oligozoospermia kc001 udp
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Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Mankind has been concerned about its health, protection from evils of diseases
and suffering since the dawn of civilization. Since then he believed that, nature
alone could help in conquering these afflictions and he sought remedies in Nature
i.e., in Plants, Minerals and Animals.
Many of the drugs were added to their therapeutic armametrium only after
considerable trial and error and application of their clinical judgment. In the light
of the knowledge then available, they had good reasons for what they said and
did. The answers to this questions what they considered as good reasons is not a
simple one, one must take into consideration their intellectual, ethical and cultural
background.
The greatest and noblest pleasure that man can have in world is to discover
new truth and the next is to shake off old prejudices.
Here is an attempt to explore the treasure of knowledge of Ayurvedic
science wherein the concept of Anupana; drugs Masha, Sharkara and Usheera;
Disease – Shukradushti vis-à-vis Oligozoospermia are considered.
The concept of Anupana has been in Ayurvedic classics since archaic
times. However, its importance and practical utility does not appear to have been
fully recognized and applied, at any rate, during the last five or six hundred years,
with the result that it is today a proposition of historical and academical value.
Hence, the obvious requirement is to secure detailed information from the
available literature, then procure a fair and critical understanding of the
implication of this term in the light of observable and verifiable facts available to
us today and reconstruct the concept in view of later developments in the field of
medicine. To do so, this concept is taken up for the study.
Interest in medicinal plants has increased enormously over the last two
decades. The untapped wealth of the plant kingdom has become a target for the
search by multinational drug companies and research institute for new drugs and
compounds. Prominent in this has been the investigations of Traditional remedies,
largely of botanical origin on which a worldwide majority of population still relies
1
A comprehensive clinical study of Anupana in the management of Shukradushti vis-à-vis Oligozoospermia, by Sandhya, S. D. M. COLLEGE OF AYURVEDA, UDUPI
Introduction
for its source of medicine. Society has also become increasingly interested in
natural products with the general public acquiring herbal preparations from the
plethora of various retail outlets. With this background, being in the field of
Ayurveda-Indian system of Medicine, which is predominantly dealing with the
Herbs, it becomes primary duty to untap the treasure and mysteries of this rich
science, re-establish its claims and to remove the old prejudices. To aid this, the
drugs Masha, Usheera and Sharkara were considered for the study.
Masha, Usheera and Sharkara are some of the easily available drugs in the
market. Presently, considerable legislation has been introduced to control the
sales, quality and efficacy of each Ayurvedic product. Standardisation and Quality
control is a must in today’s GMP. To authenticate the identity of the above drugs,
the drug samples were subjected to Preliminary Pharmacognostic and
Physicochemical tests and recorded herein. Details of each drug, its indication in
particular conditions, its method of processing to obtain the required form, its
specific combination, dosage, time and mode of administration are not dealt in
clarity and at one place. Drug study is complete only after a clinical study. In
pursuit of clarity of knowledge in above respects and to establish the efficacy of
the drugs, the clinical study was undertaken.
Infertility has been an issue of great concern since times immemorial and is
considered as a public health problem given its medical, psychological, social and
demographic consequences. Infertility is estimated to affect 15% of all the co-
habiting couples and data available over past 20 yrs reveal that in a stupendous
portion of 1/3 of the cases, male factor is responsible (Obs. & Gynae., Jan, 2001,
WHO report).
The prevalent environmental, socioeconomic conditions, lifestyle, stress
have influenced the rise of male infertility. Among the various causes of male
infertility, Oligozoospermia takes a substantial role. In the contemporary
medicine, although important advances have been made, treatment of infertility
caused by primary testicular disease is unsatisfactory. The results of therapy of
hormonally normal men with Oligozoospermia by use of large doses of
androgenic steroids an so on have been generally unsuccessful (TBM, Vol. I,
2
Introduction
1982, W & S). Shukra and its relation with seminal aspect are discussed in the
disease review. Shukradushti means the vitiated Shukra – the male factor
responsible for conception i.e. Poor Semen Quality (PSQ). PSQ includes various
pathological conditions among which Oligozoospermia is taken up for the study.
Abundant references of Shukrajanana property of Masha and Sharkara and
Shukrashodhana property of Usheera are found in Ayurvedic literature. To
evaluate these and to analyse the concept of Anupana, patients were allotted in 2
groups after a thorough assessment. In one group, Masha with Anupana Sharkara
was administered while in the other group, Masha with Anupana Usheera phanta
was administered. The effect of this combination of Pradhana dravya and
Anupana are then evaluated.
