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The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Integration of Production Technologies
for Organic Vegetable Soybean
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
AVRDC Organic Vegetable Soybean Research Team
Crop & Ecosystem Management Unit • Dr. Chin-Hua Ma, Soil Scientist and Project Leader
• Dr. Peter Juroszek, Weed Management Agronomist
• Dr. Manuel C. Palada, Crop Management Specialist
• Mr. L. H. Chen, Senior Field Assistant
• Ms. Ida Tsai, Research Assistant
Entomology Unit – Pest Management • Dr. Ramasamy Srinivasan, Entomologist
• Ms. Mei-Ying Lin, Principal Research Assistant
• Mr. Fu-Cheng Su, Principal Research Assistant
Mycology Unit – Disease Management • Dr. Tien-Chien Wang, Mycologist
• Mr. Chien-Hua Chen, Principal Research Assistant
Nutrition Unit – Quality Evaluation • Dr. Ray-Yu Yang, Associate Specialist & Biochemist
• Ms. Wan-Jen Wu, Research Assistant
• Ms. Ying-Chuang Chen, Laboratory Assistant
Legume Breeding Unit – Variety Evaluation • Dr. Motoki Takahashi, Associate Plant Breeder
• Ms. Miao-Rong Yan, Principal Research Assistant
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Manuel Celiz Palada
Vegetable Production/Ecosystem Specialist
Head, Crop & Ecosystem Management Unit, AVRDC
Education: PhD Hort Science-Vegetable Crops, Univ. of Florida; MS Agronomy,
Univ. of the Philippines; BS Plant Science, Central Philippine Univ.
Positions held: Research Professor, Univ. Virgin Islands USA; Senior Agronomist, IITA
Nigeria; Research Scientist, Rodale International, USA; Senior Research
Assistant, IRRI Philippines; Asst Professor, Central Philippine University
Research and development work: Field and vegetable crops production, sustainable
agricultural systems, farming systems research/extension/training, organic/ecological
agriculture, agroforestry systems, multiple cropping/cropping systems, small farm
development, microirrigation, indigenous and specialty vegetable crops, herbs and spices,
medicinal and aromatic plants/herbs, peri-urban agriculture.
International work experience: More than 35 years in profession. Has worked in South,
Southeast & Central Asia, West, Central & East Africa, the Caribbean & South Pacific.
Traveled to >40 countries.
Publications: 30+ peer reviewed journal articles; 90+proceedings; 80+ abstracts; 55
technical bulletins; edited 5 conference proceedings and gave >100 technical presentations
in national, regional and international scientific meetings and conferences.
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Outline
• Introduction
• Objectives
• Cultivar evaluation
• Soil and fertilizer management
• Insect management
• Disease management
• Weed and crop management
• Quality improvement - nutrition
• Expected impacts
• Summary
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC The role of
AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center
____
Research that promotes development
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Founded in 1971 as the Asian
Vegetable Research and Development
Center with a research focus on Asia
Now: The World Vegetable Center with
a global mandate
Its research and extension are not-for-
profit
Its products of research are global
public goods
Staff: Increasing - almost 350
worldwide (2007)
48 Internationally Recruited Staff
293 Nationally Recruited Staff
Budget: Over US$ 18 millions (2007)
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Focus of AVRDC
HEALTH
Vegetables are the most
affordable and available
source of essential
micronutrients
- - -
Vegetables are a healthy
answer to malnutrition
and obesity
- - -
Improved safety for
producers and
consumers through safer
production
INCOME
Vegetables create more jobs
than other agricultural
activity
- - -
Vegetable production helps
create new income
opportunities along the
value-added chain
- - -
High value vegetables
provide marketing
opportunities
DIVERSITY
Preserving and working with
diversity is an investment for
the future
- - -
Diverse varieties are the
source for applied breeding
- - -
Vegetable production and
processing diversifies
economic activities and
income
Training and capacity building for sustainable impacts!
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Mission and Strategy
Mission:
“Alleviate poverty and malnutrition in the developing world through increased production and consumption of safe vegetables.”
Strategy: “To build partnerships and mobilize resources
from the private and public sectors to promote production and consumption of safe vegetables in the developing world.”
