organic farming
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Prof. G.S.Murthy
HISTORY OF ORGANIC FARMING Albert Howard 1873-1947 pioneer, botanist by profession .
( President Indian National Congress 1926). Supported traditional Indian agricultural practices.
His theme was healthy soil, healthy people, live stock and crops. Documented Organic training techniques.
Slow poisoning of the soil by chemical fertilisers
Book: Agricultural Testament.
The approach for Ag should be from land not from lab.
History of Organic Farming
Rudolf steiner 1924 (German)Balancing the interaction of animals- plants-Soils
(Ecology )management. Built Biodynamic farming in Germany
Lord NorthBourneThe term organic farming was first coined by him in his
book Look to the land 1939. A treatise on holistic ecology and agriculture.
History of Organic FarmingLady Eve Belfour UK systematically experimented on organic and
conventional farming from 1939-1943
Book- LIVING SOIL 1944.Emphasised on the spiritual and ethical values
Manobu Fukuoka (Japan) microbiologist Developed a model “No-Till” organic farming and
practiced and preached from 1940 for thirty years. (Now known as fukuoka farming)
The five major principles of Fukuoka's farming methods are1.No tillage 2.No fertilizer 3.No pesticides
4. No weeding 5.No pruning
Fukuoka has learned how plants can grow naturally and vigorously with little or no human effort. For over fifty years he has achieved surplus yields of rice, barley, plums, citrus fruits and vegetables by means of natural farming. Fukuoka's methods have also been used to green the deserts.
Books: One straw revolution, Road back to nature and Natural way of farming.
Western Researchers on Organic Farming
J.I Rodale USA 1950: Popularised the term sustainable agriculture and the
method of organic farming in USA and published several scientific reports.
Rodale research Institute NY1972 International federation of organicAgriculture
(IFOA) movement in France. Co-ordinates all efforts in organic farming world wide.
Conspiracy of Industrial WorldPost war scenarioAmmonium nitrate lost it’ s importance after the
invention of Nuclear Bomb.Chemical fertilisers are imposed on the farmers market in
the name of productivity. Silentspring. RachelCarson.1962.,
Tragedy of using toxic chemicals and pesticides
Disaster of Chemical FertilisersThe result is Loss of soil fertility- Land degradation Loss of biodiversity, Water scarcity,Biodiversity erosion, climate change,Chemically contaminated foodsDestruction of traditional knowledge systems
Organic Farming and Bringing Life to the SoilOrganic farming offers “Living soil” theory.
Living soil is Rich in nutrients N P K Sufficient minerals for plant nutritionB,Cl,Co,Cu,Fe,Mn,Mg,Mo,S and ZnRich in micro-organisms that support plant growthContains large amount of top soil
Organic Farming – Improving the Fertility of SoilRich in organic matter( improves soil structure and
moisture) improves water retaining capacity-improves underground water level
Note: Latest Nasa satellite survey reports ground water levels of north India have been declining 33cm
( one foot) per year. Times of India 14th Aug, ’09.
Cow – Mother of FarmingSubhas palekar Amaravati Maharashtra
Mob: 09423702877Palekar’s viewsMother earth is AnnapurnaIt’s degradation is our doingAll the useful organisms billions and billions were destroyed
by chemical fertilisers.We have to put a full stop for this indiscriminate use of
fertilisersTo replenish and bring back the soil to living condition the
source is COW and its products mainly its Dung and Urine.
COW- Mother of FarmingManure from one cow can maintain 30 acres of
cultivation profitably. Jivamrutam a value added manure from cow’s dung and
urine.( See Natural farming –By palekar)Dung is gold mine - A Book by International society for
cow protection ISCOWP.ORG saysThe only way to the problems of shortage of food grains,
water, fuel, shelter, good health, nutrition, eradication of poverty and unemployment is dung-Dung and only Dung
Cows are forever, Arun Firodia,Chairman, Kinetic group, puneTechnical article The TOI, Dec, 2004Methane farming a concept of alternate energyIn India 250 Mn cattle, 1250 Mn tonnes of cow dungThe methane produced can entirely replace LPG,
Kerosene use for cooking and petrol for transportationThe By-product is an excellent organic manureGobar gas research stn in U.P. finding : Each cow
produces methane equivalent to 225 Lts of petrol/yr
COW - Economic ProsperityGobar from 75 Mn cows can meet the kerosene
and LPG requirement for 100 crore population40 Mn cows can produce energy equivalent to
8 Mn tonnes petrol ( Our annual national petrol consumption (2003-04 figs)
The gobar slurry produced in this process will yield 50Mn tonnes of organic manure rich in N and P
Meets all the fertiliser requirement for 150 Mn Ha of crop lands of India
COW - A Potential Economic Tool
Most important phase of basic Indian economy (Cowbased) was ignored by the frenzied industrial tempo. we need not oppose industry but emphatically insist that all industrial development must be in consonance and in conformity with basic (cow based) indian economy. This requires will at Govt. as well as people’s level
Industry should support, not distort and destroy this basic cow economy of the country.