This Dissertation work is designed to comprise of five sections namely
Literary review, Pharmacognostic study, Clinical study, Discussion, Summary and
Conclusion.
Section I Literary review is divided into 3 chapters comprising of
Conceptual study on Anupana, Drug study on Masha, Sharkara, Usheera and
Disease review on Shukradushti – Oligozoospermia.
Section II includes Pharmacognostic and Physicochemical studies on these
drugs.
Section III details regarding the Clinical study.
Section IV discusses the complete Dissertation work under the title
Discussion.
Section V lastly gives a brief Summary of this work followed by the
Conclusions drawn from this study.
3
Conceptual study Anupana
ANUPANAM
Contents
• Vyutpatti
• Nirukti
• Paribhasha
• Itihasa
• Anupana Swaroopa
• Anupana Bheda
• Anupana Dravyas
• Anupana Matra
• Anupana Kala
• Anupanavacharna vidhi
• Anukte Anupana Yojana
• Uktanupana Rasa Yoga
Guna Kala
Dravya Vayah
Varga Dosha
Kalpana Roga / Avastha
Swasthya
• Anupana ayogyah
• Nishiddhanupana
• Anupananantaram nishiddha karma
• Anupana guna-karma
• Anupana karmukata
• Anupana pradhanyata.
1
Conceptual study Anupana
ANUPANAM
Bheshajavacharana vidhi in Ayurveda is a science by itself. Under this title,
it constitutes a concept, Anupana which forms an integral part of Chikitsa.
Information with regards to its description, importance and utility are
found to be scattered in the extant literature. Here is an attempt to pool up the
available data for better comprehension and application.
Vyutpatti1, 2
Anupanam:
Neuter gender
Anu + Dhatu Pa
Anu
• after, along, with
• subordinate to, inferior to, near to
• following methodically, orderly, accordingly
Pana
• a drink
• observing, keeping, protection, defence
Anupana
• to drink after, drink at
• to preserve, cherish, keep, wait for
Adjuvant (L)
• ad – juvo
• juvans – to give, aid to
Nirukti1, 2
• Anugatam panam Anupanam3
• Anu saha paschat va piyate iti Anupanam4
2
Conceptual study Anupana
• Oushadha bhakshanopari yatpitam tadAnupanam5
• Annat anupaschat piyate iti Anupanam6
Paribhasha
• Anupanamiti anu shabdam lakshanarthamahuh |
Aharam lakshikrutyapanam ….. sukhapakartham ||7
• Tena bhavi bhojanam trushnam chanulakshikrutya piyata ityanupanam |8
• Yadyogena rasadinam vibhaktah paramanavah |
Drutamangeshu sarpati sahapana taduchyate ||
Tattat rogaghna bhaishajyam bheshajasyanupiyate |
Yaccha sahayakari syadanupanam taducyate ||25
• Oushadhangapeya vishesha taccha oushadhapananantaram vilambya
prayojanam |9
Synonyms9
• Anupanam
• Sahapanam
• Rogaghna bhaishajyam
Itihasa
“The further back you look, further forward you see”.
Winston Churchill
Vedic Period: 2000BC -1000BC
Vedas are the oldest known literature available today and have been a rich
source of knowledge for varied sciences.
References regarding Anupana are found in the commentary on
Chandogyopanishad10a where it is considered to be a drink, to be had near at
hand. In the context of describing various Dravya-Gunas, Anupana is dealt
under Hitahita Anupanavidhi10b.
3
Conceptual study Anupana
Samhita Period: 1000 B.C – 500 A.D.
Charaka Samhita11:
Charakacharya deals about Anupana in the context of Annapanavidhi in
Sutrasthana. After Krutanna varga, in Aharayogi varga the description, qualities,
mode of action, criteria for selection of specific Anupanas are vividly dealt. The
action of Anupana is related in accordance with the Ahara upayogitva here
.However while describing the selection of Anupanas based on disorders like
Sthoulya, Tandra and Alpagni, specific Anupanas are prescribed too.
Further, the author says if the prescribed Anupana is not available then
based on the habitat, suitable Anupanas are to be considered. From the list of 84
Asavas and other Peyas like Jala are advised to be evaluated and then considered
for administration.
Sushruta Samhita12:
Following the description of Manda-peyadi pathya kalpanas in Krutanna
varga and various delicacies in Bhakshya varga, Anupana is distinguishedly
dealt in a Varga. in Sutrasthana, Annapana vidhi adhyaya of this treatise. Under
this varga, list of various Anupana dravyas, specific Anupana: for set of drugs
belonging to a particular varga, specific to a drug, dosha and disorders are
detailed. Benefits, properties, action of Anupana are also stated in this context.