From production to consumption … to peri-urban
and urban areas From rural …
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Priority outcomes of research for development
Increase productivity Enhance nutrition
and income
Ensure food
safety
Reduce pesticide
misuse
Increase
sustainability
Protect the
environment
Gender: Focus on
women Empower the poor
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Vegetable Soybean in Taiwan
• Number 1 processed frozen food for export.
• One of the most important cash crops
• Good quality, proper moisture content, high sugar content, better flavor.
• Increased yield and improved quality – key points for enhancing superiority in international markets.
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Challenge
Increasing concern on
environmental quality, human
health and safer agricultural
products has led to the
development of organic
agriculture, hence, organic
vegetable soybean.
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Challenge
• Development of cultivation
technologies and expansion of
export markets for organic
vegetable soybean is a challenge
for sustainable organic vegetable
production and enterprise.
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Vegetable Soybean
• High protein, P, Ca and isoflavone
• Nutrition value higher than other
beans
• Low fertilizer requirements
• Shorter growth duration
• Symbiotic N fixing ability suitable for
organic farming – leguminous crop
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Project Objectives
• Integrate production technologies
and standard cultivation knowledge
for organic vegetable soybean.
• Provide production guidelines for
organic vegetable soybean farmers.
• Extend improved production
technologies for organic vegetable
soybean to other farmers in the
tropics.
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Since the summer of 2004, fields of total 6 ha area are in conversion from conventional to organic farming (see fields in blue color). In addition to vegetable crops, arable crops, green manure species, catch crops, banana, and tropical fruit trees are also grown in order to increase the biodiversity and stability within the system.
Organic
research
fields
AVRDC Organic
Experimental Field
Plots 81-84
Plots 75-77
(3.97 ha)
(1.92 ha)
Organic plots
Organic plots
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Land Preparation for Organic
Vegetable Soybean
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Laying out plots
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Laying out plots and treatments
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
`
Integration production technologies
for organic vegetable soybean
- An AVRDC’s Approach
2008.1.30
Maejo University, Chiang Mai
Innocula-
tion
Balanced
fertilization
Varietal difference Effects on Isoflavone Compare between organic & conventional
Select the best from local varieties
Integrated production technologies for organic VSB
Disseminate the technologies through field demo &
field guide
Integrated developed disease/pest technologies
Develop new technologies
Variety Evaluation
Organic-IDM
Research on production technologies
of organic vegetable soybean
Organic-IPM
Organic-IWM
Crop & Fertilizer Manage-
ment
Evaluation pod/seed
quality
Field Trial for OVSB in Spring 2006
AVRDC, Taiwan
Field Trial for OVSB in Autumn 2006
AVRDC, Taiwan
Field Trial for OVSB in Spring 2007
AVRDC, Taiwan
Field Trial for OVSB in Autumn 2007
AVRDC, Taiwan
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Standards for graded pods of VSB
• Vegetable soybean is grain soybean harvested
at R6 stage while the pods are still green and
fully developed. The seeds of vegetable soybean are commonly larger, sweeter and more tender
than grain soybean.
• Export standard graded pods are green pods
without diseases and pest damages, with two or more seeds per pod, pod size with width 1.3 cm and pod length 4.5 cm, in 500 g pods contain
about 150~170 pod numbers.
• Other requirements are: gray pubescence on pod, short cooking time, easy-to-squeeze pod texture after cooking, and sweet taste.
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Cultivar Evaluation
• V1 – Cha-Mame (fragrant)
• V2 – Tainan – ASVEG 2
• V6 - Kaohsiung 6
• V9 – Kaohsiung 9
Vegetable Soybean Varieties
Tainan-AV No.2
Days to maturity in spring is 85 , and 71 days in autumn. It is a mid to late maturity variety
Resistant to Downy mildew powdery mildew
Graded pod yields in spring is 10.7 t/ha, 8.7 t/ha in autumn.。
Pod large and green with good flavor and tastes
KS-No. 6
Medium maturity
variety, days to
maturity is about 73.
Graded pod yields in spring is 8.3 t/ha, 5.9 t/ha in autumn.
Seeds tasted the sweetest among all cultivated varieties.
Susceptible to
Anthracnose.
High yielding variety
Graded pod yields in
spring is 8.9~9.8 t/ha,
and 9.0~9.5 t/ha in
autumn.
Higher graded pods
with three seeds per
pod.
Good flavor and taste
:better than KS -6.
But the seeds are
harder than KS-6.