Some questions to make people thinkWhat else you want?Why import oil and face oil and energy crisis?Do we have the national will?Are we on the right direction in shaping the industrial and
economic policies of our country?Or else are we playing to the tune of Industry driven
technologies and policies to serve the interests of few
and few countries?Is it not the proper time to think?
Some questions to be answeredCan organic farming produce enough food for everybody? In the so called green revolution areas (irrigated lands )
conversion to organic agriculture usually gives the same yields.
In traditional rainfed agriculture ( with low external inputs)org.Ag has shownpotential to increase yields.
U.N. FAO Report 2002Organic sustainable agriculture practices can provide
synergic benefits that include mitigating climate change It has major potential for reducing Agricultural GHG sEnergy use in conventional Ag systems is 200 times than
that of Org.systems. Because most of the energy is used in the manufacture of pesticides etc.,
Note : They are thrust by the big business, influences the policy centers, MNC s, money , economics
Ref: Innovations Agronomiques (2009),4,P. 269 several such reports are available
Institute of science in society ISIS UK report 31/1/08 Dr.Mac wan HOSynthetic fertilisers and oil based fertilisers
release CO2 through quick decay of soil organic matter(Carbon)
On the other hand organic approach sequesters carbon it takes carbon from the air and puts back into the soil
Agriculture as we practice now is one of the major contributers to global warming.But it could be the biggest mitigator.The choice is ours.
Cow – Rejuvenator of SoilThere were soils in US with 20% occarbon at
one time. Now some of them have 1% carbonWe need to put back the carbon into soil and
rebuild ecological and human health.Healthy carbon rich soil holds water. 1 Kg of
carbon holds 40 Kgs of waterOrganic systems avoids the formation of dead
zones (Hypoxic)formed through NO3 , P2O5 run off
Organic Farming-ScientificEvidence
Several scientific reports supportScience Daily NY Jan 26,2006, July 13 2007,
reports crop yields in organic farming systems in developing countries rose nearly 80 per cent in four yrs. Organic farming produce thrice as much food as in conventional farming. ( with a caution) on the same amount of land.
Organic Farming-ScientificEvidence
org. Ag. Out performs the conventional in production especially in stress years that we may face more
frequently in future. Anna Lappe NY founder of “Take a bite out of climate”
With the onset of Peak oil the conventional systems fail to feed the world (www.oilcrisis.org).
Organic Farming-ScientificEvidenceDr.Paul Happerley, Research director Rhodale Institute
USA“ We have shown that organic practices can do better
than any one thought, at sequestering carbon and could counter act up to 40% of Global GHGs.
Re: Hunger, environment and nutrition - spring 2009,Christine Mc cullum , Food and nutritional. consultant“ Org .Ag. Past present and future
Questions on Organic Farming
Is it possible to meet the nutrient requirement
In this system plant nutrition depends on biologically derived nutrients( Slow kinetics but perpetual) instead of readily soluble forms.
Animal dung ( cow),crop residues,green manure, biofertilisers, biosolids from agro industries and food processing wastes are the natural sources.
Note: 600-700 million ton of Ag. waste is available in the country which is not properly utilised.
Organic Farming – Some Vital Statistics India produces 1800 million tons of animal dungEven 2/3 of dung is used produce 120 million cubic
meters of bio gas daily and 440 million tons of manure per year.( equal to 2.5mn tons of nitrogen,2.75 m tons of P2O5 and 1.8 m tons of K2O.
Note: It is estimated 25 million workers in developing countries are poisoned each year by pestides. It Can be avoided by organic farming.
Organic Farming – Economic PotentialIs it economically beneficial ?The business in 2005 was 30 bn us dollars,with
a growth rate of 20-25%.Govt.Agencies should help the small scale
farmers get proper returns for their organic produce.
30% land holding with small farmers and they possess 70% cattle. They need to be trained in cattle rearing for right economies.
Answer is palekar’s approach of natural farming linked to cow.