Ashtanga Hrudayam13:
In Sutrasthana, Matrashiteeyadhyaya, describing Ahara vidhana, Bhojana
vyavastha, Bhojya padarthas, Anupana Pramana and Samaya concept of Anupana
is dealt. General and specific qualities of Anupana, indication w.r.t. dosha, roga,
drug selected and constitution are described here. Anupana ayogya roga and rogi
are also discussed here.
Ashtanga Sangraham14:
This treatise too discusses about Anupana in the context of Annapana vidhi
adhyaya of Sutrasthana, subsequent to Ahara kalpana vidhi and Bhojanavidhi.
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Conceptual study Anupana
Following Anupana, Bhojanottara kartavya, Ahara parinamakara bhava, Viruddha
aharadi topics are dealt. Anupana is discussed with regards to its properties and
action. Apart from this, methods of selection of Anupana based on Roga, Rogi,
Dosha, kalpana, Rasa, Kala, Vayah and such factors are incorporated here.
Kashyapa Samhita15:
Unlike the earlier treatises, Kashyapa has not separately expounded about
Anupana. However applications of Anupana are extensively found in this text. For
instance, in Snehadhyaya of Sutrasthana specific Anupanas for snehas viz.,
Ghrita, Taila, Vasa and Majja – Ushnodaka, Yusha and Manda are indicated
respectively.
Bhela Samhita16:
Treading the common footsteps, Bhela too elaborates Anupana in
association with Ahara and Ahara dravyas. Wholesome Anupanas for specific
Mamsa, Dhanyas, fruits, Ganas, Snehas and so on are mentioned. Guna karma of
Anupanas like Pachana, Rochana and Satmyatam prayacchana are stated in this
context.
Sangraha Kala: 500 A.D. – 1700 A.D.
Madhava dravya guna17, one of the earliest Nighantu in its 28th chapter
discusses about Anupana under the heading Anupanavidhi. List of Anupana
dravya like Toya, Asava, Yusha and so on are advocated in accordance with the
suitability. Mode of action of Anupana is depicted with the illustration of oil
spreading swiftly when dropped on water surface. Here, the oil drop is compared
to the Pradhana oushadha while water simulates the role of Anupana. Further
various selection criterias for Anupanas based on drugs, formulations, disease
condition and so on are dealt with besides the importance and uses of Anupanam.
Chakrapanidatta18 in his work Dravya guna sangraha has dedicated a
complete Varga for Anupana emphasizing its importance in Ayurveda. He details
regarding the Anupana dravyas, directions for selecting the Anupanas,
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Conceptual study Anupana
contraindications for the usage of Anupana, Samanya Anupana Karma and based
on time of administration and the dosage of Anupana.
Kaiyyadeva Nighantukara19 under Viharavarga inducts Anupana. His
description appears to be taken from Sushruta’s treatise.
Information of Anupana is found in Mishraka varga of Madanapala
nighantu20 and is similar to the description of Kaiyyadeva.
In Kalyanakaraka21, Anupana is contented in Anupanadhikara. Anupana
for various Rasas are given importance in this text rather than other criterias. Such
drugs are advocated whose Rasa is liked by the patient apart from being
wholesome and beneficial. In the previous pariccheda, Anupana for various food
items, time of administration and its benefits are told. For Rasayana purpose,
Kwatha prepared from the ingredients of the Rasayana yoga is specially indicated
in this text
Under Churna kalpana, Anupana and its dosage for Churnadi yogas is dealt
by Sharangadhara in his Madhyama khanda22. More information regarding this
context is provided by the commentators Adhamalla and Kashirama. They write
the Nirukti, Paribhasha, dosage and state Jala as the foremost among Anupanas
apart from clarifying the mode of action of Anupana with the oil-water illustration
We find that Bhavamishra23 has not elaborated like other authors regarding
Anupana. However, in the context of Bheshaja vidhanaprakarana,
Sharangadhara’s opinion of dosage and mode of action are found to be followed
by this author.
Raja Nighantukara24 Narahari Pandit is the only person who has mentioned
about 2 types of Anupana viz. Kramana and Pachana Anupana. Apart from this,
not much details regarding Anupana are available.