KS-No. 9
Chamame
Japan’s variety
With Taro-flavor,
high sweetness
With brown seed
skin color, white
flower color
Very early
maturity, yield is
lower than other
variety
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Yield of Vegetable Soybean Varieties
under Organic Management System
AVRDC, Taiwan
Variety Total pod yield (t/ha)
SP-2006 AU-2006 SP-2007 Mean
Cha-Mame 12.5 ab 9.7 a 10.8 a 11.0
Tainan –
ASVEG 2
14.0 a 10.4 a 11.2 a 11.9
Kaohsiung 6 11.8 b 7.1 b 8.5 b 9.1
Kaohsiung 9 13.6 a 9.2 a 10.3 a 11.0
SP = Spring
AU = Autumn
Mean separation in columns by Tukey’s Test, P<0.05.
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Yield of Vegetable Soybean Varieties
under Organic Management System
AVRDC, Taiwan
Variety Graded pod yield (t/ha)
SP 2006 AU 2006 SP 2007 Mean
Cha-Mame 8.3 a 5.9 a 6.3 a 6.8
Tainan –
ASVEG 2
8.3 a 5.2 ab 4.5 b 6.0
Kaohsiung 6 7.6 a 4.5 b 4.6 b 5.6
Kaohsiung 9 7.6 a 5.2 ab 5.2 b 6.0
SP = Spring
AU = Autumn
Mean separation in columns by Tukey’s Test, P<0.05
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
• TN-AV2 produced the highest total pod yield,
followed by KS9 and V1-Chamame. However,
the differences were not significantly
different. The growing period for TNAV2 was
the longest, and that for Chamame was the
shortest.
• As the graded pod yields were compared,
Chamame had the highest graded pod yield,
followed by TNAV2 or KS-9. The differences
among varieties were also not significant.
Chamame variety has great potential to be
cultivated in organic farming system.
Evaluation of varieties
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Fertilizer Treatment
Trt Solid Organic Fert
(kg N/ha)
Basal Side 1
R1
Organic Fert Solution
(kg N/ha)
Side-dressed at
15 DAS R1 R4 R5
Index of total
pod yield
F3 as 100
VI V2 V6 V9
F1 60 - 7.5 7.5 - - 104 101 106 99
F2 60 - - 7.5 7.5 - 105 105 99 98
F3 60 15 - - - - 100 100 100 100
F4 60 15 - - 7.5 7.5 99 106 100 100
V1 = Cha-Mame
V2 = Tainan ASVEG-2
V3 = Kaohsiung 6
V4 = Kaohsiung 9
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Fertilizer management
2006 2006 2007 2006 2006 2007
SpringAutumn Spring SpringAutumnSpring
F1 13.1 a 9.0 a 10.4 a 8.0 a 5.1 a 5.4 a
F2 13.0 a 8.9 a 10.0 a 7.8 a 5.1 a 5.0 a
F3 12.8 a 9.1 a 10.2 a 8.0 a 5.1 a 5.1 a
F4 13.0 a 9.3 a 10.1 a 7.9 a 5.4 a 5.2 a
Graded pod Yield
(t/ha)
Fertilization
Treatment
Effectsoffertilizationtreatmentsontotalpodyieldsandgradedpod
yieldsoforganicallygrownvegetablesoybeaninthreecropping(mean
of 4 varieties).
Total pod Yield
(t/ha)
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Fertilizer Management
The effects of fertilizer treatment on total pod yield
varied among varieties. However, there were no
significant differences among different fertilization
methods. These results might be due to small
differences in the fertilizer treatments. Side dress applied
at early growing stage appeared slightly better than
applied at later growing stage.
VSB seeds were inoculated with local strains of rhizobia
before sowing. Solid Organic fertilizer, equivalent to 60-
90 kg N/ha was broadcasted as basal fertilizer, then
15~30 kg N/ha of solid organic fertilizer was side-dressed
along the beds and banked with soils by manual
cultivator at flower initiation or R1 stage. Liquid organic
fertilizers were supplemented at flowering initiation
stage and pod filling stages.
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Major and minor insect pests:
Soybean webworm (Omiodes indicata) is the major pest after third week of sowing, whereas common armyworm
(Spodoptera litura) and Taiwan tussock moth (Porthesia taiwana) are the minor insects in the initial stages of crop growth.