Are there any environmental benefits30 years of research at Rodale institute Ny USA showed
that it is possible to substantially mitigate the impacts of global warming
UNCTAD/WTO report saysAgriculture is both affected by climate change but also
contributes to it.Org. farming mitigates and reduces green house gas
emission where as intensive chemical fertiliser farming increases ghg emission
Conclusions of a recent intl. symposium conducted by AAASFeb 2009 at Chicago
Theme: living soil-food qualityConclusions:Organically grown spinach contains less nitrate concn. Which
carcinogenic.(Review of a decade’s work)Scientists agree org.farming delivers healthier rich soil and
nutritionally enhanced food.30% increase in anti oxidants and tastier.Average child in US is exposed to five pesticides daily.
Organic foods are free from them.Public health costs of pesticides use in US are 1.1 Bn $
Agriculture holds the key to global warmingBarbara kessler, Science Ny june 2, 2009Five ways to reduce and seqester GHG s 1)enriching the soil carbon( the third largest carbon pool)
by burying carbon in the form of Bio-char.2) farming with periannials: periannial trees including
(forests) shurbs, palms, and grasses that produce food ( live stock food and fuel)
Organic Farming – Climate Friendly3)climate friendly live stock production. Live stock
produce 50% of GHG s.4) Manure management and methane capture for bio-gas
production.5) protecting natural habitat,restoring degraded
watersheds, restoration of vegetation.
Mahatma Gandhi ji’s swadeswhi movement
Charakha is a means for independance Swadeshi is a movement 1930 entire country involved. In
his wordsThe concept of swadeshi is not vindictive. It is a necessity
for national existance.We got freedom in 1947. How independent are we? It is a
big question.
.
Gandhi – Cow - Organic Farming Gandhiji said rural india is real india. Is it safe
and secure particularly for small farmers i.e 60% of our rural population
Modern technology and the business, propelled by the forces of market and politics is responsible for disappearing of forests, drying of rivers, degradation of farm lands and for the disappearing of bio-diversity.
Organic Farming - Points to Ponder
If man is making mess of his personal social and ecological life, it is not because of want of knowledge, “ It is because of lack of discipline”
The gap between knowledge and practice is widening continuously. This distance is greater than the distance between knowledge and ignorance
Organic Farming - Points to PonderPonder on this “Who am I” “What do I own”You are apparently rich but your direction is wrong.
Where it leads to?Finally How good are the financial returns if the water
you drink , the food you eat and the air you breathe are dreadfully contaminated.
Organic Farming - Points to PonderIndustry robs, exploits the poor, the ignorant rural masses
propagating Consumerism . MNC s play deterministic roles. Govt is helpless.
Economics got divorced from social concern because the study of management is merely concerned with materials and wealth.
What is the remedy to make rural poor rich enough to provide two meals a day.
Organic Farming - Points to PonderOrg. farming has the answer. Eleminates farmer suicides.Mitigates economic recessionImproves rural economyEmpowers the farmer
Organic Farming - Points to PonderOrg farming is a movement originated in developed
countries to mitigate the evils of market driven economies.Everybody is a victim. rich and poor developed and
developing countries everybody.The reason Mans’greed. Mahatma saidThere is enough for man’s needs but not to his greed.If man does not learn through wisdom, nature teaches him
by force. E.g. global warming, climate change,soil degradation etc.,
Organic Farming - Points to PonderEternal vigilance is the price of the freedom.To be aware and make people aware is called Jnana
yagna. B.G. It is going on in this country since ages. It is time to remember our mother earth and the closely
related cow in our own future interests.
VMGG YATRAIS ONE SUCH EFFORTWeb: www.gougram.orgAn effort to keep the Indian villages on the
path of sustainable development through cow and cow based economy.
Action PlanTo encourage farmers to rear indigenous cows and bullsTo educate the farmers towards wholistic approach
towards cow based economyTo encourage to develop rural technologies applied to
organic farming methods and improve employment potential in villages
To create conditions for reverse migration from cities to villages
A Historical MovementTo keep our land fertile and be independentTo keep the rural poor self sufficientTo withstand the market driven economies and the
consumerismTo mitigate recession and its effects Note: Our failure to evaluate justly the nature’s gifts to
mankind is the serious problem
A Historical MovementSome features the YatraYatra starts on 30th sept 2009 vijayadasami
day from Kurukshetra.Covers 20,000 km in108 daysThere will be several regional yatras
connecting the mainCrores of signatures will be obtainedTouches lakhs of villagesHence: Participate and co operate in this
movement of national necessityand importance.
Eminent personalities leading this movementSri Raghavendra Bharati swami jiSri sri RavishankarjiSri RamdevjiSri Mata Amritananda mai jiSri Acharya vidya sagarjiSri Acharya Mahapragna jiSwamy Dayananda sarswati jiSri Murari Bapu jiSriPranav Pandyaji Hon.PresidentDr H.R .Nagendra working president
References:An agricultural testament-by sir.Albert Howard,1940
Other Indian press, Goa.