Adhunika kala: 1700 A.D onwards
In Yogaratnakara, the last topic discussed by the author after
Rasayanadhikara is Anupanam. He has given importance to the Anupanas specific
to particular diseases like Kirata, Musta, Parpata in Jwara and so on. Interestingly,
6
Conceptual study Anupana
we find many dravyas apart from the commonly prescribed Anupanas like:
Svarna, in Gara; Guggulu in Vatavyadhi and so on. All other authors till now
mentioned have advocated Anupana to be administered through oral routes only
but author of Yogaratnakara has prescribed diversified routes of administration of
Anupana. . To mention a few, Virechana as Anupana in Udara, Nidra in Ajirna,
Aruchi, Toshana in Bhaya, Nasya in Urdhvajatruroga, Sheeta vidhi in Murccha,
Raktamokshana in Vidradhi and so on. Further, the author says Anupana
influences on the prime drugs’ strength and effectivity.
Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Vangasena, Gada nigraha and other works
incorporate descriptions of various Yogas to be administered with particular
Anupanas to derive the desired effects in specific indications.
Incidentally, diversified applications of Anupanas are found in the
Rasashastreeya literature among all other Ayurvedic texts. Rasashastra a non-
conventional branch of Ayurveda evolved into a branch by itself, and rose to its
zenith in development more recently. In the course of evolution, the scientists
involved, tried to squeeze the basic concepts available in our science and adopt
them to the fullest extent in the development of this science. Probably, during this
process, Anupana could be one such concept worked upon for which we find its
extensive references in these texts. For instance, usage of Rasasindoora with
various Anupana like Chitraka, Sharkara in Kapharoga, Pittaroga and so on is
found in Ayurveda Prakasha25. Rasa Taranginikara25 has vividly described the
mode of action of Anupana as that which disintegrates the Paramanus of the Yoga
thus aids in carrying it swiftly in the body. He adds, Rogaghna Bhaishajya as
synonym to Anupana. In Rasa jala nidhi26, Gandhaka and its diversified utility due
to usage of various Anupanas and many such formulations are mentioned.
Few books are dedicated to the concept of Anupana alone and constitute a
compilation of numerous Rasaoushadhas in majority and few Kashtoushadhas in
minority and their specific Anupanas. However critical analysis of Anupana is not
elaborated in these texts. To mention a few: Anupanamanjari by Vishrama;
Anupanatarangini by Raghunath Prasad; Anupana Kalpataru by Jagannath Prasad
7
Conceptual study Anupana
Shukla; Anupanavidhi by Shyam Sundara Acharya Vaidya and Anupana darpana
by Jnarasara Sharma.
In modern lexicons like Monier Williams and Stedmans Medical
dictionary, Anupana is a fluid vehicle taken with or after medicine or eating.
Monier Williams described it as
• that which aids or assists the action of main ingredient
• a synergist, an adminiculum
• a vehicle to enhance antigenicity -Immunology
• in adjuvant therapy- use of another form of treatment in addition to primary
surgical therapy as in Oncology27.
• Modern Pharmacological texts:
• Based on the information in lexicons, the term Adjuvant can be
incorporated under the concept of Anupana. While doing so, concept of Adjuvant
along with other relavant concepts will be dealt in parlance with Anupana from
here on. In modern pharmacology, Adjuvant again is also a drug According to
W.H.O. definition:
• A Drug is any substance or product that is used to modify or explore
physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient. In the
context of medicine, it means a chemical used in prevention, diagnosis or
treatment of diseases. It is to be noted that benefits are in terms of physical,
mental and economical value28.
An ideal prescription contains inscription as its main part. This constitutes
of (a) Basis - the primary drug which is responsible for the main action of the
prescription. (b) Adjuvant- this is a drug which facilitates or promotes the action
of the primary drug. (c) Corrective - this is added to modify or eliminate the
undesired effects of the basis. (d) Vehicle- this is a carrier, commonly a solvent
which facilitates the administration of preparation into human body.
8
Conceptual study Anupana
However, under the name Adjuvant, Corrective and Vehicle too are inducted. In
modern prescription, firstly Basis is written, followed by Adjuvants but are not
mentioned.
Further, extensive details of the concept of Adjuvant are not dealt as a distinct
topic in modern literature. However Drug interactions and Biopharmaceutics are
the sectors of modern pharmacology which speak of drug or formulation
combinations and their effect - harmful or beneficial on therapeutic activity. These
topics can be inducted under the concept of Anupanam.
Previous works done:
Concept of Anupana in Ayurveda by Dr.Sharma K K, Dept of Basic
principles,B.H.U. Varanasi 1987
Anupana Swaroopam:
Before proceeding with the details of Anupana, it is essential to resolve the
Swaroopa of Anupana as to its (i) usage in Ahara vidhi only or in Bheshaja vidhi
also and (ii) the nature of Anupana - liquids only or others too could be
considered under this heading. The contexts under which Anupana is dealt in
various Ayurvedic texts are enlisted below:
• Cha. Sa. Su. 27 Annapanavidhi - Aharayogivarga
• Su. Sa. Su. 46 Annapanavidhi - Anupanavarga.