The population of soybean webworm increased continually from fourth to seventh week after sowing. Bean pod borer
(Maruca vitrata) occurred during the pod formation stage in this season.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) consisting of sex pheromones and sticky paper traps, bio-pesticides such as
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), neem and nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) have been followed to manage the major insect pests.
IPM was demonstrated against an untreated Check.
Pest monitoring:
Sucking insects such as leafhopper, whitefly and thrips were monitored using insect adhesive trap paper (IATP) at
weekly intervals from the date of sowing. Sex pheromone traps were used for Spodoptera exigua, S. litura and
Helicoverpa armigera.
Pest management:
During the first leaf stage of the crop growth, Bt and neem were sprayed for preventing stem, root and leaf-miner
damages. Application of neem after two weeks of sowing (WOS), combined application of Bt and neem after five WOS
and combined application of Bt and MaviNPV after seven WOS were followed to control foliage-feeding and pod-
damaging insect pests in the IPM plots.
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Insect Pests and Their Management
in Organic Vegetable Soybean
Insect pests monitored at regular intervals
from two weeks after sowing
Tomato Fruitworm,
Helicoverpa armigera
Beet Armyworm,
Spodoptera exigua
Defoliators feeding on the leaves in early stages
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Common Armyworm,
Spodoptera litura
Soybean Webworm,
Omiodes indicata
Cabbage looper,
Trichoplusia ni Taiwan Tussock moth,
Porthesia taiwana
Major defoliators feeding on the
leaves throughout the season
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Stink bug, Nezara viridula
Aphid Leafhopper
Major sucking insect on the pods
Major sucking insect on the leaves
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Limabean podborer, Etiella zinckenella (Major pod borer in Spring season)
Bean podborer, Maruca vitrata (Major pod borer in Autumn season)
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Integrated Pest Management
• Insects were regularly monitored
from sowing to harvest during
autumn 2006 (7 Sept to 17 Nov),
spring 2007 (14 Feb to 4 May) and
autumn 2007 (1 Oct to 15 Dec)
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Integrated Pest Management
• Sex pheromone traps for: Spodoptera exigua, S. litura and Helicoverpa armigera
• Yellow sticky paper traps for: whitefly and small green leafhopper
• Neem spray for: early season sucking insects and defoliators
• Neem and Bt sprays for: defoliators 3x during the growing season
• Blue sticky paper traps for: thrips
• Spraying of MaviMNPV for: legume pod borer in autumn season
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
IPM for major insect pests on
organic vegetable soybean
• Sex pheromone traps for S. exigua, S. litura and H. armigera throughout the growing season
• Yellow sticky paper traps for whitefly and small green leafhopper throughout the growing season
• Spraying of neem for early season sucking insects and defoliators and
• Spraying of neem and Bacillus thuringiensis (Xentari) for pod-borers three times during the growing season
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Observations Autumn 2006
• Leaves slightly defoliated by tomato fruitworm (H. armigera), common armyworm (S. litura) and beet armyworm (S. exigua).
• Soybean webworm (Omiodes indicata) and Taiwan tussock moth (Porthesia taiwana) were promising defoliators.
• Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), thrips (Megalurothrips usitatus) and small green leafhopper were the major sucking insects.
• Limabean pod borer (Eteiella zinckenella) and legume pod borer (LPB), Maruca vitrata were the major pests on the pods.
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Observations Spring 2007
• Leaves were slightly defoliated by tomato fruitworm and beet armyworm early in season
• Common armyworm, soybean webworm and Taiwan tussock moth were promising defoliators, but population was lower than in 2006.
• Stink bug (Nezara viridula), aphids and small green leafhoppers were the major sucking insects.
• Limabean pod borer was the major pest attacking the pods.
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Observations Autumn 2007
• Soybean worm (O. indicata) and
common armyworm were the
major insect pests observed four
weeks after sowing.
• Taiwan tussock moth, thrips and
small green leafhopper were the
minor insect pests.
