is not readily
observed
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Phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode - Method of operation
1 However, phosphorescent OLEDs generate light from both triplet and
singlet excitons, allowing the internal quantum efficiency of such devices
to reach nearly 100%.
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Phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode - Method of operation
1 This is commonly achieved by doping a host molecule with an
organometallic Coordination complex|complex
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Phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode - Applications
1 Due to their potentially high level of energy efficiency, even when
compared to other OLEDs, PHOLEDs are being studied for potential use in
large-screen displays such as computer monitors or television
screens, as well as general lighting needs
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Phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode - Challenges
1 One problem that currently hampers the widespread adoption of this
highly energy efficient technology is that the average lifetimes of red and
green PHOLEDs are often tens of thousands of hours longer than those
of blue PHOLEDs. This may cause displays to become visually distorted
much sooner than would be acceptable for a commercially viable
device.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-organic-light-emitting-diode-toolkit.html
Polyfluorene - Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
1 In recent years many industrial efforts have focused on tuning the color of lights using polyfluorenes
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Polyfluorene - Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
1 Substitution at the nine position with various moieties has also been examined as a means to control the color emitted by polyfluorene. In the past researchers have tried putting alkyl substituents on the ninth position, however it has been found that by putting bulkier groups,
such as alkoxyphenyl groups, the polymers had enhanced blue emission stability and
superior polymer light-emitting diode performance (compared to polymers which
have alkyl substituents at the ninth position).
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