Secrets of the soil-peter Tompkins and Christopher Bird Rupa and co, second Ed.,2004.
Philosophy of spiritual farming(zero budget natural farming)-subash palekar.
Oraganic agriculture-P.K.tandon,1995.
Sustainable agriculture, www.sustainet.org
Center for Indian knowledge systems, TN. www.ciks.org
Recent references New study confirms the ecological virtues of
organic farming. Mark shwartz., Stanford nes service.,6th March 2006.
Carbon sequestration potential of Org.Ag. Bente Foeried., e.al., Nutrient cycling in Agro systems, Vol.6. No 1. p13-26 (jan 2004). article based on USDA report Carbon credits to farmers p 10,Nov-Dec 2008
GHG gases mitigation in Org.Ag.,, Pete smith et..al.,
Phil. Trans. of the Roy.So.,B.,vol363(815-363) 2008.
References “Africa: Reinventing Agriculture”, Stephen Leahy, Inter Press Service, (Johannesburg), 15 April 2008,
http://allafrica.com/stories/200804150171.html “Urgent changes needed in global farming practices to avoid environmental destruction” Greenpeace International Press
Release, 15 April 2008. “GM foods ‘not the answer’ to world’s food shortage crisis, report says”, Sean Poulter, The Daily Mail, 16 April 2008
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=559965&in_page_id=1770 GM food, biofuels and a hungry world, Editorial,
The Daily Mail, 16 April 2008http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/newscomment.html?in_page_id=1787&in_article_id=559945
What is the International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science & Technology, IAASD? A compilation from its plenary decisions and official documents, http://www.agassessment-watch.org/docs/IAASTD_on_three_pages.pdf
International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science & Technology (IAASTD) Synthesis Report 25 November 2007, http://www.agassessment.org/docs/Synthesis_Report_261107_text.pdf
Ho MW. Food without fossil fuels now. Invited Keynote Lecture, 2nd Mediterranean Conference on Organic Agriculture in Croatia, Organic Agriculture – Contribution to Sustainable Ecosystem, 2-6 April 2008, Dubrovnik University. Dubrovnik, Croatia, http://www.i-sis.org.uk/foodWithoutFossilFuels.php
Ho MW, Burcher S, Lim LC et al. Food Futures Now, Organic, Sustainable, Fossil Fuel Free, ISIS TWN Report, London & Penang, 2008.
“Global food system ‘must change’” BBC News, 15 April 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7347239.stm “Change in farming can feed world – report”, John Vidal, The Guardian, 16 April 2008,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/apr/16/food.biofuels Saunders PT. Marketing masquerading as scientific survey. Science in Society 38 (to appear). Ho MW and Saunders PT. “UK faremers upbeat about GM crops” debunked. Science in Society 38 (to appear). printer friendly version
Recent references contd :www.sustainable.org Recent growth patterns of US
organic food markets, US dept. of agriculture, Bulletin. No 777,Sept,2002.
www.twnside.org.sg (third world network) benefits of organic farming report, March 08
Beware of pesticides in food chain-Prof. R.S.Chauhan,organiser august 16,2009,p.31
Org.Ag., past, present and future, Christine Mc Cullum-Hunger and Env nutrition, Spring 2009.
Rodale research institute reports,N.Y.www.govigyan.com. Research Centre at Nagpur
Thaindian News July, 2009.(ANI)Change in fertiliser subsidy policy can save crores of
rupees. Ensures food security – Green peace2008-09 fert. Sbusidy Rs. 1,20,000 crores.Recommendations:Look for alternative subsidy systems to sustainable Ag.Refocus scientific research and ensure food security under
changing climatic conditionsDr.B.Croy, Dr.G.Nchattopadyay, Viswabharati Univ.And Dr.Reyes Tirado, Green peace Res. Labs. Univ. of
Exter
Some quotes to thinkCow is the source of progress and prosperity. Mahatma Gandhiji Cow protection is the eternal Dharma of India Babu Rajendra Prasad Cow is the foundation of our country. Giyani Zailsingh Neither Koran nor Arabian customs permit killing of cow –
Hakim Ajmal Khan According to me there is nothing more scientific and
intelligent act than banning cow slaughter—J.P.Narayan
QuotesCow’s milk is tonic, it’s ghee is ambrosia and its’ meat is
disease. Hazarat MohamadKilling a bull s equivalent to killing a cow. Jesus christ I have studied both koran and Bible. According to both
of them to kill a cow even indirectly is a great sin. Achaya vinoba Bhave
Several such quotes are available THINK
QUERIES????
THANK YOU
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