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Yield of vegetable soybean in
different treatments (2006)
Treatments Total pod yield
(t/ha)
(Mean ± SD)
Graded pod
yield (t/ha)
(Mean ± SD)
Integrated Pest
Management (IPM)
9.94±0.50 7.12±0.56
Check 6.02±0.48 3.15±0.38
t (d.f.=7) 13.22** 16.45**
P <0.0005 <0.0004
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Damage by Lima bean pod borer
and total pod yield, Spring 2007
Treatment Pod damage by
lima bean pod
borer (%)
Total pod yield
(t/ha)
IPM (organic)
Conventional
Control
(untreated
4.01 b
1.78 c
10.67 a
9.93 b
13.77 a
9.00 c
LSD (p<0.05)
LSD (p<0.01)
2.23
3.03
0.51
0.69
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Differences in total and graded pod yield
between organic IPM and control plots,
Autumn 2006
Treatments Total pod yield
(t/ha)
(Mean + SD)
Graded pod yield
(t/ha)
(Mean + SD)
IPM
Control
(untreated)
9.94 + 0.50
6.02 + 0.48
7.12 + 0.56
3.15 + 0.38
t (d.f. = 7)
P
13.22**
<0.0005
16.45**
<0.0004
Significance of differences was calculated (**p<0.01 and
*p<0.05) using paired t-test.
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Disease Management of
Organic Vegetable Soybean
C. H. Chen & T. C. Wang
AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Disease Control
For effective controlling soil-borne diseases at seedling stage, plants in the plot of Treatment
D1 were drenched with Trichoderma harzianum T2 strain (100X) started at 10 days after sowing,
and followed by 3 more applications at one week interval.
For controlling disease infection on stems, leaves, and pods at mid-growth stage, plants in the
plots of Treatments D2 and D3 were sprayed with Bacillus subtilis strains Y1336 (500X) and WG6-
14 (100X) respectively, at 30 days after sowing and continued by 3 more applications at one week
interval.
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Major fungal diseases of
organic vegetable soybean
1. Root rot (Rhizoctonia solani)
2. Anthracnose (Colletotrichum
truncatum)
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Root rot
Causal agent: Rhizoctonia solani
Symptom and
occurrence:
Characteristics of root rot
include inadequate stands
and death of young seedlings.
The presence of dark brown
or reddish lesions on the
stem or lower main root is
evidence of seedling disease.
Seedling roots are often
blackened and decayed.
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Management of root rot
1) Practice rotation
2) Solar sterilization by transparent plastic film
mulching
3) Planting high quality seed
4) Seed treatment utilizing effective antagonists such
as Trichoderma spp.
5) Soil amendment or drenching with Trichoderma spp.
at the seedling stage
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Anthracnose
Causal agent: Colletotrichum truncatum
Symptoms and occurrence:
Late infections occur during bloom
or early pod development when
conditions are wet and humid for a
prolonged period. The fungus
produces an abundance of spores
which infect and kill lower branches,
leaves, and young pods. Symptoms
appear on stems, pods, and petioles
as red or dark brown areas. Later
these areas are covered with black
fruiting bodies (acervuli). Infection
of young pods results in empty pods
at maturity. Pods infected later
contain shriveled or moldy seed,
and may have dark lesions on the
seed coat.
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Management of anthracnose
1) Planting high quality seed
2) Seed treatment utilizing warm water (520C
for 30 min)
3) Applying effective antagonists such as
Thrichoderma spp., Bacillus subtilis, or
Streptomyces spp. between bloom and pod
fill
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
The efficacy of antagonists on disease control of vegetable
soybean production in spring, 2007
Treatment
Root
rot (%)1
Downy
mildew
(%)2
Soybean
rust (%)2
Anthracnose
(%)3
Graded
pod yield
(t/ha)4
TRICHODERMA 3.26 c5 9.86 a 24.86 a 44.51 a 5.33 a
Trichoderma
harzianum 7.95 b 8.19 a 28.06 a 45.29 a 4.98 ab
Bio-Bac(Bacillus
subtilis) 12.57 a 8.89 a 24.03 a 42.85 a 5.19 ab
BIO-DEFENDER
(Streptomyces) 15.17 a 9.44 a 27.16 a 45.95 a 4.72 ab
Control 14.30 a 8.89 a 24.72 a 48.06 a 5.07 ab
1Percentage of plants infected. 2Percentage of foliage area infected. 3Percentage of pod no. infected. 4Calculated based on pod weight of the harvest area.
5Means within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to the Duncan’s test at P<0.05.