• Ash. Hr. Su. 8 Matrashitiyadhyaya - Bhojanavidhi
• Ash. Sa. Su. 10 Annapana Vidhi – Bhojanavidhi
• Bhe. Sa. Su. 27 Annapanavidhi
• Dr. Gu. Sa. 14 Anupanavarga
• Kal. Ka. 5 par – Anupanadhikara
• Kai. Ni. Vihara varga – Anupana
• Yo. Ra. - Anupana
• Bh. Pr. Mishraka varga - Bheshajavidhana prakarana
From this, it is evident that authors of older times have dealt with this topic
in relation to Ahara vidhi and Ahara dravya while the later authors have tried to
9
Conceptual study Anupana
highlight its therapeutic value for which, they devoted separate sectors for its
discussion. Sushruta while describing the planning of selecting an Anupana, says
that a Hita dravya of suitable Matra in particular Kala should be administered only
after considering the disease in which it would be administered 29
Rasa Taranganikara’s synonym Rogaghna bhaishajyam25 and indication to
administer Anupana following Bheshaja makes it very clear that Anupana is to be
administered with Oushadha. Adhamalla5 lucidly defines that Anupana is that
which is administered following Oushadha as “ Oushadha Bhakshanopari ”.
Bhavaprakasha has deliberately dealt about Anupana in Bheshajavidhana
prakarana. Similarly, Yogaratnakara says Oushadhas are given to patient along
with Anupana based on the diseased state. Apart from this, we find plenty of
references of specific Anupanas to be used along with particular Yogas to obtain
the required effect in a particular disorder/disease.
By this, we can see that Anupana is that which is given with both Ahara
dravyas - regularly and Oushadha dravyas - specifically.
Nature of Anupana:
The term Anupana1,2 is in itself suggestive of a substance which is
administered for drinking. Sushruta describing the qualities of the Shreshta
Anupana – water, says, by virtue of its Toyatmakatva29 and presence of Sarvarasa,
it is the most favourable Anupana. The list of dravyas meant for utilization as
Anupana constitutes only Drava Pradhana dravyas in Sushrutha samhita.
However, we find many references of solids being prescribed as Anupana
in all these texts. For instance,
• Guda as Anupana to Guduchi in Vibandha – Bha. Pra. Vol I
• Sita as Anupana to Guduchi in Pittaroga – Bha. Pra. vol I
• Chitraka churna as Anupana to Rasa sindura in Kapharoga – Ay Pr. 1 /404
This reveals that Anupana includes substances other than liquid forms also.
10
Conceptual study Anupana
Anupana Bheda:24
Except for Raja Nighantukara, no other author speaks of Anupana Bheda.
Accordingly the two types of Anupana are:
i) Kramana Anupana is that which is administered in delay following the
Basis.
ii) Pachana Anupana is given in the night, without delaying but
immediately.
No lucid information regarding type of adjuvant is available in most of the
modern literature. From the available information, adjuvant can be understood
under three classes28:
1. Adjuvant - which facilitates and promotes the action of Basis
2. Corrective - which modifies or eliminates the undesired effect of the Basis
3. Vechicle - a carrier, commonly a solvent which facilitates the administration
of preparation into human body.
Anupana Dravyas11 - 26:
We find numerous substances belonging to diverse drug groups which are
indicated in accordance with the requirement. Enlisting them are :
• Sheeta jala, Ushna jala, Madhu, Ghrita, Taila
• Asava of various drugs like Durva, Chitraka, Pippali, Nyagrodha, Kapittha,
Shireesha phala
• Ksheera, Mastu, Takra, Udashwit, Mahisha payah, Mamsarasa, Yusha,
Manda
• Dhanyamla, Madhya, Madhvasava, Souveera, Kanji, Chukra, Sura, Ikshurasa
• Sharkarodaka, Triphalodaka, Ardrakodaka, Madhudaka
• Lavana, Sita, Guda, Shunti churna, Hingu grhitanvitam, Pippali churna,
Shilajatu, Rasonaka kalka, Bhallataka, Nisha churna, Parpata kwatha, Hema,
Laja, Guggulu, Mashavataka.
