organic chemistry macromolecules of life organic molecules o organic molecules are found in living...

ORGANIC CHEMISTRYMACROMOLECULES

OF LIFE

ORGANIC MOLECULESO Organic

molecules are found in living things.

O The chemistry of carbon

O Carbon can bond with up to four other atoms

DIFFERENT SHAPESO Straight chains

O Branched chains

O Rings

DIFFERENT STRENGTHS O Single bonds 1 pair e- sharedO Double bonds 2 pairs e- sharedO Triple bonds 3 pairs e- shared

BONDS OF ORGANICO Alkanes: single

bonds

O Alkenes: double bonds

O Alkynes: triple bonds

O http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itWLaLat8LU&feature=player_detailpage

BIOMOLECULES

OCarbohydrates – sugars and starches

O Lipids – fats and oilsO Proteins-enzymesO Nucleic Acids – DNA, RNA, ATP,

ADP

MONOMERS AND POLYMERS

O Monomer: single building unit

O Monosaccharides

O Amino acids

O Nucleotides

O Polymer: many monomers

O Carbohydrates

O Proteins

O Nucleic Acids

CARBOHYDRATES

MONOSACCHARIDESO Glucose—blood

sugar

O Fructose-fruit sugar

O Galactose—used in milk

FUNCTIONO Monosaccharides Glucose, fructose, galactose

Quick Energy

CONDENSATION—DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

O Chemical reaction that builds molecules by the loss of a water molecule

DISACCHARIDESO Sucrose glucose + fructose

O Lactose glucose + galactose

O Maltose glucose + glucose

FUNCTIONO Disaccharides Sucrose, lactose, maltose

Short-term energy storage

Pre-game meals

POLYSACCHARIDESO Glycogen—animal

storage in liver and muscles

O Chitin—exoskeleton in insects

O Starch—plant storage

O Cellulose—cell wall structure

FUNCTIONO Energy storage Glycogen—animals Starch--plants

O Structural Chitin—insect exoskeletons Cellulose—cell walls in plantshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=hsBQsv01aks

LIPIDSO Mainly carbon and hydrogen atoms

(hydrocarbon chains); very few oxygen

O Fatty acids + glycerol molecule

WHAT DO LIPIDS DO?

SATURATED FATS

O Long hydrocarbon chains

O Single bondsO Solid; Bad fatsO Function Long-term energy storage Insulation to retain heat

UNSATURATED FATSO Long

hydrocarbon chains

O Single double bond

O Liquids; Good fats

O Long-term storage

WAXESO Protective fruit

coatings

O Protective water proofing on feathers

PHOSPHOLIPIDSO Major component of cell membranesO Phosphate head—hydrophilic and

polarO Fatty acid tails—hydrophobic and

nonpolar

PHOSPHOLIPIDSO 2 fatty acids—glycerolO 1 phosphate--glycerol

STEROIDSO Ring shaped

lipidsO Hormones—

regulatorsO Sex hormonesO Cholesterol

CHOLESTEROLO Does not occur in

plantsO Most abundant

steroid in human body

O Not soluble in waterO Cannot be

transported in blood unless linked with a lipoprotein (water-soluble proteins)

O High levels of LDL increase heart disease risk

O High HDL reduces heart risk

O LDL:HDL ratio better indicator of heart disease risk

HDLO Transport excess cholesterol from various

tissues to the liver where it is metabolized

O Basically they are removing cholesterol from the blood

O Increase HDL by: Exercise Lose weight

LDL AND HDL

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=wnK1Kv3XkZI

PROTEINSPOLYMERS OF AMINO ACIDS

PROTEIN FUNCTIONSO control the rate of chemical reactions

- enzymesO regulate cell processesO transport oxygen in the blood -

hemoglobinO help fight disease - antibodiesO form bone and muscle

PROTEIN MONOMERSO Carbon,

hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

O R-groups: identification of amino acid

O Carboxyl—acidO Amino-Carboxyl

by peptide bond

PEPTIDE BONDO Condensation reaction by releasing water between amine group and carboxyl acid

TYPES OF PROTEINS

Primary—hair, nails, Secondary--DNA skinLinear sequence Double helix

TYPES OF PROTEINS

Tertiary—Enzymes Quarternary-- hemoglobinDouble strands folded 4 strands foldedback over themselves

WHAT ARE ENZYMES?O Catalyst is

something that speeds up a chemical reaction

O Lowering the ACTIVATION ENERGY - the energy required for a reaction to begin

PROPERTIES OF ENZYMES

O They are not changed by the reactions they speed up

O Can be reusedO They are SPECIFIC- means that only

one particular enzyme will work with one particular substrate

FYI ABOUT ENZYMESO Suffix of –aseO Substrate—material being acted onO Active site—on enzyme where substrate

fitsO Many times enzyme named for substrate

they act on

maltose—maltase sucrose—sucrase

LOCK AND KEY HYPOTHESIS

EFFECTS ON ENZYMESO Temperature, pH, concentration of

substrate, concentration of enzymes

O Optimum ranges for enzymes

After this point the rate of reaction decreases until there is no reactionAt this point enzyme is said to be DENATURED – active site destroyed

ENZYMEShttp://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=UXvCyLFszOU

NUCLEIC ACIDSPolymer made up of carbon,

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus

NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE

DNA RNAO Double strandO Deoxyribose

sugarO Adenine—

ThymineO Only in nucleusO Genetic Code

O Single strandO Ribose sugarO Uracil—ThymineO Nucleus and

cytoplasmO Decoder

TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS

FUNCTIONThe main function of nucleic acids is to store and transmit genetic (hereditary) information

Monomers—nucleotides to code for amino acid sequence

NUCLEIC ACIDShttp://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=NNASRkIU5Fw