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
The efficacy of antagonists on disease control of vegetable
soybean production in fall, 2007
Treatment Root rot
(%)1
Anthracnose
(% )2
Graded pod
(%)3
Trichoderma spp.
amended
(特克德)
11.33 c4 10.23 a 43.37 ab
Trichoderma spp.
spraied
(特克德)
38.33 ab 8.44 b 49.57 ab
Bacillus subtilis
(台灣寶) 41.67 a 5.81 c 50.05 ab
Streptomyces spp.
(菌老大) 33.67 b 5.50 c 52.82 a
Control 37.67 ab 9.81 ab 41.35 b
1Percentage of plant no. infected. 2Percentage of pod no. infected. 3Weight percentage within a sample size of 1 kg for each replication.. 4Means within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to the Duncan’s test at P<0.05.
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Other Diseases Observed in
Vegetable Soybean
• Downy mildew (Peronospora manshurica)
• Rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi)
• Purple blotch (Cercospora kikuchii)
• Bacterial pustule (Xanthomonas axonopodis
pv. Glycines)
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Integrated disease management
for vegetable soybean
1) Planting resistant cultivars
2) Selecting high quality seed
3) Field sanitation
4) Proper field operation
5) Controlling disease timely and
effectively
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Peter Juroszek & Hsing-hua Tsai
AVRDC, Organic Vegetable Program
Crop & Ecosystem Management Unit
COA Organic Vegetable Soybean Project:
Weed management
Field experiment sown on 7 September 2006
Preliminary results before soybean harvest
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Weed Control
Plastic mulch and frequent manual removal of weeds (15, 22, 28, and 35 DAS) generated the
highest efficacy with more than 90 % reduction of total weed ground cover (but not a low-cost
solution)
Vinegar (6 % acetic acid) applied twice (15 and 22 DAS) significantly reduced ground cover of
broadleaf weeds (>70 %) such as Amaranthus spinosus, A. viridis and Trianthema
portulasastrum, but not including ground cover of grasses and Cyperus rotundus.
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Materials and Methods
• Growing season:
7 Sept 2006 (dry season)
14 Feb 2007 (dry-wet season)
• Treatments:
1 – Untreated control
2 – Vinegar application
3 – Plastic mulch cover
4 – Hand hoeing
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Materials and Methods
• Plot size: 4 raised beds, 1 m wide x 3 m long
• Furrow space: 50 cm
• Seeding rate: 3 seeds per hill 12 cm apart in double rows
• Plant population: 33,333 plts/ha
• Biopesticides: Xentari-Bt, BioFree-Neem
• Irrigation: furrow
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Treatments
• Vinegar: 2006 = 6% acetic acid,
commercial food grade – post
emergence, 2x (15 and 22 DAS) 2007
= one application at 16 DAS, hand-
sprayed over weeds.
• Plastic mulch: surface prior to sowing
• Hoeing: 15 DAS (2006), 20 DAS (2007)
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Field trial treatments (RCBD with 3 replications)
Untreated control (‘Untreated‘, negative control plots)
Vinegar application at 6 % acetic acid (‘Vinegar‘, food-grade)
Plastic mulch cover (‘Mulch‘)
Weeds frequently removed (‘Weed free‘, positive control plots)
Vinegar was applied by hand sprayer twice at 15 DAS and 22 DAS,
avoiding drift to the crop canopy to minimize crop injury
Application in the morning between 8 and 9 a.m.
Sunny weather and no rainfall after application
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Weed management approach in organic farming
Vinegar application might be effective??
In the USA, vinegar application (10, 15, and 20 % acetic acid
content) successfully controlled broadleaf weeds including
Chenopodium album, Amaranthus species, Abutilon theophrasti
(e.g. Radhakrishnan et al., 2003)
• Vinegar at the 5 % acetic acid concentration gave variable
results.
The presented study aimed at generating basic knowledge
concerning the use of foliar applied vinegar for weed control in
organic farming without taking into account the economic
aspects.
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Weed abundance just before vinegar application at 15 DAS,
dry season 2006
The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC
Weed abundance just before vinegar application at 15 DAS,
dry season 2006
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First vinegar (6 % acetic acid) application at 15 DAS using a hand sprayer; applied
between 8-9 a.m. at a sunny day without rainfall, dry season 2006. The vinegar
spray was directed to the weed canopy to avoid crop canopy injury!