11
Conceptual study Anupana
Majority of the authors11, 12 prescribe Meghambu collected in a clean
container as the superiormost Anupana and that this could be used in all
conditions. However, pioneers of Rasashastra advocate Madhu in the absence of
required Anupana and with all the Basis25, 26
Anupana Matra:
It is a well know fact that even poison acts as a life saving drug provided
its dosage is judiciously fixed. Information regarding the dosage of Anupana is
found to be varying from author to author. Based on the doshas involved and form
of basis dosage of Anupana too varies as recorded below:
• According to Sharangadhara, Anupana matra is 3, 2 and 1 pala for Vataja,
Pittaja and Kaphaja rogas respectively22.
• According to Madhava, Chakrapanidutta, Bhavamishra and Kashirama
vaidya, the dosages are 3, 2 and 1 pala respectively in Pittaja, Vataja and
Kaphaja disorders17, 18, 22, 23.
• According to Sharangadhara22, 2 and 1 pala dravas are advised to be used
with the Churna when consumed in the form of linctus or drink respectively.
Anupana Kala:
Opinions of various authors with regard to the administration of Anupana
are accounted below:
• The term Anupana1,2 suggests that it should be administered after the
consumption of the primary drug
• Sahapana a synonym of Anupana indicates its usage along with the prime
drug
• Raja Nighantukara24 advocates Kramana Anupana to be delayed in
administration while Pachana Anupana is advised not to be delayed and is
indicated in the night
• In the context of Aharavidhi, three Kalas are indicated for Anupana and their
effects are also described i.e., before food for Karshanartham, inbetween food
12
Conceptual study Anupana
for Sthapanartham and after food for Brumhanartham. This Vidhi probably
holds good only for Jala in Aharavidhi19, 30.
Anupanavacharana Vidhi26:
In Rasa jala nidhi, mode of administration of both Bheshaja and Anupana
are portrayed in the context of Anupana in Rasoushadhas. Here, both Bheshaja
and the Anupana are directed to be triturated with Madhu in a Khalva yantra and
then to be consumed following recitation of Aghoramantram or offering prayers
to the esteemed diety.
Anukte – Anupana Yojana:
Charakarcharya31 clarifies stating that it is not possible to describe all the
Anupana dravyas in toto. Sometimes those Anupanas advocated in a particular
Desha need not be beneficial in another or may not be available. In such a
condition, he advices one should critically evaluate the drug and only those which
are beneficial32, not possessing fallacies by nature, but possess qualities useful in
relation to the Ahara or Bheshaja should be selected.
Charaka and other authors like Vagbhata, Chakrapani, Gangadhara,
Sushruta opine that the Anupana dravya should possess opposite qualities in terms
of Rasa, Guna to that of the Ahara or Bheshaja but should not be Viruddha to it to
obtain the desired effect33.
Sushruta emphasizes that one should judiciously evaluate the consideration
of Anupana in terms of the disease involved; Kala - Roga kala, Rogi kala, Nitya
kala and Matra34. Further, he indicates that the selected drug should be wholesome
to the patient or person administered34a
However, water is to be consumed as the adminiculam says
Sharangadhara22 when no specified Anupana is mentioned. Vagbhata indirectly
hints that Anupana dravya should be Satmyakara and possess Jeevanadi guna in
it34b. Rasa jala nidhikara26 gives the liberty to change to another Anupana in due
consideration to Desha, Kala and requirement34b. Rasanusara selection of
13
Conceptual study Anupana
Anupana should be such that it should be Parasparaviruddha, Ruchikrut,
Satmyam, Hitam, Sukhakaram says Sushruta35.
Uktanupanah:
Abundant illustrations of Anupana are found in the text. For a better
understanding of this concept, here is an attempt to classify these illustrations
under various factors which influence the effect of Anupana viz. Rasa, Guna,
Dravya, Dravya varga, Kalpana, Yoga, Kala, Vaya, Dosha, Roga-avastha and
Swasthya.
Anupana in Swasthya:
Sushrutha, Chakrapanidutta specify that amidst food, Chitram-various
types of Paniya and other dravyas which do not alter the doshic homoeostasis are
to be consumed by the healthy persons37.
Gangadhara commenting on Charaka’s similar view defines Chitram as
Chitraka udaka and indicates its consumption by normal persons37.
Table a: Based on Rasa
Rasa Anupanam References
Madhura Katu rasa Kal. Ka. 5 Pa/39-42
Amla Lavana rasa
Madhura rasa
Kal. Ka. 5 Pa/39-42
Su. Su. 46/419-Da.