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Effects of vinegar 2 hours after its application on Amaranthus and small grasses, 2 March 2007
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Effect of vinegar application at 18 DAS (3 days after first vinegar application)
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Effect of vinegar at 28 DAS (13 days after first vinegar application, 6 days
after the second vinegar application), broadleaf weeds not apparent any more
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Treatments of trial replication 2 at 32 DAS; crop ground cover values > 95 %
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Weed fresh biomass and total and graded pod yield of
organic vegetable soybean under four weed
management treatments
Treatment Weed biomass
(g/m2)
2006 2007
Total pod yield
(t/ha)
2006 2007
Graded pod yield
(t/ha)
2006 2007
Untreated
Vinegar
Mulch
Hoeing
963.3 a 7555.6 a
48.9 b 5604.9 b
1.4 c 5.3 c
0.3 c 0.0 c
8.5 b 3.0 b
9.4 ab 5.2 b
10.7 a 11.1 a
9.7 ab 11.3 a
6.1 b 1.3 b
7.0 ab 2.3 b
8.2 a 5.7 a
7.0 ab 5.8 a
Results within columns with different letters behind are significantly different (Tukey’s Test, P<0.05
Note: in both years Amaranthus species were most dominant and influenced the outcome of
results
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Summary of results gained in the dry season 2006/2007
Plastic mulch and frequent manual removal of weeds gave highest
efficacy with more than 90 % reduction of weed ground cover
independent of weed species and season (not a low-cost solution)
Vinegar (6 % acetic acid) applied twice at 15 DAS and 22 DAS did not
significantly reduce ground cover of grasses and had virtually no effect
on Cyperus rotundus
Vinegar applied twice at 15 DAS and 22 DAS significantly reduced
total ground cover of broadleaf weeds (up to >70 %) including
Amaranthus spinosus, A. viridis, Trianthema portulacastrum
However, results could not be confirmed in the rainy season 2007
because after vinegar application subsequent weed emergence occured
Vinegar application (6 % acetic acid) may be in the dry season a
possible approach when susceptible bradleaf weeds are dominating the
field, under conditions of less subsequent weed emergence (e.g. avoid
all irrigation practices such as over-head irrigation that would favour
subsequent weed emergence). Do not apply vinegar at the crop canopy
of soybean because it will kill your soybeans like the broadleaf weeds!
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Nutrition
Quality Evaluation
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Taste Test for Vegetable Soybean
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Taste Test for Vegetable Soybean
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Nutrient content and pod color value of vegetable
soybeans as influenced by growing season
(averaged over varieties and farming systems)
Season Isoflavone (mg/100 g d.w.)
Dry Matter
(g)
Protein
(g)
Oil
(g)
Sugar
(g)
Color
Spring
Autumn
41.4 a
67.8 b
30.4 b
32.1 a
38.7 a
38.2 b
19.9 a
19.8 a
8.5 b
12.9 a
3.58 a
3.80 a
n = 18 in both seasons for isoflavone analysis, otherwise n = 48 in spring
and n = 42 in autumn.
Nutritional quality of vegetable
soybean by seasons
b a
a b
a a
a a
a a
b
a
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
Color
value
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Dry matter
(%)
Protein (%) Sugar (%) Oil (%)
Va
lue
s
Spring
Autumn
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Isoflavone
(mg/100g)
Source: Ma and Yang, AVRDC, unpublished data
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Nutrient content and pod color value of vegetable
soybeans as influenced by farming system
(averaged over varieties and growing seasons)
Farming
System
Isoflavone (mg/100 g d.w.)
Dry Matter
(g)
Protein
(g)
Oil
(g)
Sugar
(g)
Color
Conv.
Organic
58.3 a
50.9 b
31.8 a
30.8 b
36.7 b
39.8 a
20.4 a
19.4 b
11.1 a
10.1 b
3.92 a
3.51 b
n = 18 in both farming systems for isoflavone analysis, otherwise n = 39 in
conventional farming system and n = 51 in organic farming system.
Nutritional quality of vegetable
soybean by farming types
a b
a b
b a
a b
a b a b
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Dry matter
(%)
Protein (%) Sugar (%) Oil (%)
Va
lue
s
Conventional
Organic
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
Color
value
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Isoflavone
(mg/100g)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Dry matter
(%)
Protein (%) Sugar (%) Oil (%)
Va
lue
s
Conventional
Organic
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
Color
value
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Isoflavone
(mg/100g)
Source: Ma and Yang, AVRDC, unpublished data
Variation of total isoflavone content
among vegetable soybean varieties
b
a
a
c c
-
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Chamame TNAV2 KS5 KS6 KS9
Tota
l is
oflavones (
mg/1
00g)
Source: Ma and Yang, AVRDC, unpublished data
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Summary of Results on
Nutritional Quality • Effects of variety and farming system are
significant on all 6 quality traits.