Katu Tikta rasa
Durvanalavetrasava
Kal. Ka. 5 pa/39-42
Su. Su. 46/432
Kashaya Madhura rasa Kal. Ka.5 Pa/39-42
Tikta Amla rasa Kal. Ka. 5 Pa/39-42
Lavana Amla rasa Kal. Ka. 5 Pa/39-42
Sarva rasa Ksheera Kal. Ka. 5 Pa/39-42
14
Conceptual study Anupana
Table b: Based on Guna
Guna Anupanam References
Ushnata
Pittaja vikara
Raktajavikara
Vidaha
Sheeta jala
Ash. Sa. Su. 10/43-44
Su. Su. 46/435 Dal.
Sheetata -
Vataja vikara
Kaphaja vikara
Ushna jala Su. Su. 46/435 Dal.
Table c: Based on Ahara and Oushadha dravya – Samanya Anupana
Ahara/Oushadha
dravya Anupanam References
Shali, Shastikashali Ksheera As. Sa. Su. 10/43-44
Mudgadi Dhanya Mamsa rasa Su. Su. 46/423-433
Odana Takra Kal. Ka. 4 Pa./18
Vaidala supa Souvira Kal. Ka. 4 Pa. /18
Dhanyadi Phala Khandasava
Dadhi, Chukra Bhe. Sa. 27/31
Shaka Mudgadi vikaras Dhanyamla, Mastu, Takra As. Hr. Su. 8/48
Yava, Godhuma,
Pishtamayanna,
Bisagranthi, Dadhi,
Madhu, Madhyavikaras,
Sneha
Sheeta jala
Su. Su. 46/423-433
As. Sa. Su. 10/43-44
As. Hr. Su. 8/47
Mamsa-Varahamamsa
Aja mamsa,Hayamamsa
Koshna jala Kal. Ka 4 Pa / 18
Taila Madhya,
Sheetakashaya,Udaka,
Ash. Hr. Su. 8/ 47-48,
Su. Su. 46/423-433
15
Conceptual study Anupana
Khadirodaka,
Yushamlakanji
Vasa majja sneha Manda Kas. Sa. 22/11
Varuni Kakubha Bhe. Sa. 27/36
Ashwagandha kashaya Varuni, Manda Bhe. Sa. 27/37
Table d-Based on Ahara and Oushadha dravya – Rogabhedena Anupanam
Dravya Roga / Vikara Anupanam References
Guduchi Vata vikaram Ghritam Bha. Pra. Ma. Kha. Va
Ra.
Pitta vikaram Sita
kapha vikaram Madhu
Vibandham Guda
Vataraktam Erandatailam
Amavatam
Guda Sleshmavikaram
Pittavikaram
Ardrakam
Haritaki
Bha. Pra. Ik. Va. 28
Vata vikaram Shuntyahasamam
Gandhaka Twagdosham Mochaphalam Ras. Jal. Ni. 266-267
Balakshayam Chitrakam
Kshaya Kasa Bhallataka
Kashaya
Agnimandya Triphala kashaya
Bala-virya kshaya, Dugdha
Arti Netrarogam
Based on Dravya
Vargas
16
Conceptual study Anupana
Dravya Varga Anupanam Reference
Vaidalanam Dhanyamlam Su Su 46 / 433
Shasyajatanam Bhadramlam
Jangala Dhanvajanam Pippalyasavam
Vishkiranam Kolabadarasavam
Pratudanam Ksheerivrukshasavam
Sura Draksha- kashmarya
kharjrasaram
Su su 46/433
Bhe sa 27/35
Guheshayanam Kharjura – narikelasavam
Bilwa, kapitha
pindakasavam
Bhe sam 27/35
Prasaha Ashwagandhasavam
Amlaphalasavam
Su Su 461/433
Ash Hr Su 10/ 43-44
Parnamruganam Krushnagandhasavam Su Su 46 / 433
Bileshayanam Phalasavam
Of kapitha shireesha
Su Su 46/433
Bhe Sa 27/35
Ekashephanam Triphalasavam Su Su 46/433
Aneka shephanam Khadirasavam Su Su 46/433
Kulecharanam Shrungtaka – kas Su Su 46/433
Kosharasipadi Erukasavam Su Su 46/433
Plaranam Ikshurasasavan
Nadeya matsyanam Mrunalasavam
Samudranam Matulung asavam
Anelaphalanam Padmotpala kandasaram
Kashayanam Dodimavetrasavam
Talaphaladinam Shwadamstravasu
kasavam
Kushmandadinam Darvikarirasavam
17
Conceptual study Anupana
Chucchu prabritinane Lodhrasavam
Kusumbha shakha
Jeevantyacinam
Triphalasavam
Manadukaparnyadinam Mahapanchamulasavam
Talamastakanam Anelaphalasavam
Saindhavadinam Sura Aranalam
Gramyehu Madhrasavam Ash Hr Su 10/43-44
Vanyeshu Tekshnaphalasavam
Oudakeshu Ikshu kash Padmake
Mahamrugeshu Shrungataka - Kasereeka
Mrudvika madirasavam
Kshoulka/ Sheetadaks/
Udcelshwith yuktam
Based on Kalpanas
Kalpana Anupanam Reference
Avalehya Madhu ksheera sita Sha sa ma khr 41
Ghrita
Sneham Ushnodakam Kal ka 4 pa
Based on yogas table g
Yoga Rogaghnata Anupannam Reference
Rasa
sindhura
Vataroga Madhu-pippali Ayu.pr.1/404
Kapharuja Trikatu-chitrata chura
Pittaroga Ela-Sitendu
Vrana Triphala guggulu
Pushtyarthan Chaturjatha,Triphaa
18
Conceptual study Anupana
Kauhora
Gugyulu
Netraroga Vasa Sha.sa.ma7/8
0-87
Gulnea Varuna
Varana kushta Khadira kwatha
Ajeernam Anrla-teeksha dravya
Kankayane
Gutika Gullma Ghruta,ksherra Anela
Madhya
Ushnodaka Sha. ma.