• Seasonal effect was significant except for oil content and color values.
• No significant effect of organic fertilizer was shown on quality traits.
• Season x farming system and season x variety interactions were significant for all 6 quality traits.
• Farming system x variety interaction was significant only for dry matter, color and isoflavone, however, when season was added, the effects were significant on protein, oil, sugar and isoflavones.
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Isoflavones
• Growing season and variety were major factors in influencing isoflavones.
• About 1.5-fold higher isoflavones were obtained in autumn compared to spring growing season.
• Difference in isoflavones between farming systems was significant only in spring for 3 out of 4 varieties.
• Conventional farming system produced higher quantities of isoflavones than organic system.
• Highest isoflavones was obtained from Da Da Cha-Man and KS 9 in autumn regardless of farming system.
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Sugar
• Influenced by growing season.
• About 1.5-fold higher free sugar content was obtained from autumn crop compared to spring crop.
• Difference in sugar content between farming systems was significant in 2 out of 4 varieties (Da Da Cha-Man and KS 6) grown in spring and significant in 2 out of 4 varieties (Da Da Cha-Man and KS 9) grown in autumn.
• Higher sugar contents were obtained in conventional than organic farming system except for Da Da –Cha-Man grown in autumn.
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Dry Matter
• Conventionally produced vegetable
soybeans have significantly higher
dry matter content compared to
organically grown soybean regardless
of growing season and variety.
• In this study, farming system was a
major factor influencing dry matter
content.
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Protein
• Farming system and variety had
significant influence on protein
content.
• Higher protein content was obtained
from organic system compared to
conventional system.
• Highest protein content was obtained
from variety KS 5 grown in spring
under organic system.
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Oil
• Higher oil contents were obtained
in 3 out of 4 varieties grown in
spring under conventional
farming system.
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Pod Color
• Color values from 1 to 6 indicate a range of color from deep green to yellowish green.
• Higher color values are favored.
• Slightly but significantly higher color values were observed in 3 out of 4 varieties in spring and 2 out of 4 in autumn.
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Conclusions
• Conventional farming system produced vegetable soybeans with higher dry matter, isoflavones, oil and color values than organically grown soybeans.
• Organically grown soybeans are higher in protein content than conventionally grown soybeans.
• Seasonal effect is a major factor influencing some quality traits especially for total isoflavones and sugar contents.
• Overall, conventionally and organically produced vegetable soybeans have almost similar nutritional qualities.
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Expected Impacts • Increased yield potential of new vegetable
soybean varieties under organic system.
• Development of technologies for pest, disease and weed management.
• Development of balanced fertilization technologies to reduce fertilizer application and decrease negative impacts on environment.
• Production of healthy, safe and higher quality organic vegetable soybean enhancing industry and export market.
• Improved human health through promotion and consumption of nutritious organic vegetable soybean.
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Summary
• Integration of technologies including improved high yielding varieties, balanced fertilization, integrated pest, disease and weed management leads to the production of organic vegetable soybean with comparable nutritional quality and yield as conventionally grown soybean.
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Organic Vegetable Soybean Field Day
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Organic Vegetable Soybean Field Day
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Acknowledgement
• This research project was made possible from the grant provided by the Taiwan Council of Agriculture (CoA).
• The Research Team highly appreciate the technical support and cooperation of Tainan DAIS, National Chun Ching University and other research institutes in Taiwan.
• The hard work and assistance of AVRDC field and laboratory technicians as well as field labor are highly appreciated.
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Acknowledgement
• The Research Team is grateful to Dr. & Professor Aphiphan Pookpakdi, Dr. Ruangchai Juwattanasomran and Mr. Daruphun Sansiriphun for their visit to AVRDC last December 2007 and for inviting Dr. Manuel Palada to visit Chiang Mai and share knowledge and experience in organic vegetable soybean production with researchers, extension workers and farmers who are involved in vegetable soybean production.
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