7/53-55
Vataja Gulnea Madhya
Pittaja Gulma Goksheera
Kaphaja Gulma Gonumtra
Tridoshaja
Gulma
Dashanula
Rakta gulma Oushtra dugdha
Yogaraj
Guggula
Vatarikaran Rasnadikwatha Sha Su Ma
7/66- 69
Pittarikaran Kankolyadi kwatha
Kapha vikaran Aragwadhadi kwath
Pranuhar Darvikwatha
Pandu Gonutra
Medornuddi Madhu
Kushta Ninebashruta Vatarakta
Shotha Shula Pippali kwatha
Mushaka visha Patala quatha
Netrathi Triphala kwatha
Sarvaudara Punarnavadi kwatha
Based on Kala
19
Conceptual study Anupana
Kala Anupanam Reference
Ushna kale Yusha – with Taila Su Su 46/422-433
Sheeta kale Amala kanji with Taila
Sharad Greeshna
Hemanta
Sheeta jala Ash San. Su 10/43
-44
Based on vaya
Vaya – Avastha Anupanam Reference
Ksheerapa Ksheerasalpi – Dhatryaha
alone
Su Sha
Ksheerannada Ksheerararpi – matrgaha and
Dhatryaha
Annada Kashayadini-with aroidance
of Dhatryaha
Based on Dasha
Dosha Anupanam Reference
Vata Singdha,UshnaDrava Amla As Sa Su 10/43
Kanjika, manuarasa Cha Su 27/321 Gang
Pitta Sheeta Madhura
Shakarodakam Sita
Kapha Ruksha Ushna Dravam
Triphalodakam with Madhu
Sannipate Skenoudra Ardra kadakam
Anupana based on Roga / Arstha
Roga/vikara Anupana Roga
/Vikara
Anupanam
20
Conceptual study Anupana
Jwara Musta Parpata
kirata
Raktapitta Vala, Ikshurasa
Grahani Takram Kruni Vidanga
Prameha Nishamalaka,
Triphala
Ashmari Pashanabhed
Arshal Bhallataka, chitrka Amarata Mutrayukeranda taila
Swaraguda Samadhu Pushkara Pleharoga Pippali
Sheeta Tambula dala
maricha
Kasa Kantakari
Vataryadhi Ajya rasonaka
Guggulu
Apasmear Vacha Brahmi
Kshaya Shitajith, Marsa Udara Virechaka drevya
Puranajwara Madhu– Maricha Vataeakta Guduchi
Sheela Ghritanvita hingu Ardita Masharataks
Visha Kostinajala, Hema Medaroga Madhudeka
Sthoulya Madhudaka Prallara Lodhra
Krusha Shrama Sura Aruchi Matulunga
Pandu Loha kitta Vrana Guggulu
Chardi Laja Amlapitta Draksha
Atisara Kutaja Mutrakrucha Shatavari kushmandea
Netraroga Triphalodaka
sakshoudra
Unmada Punarnaghrita Kushta Khadisa sara
Nidrakshaya Mahisha ghrita Parshwarhula Pushkara mula
Shwitra Bakuchi Gulma Shigrutwacha
Shwasa – samadhu trikatu, sashunti Brahmadandi
Vishagni Shastra – Arkaselu, Shireesha kapitha phalasavam Sheetodaka hate
Alpagni – Madhya if Madhya satnya
21
Conceptual study Anupana
Anupanam Avastha :
Ksheera Atapa Upvasa Langhana, Adhwa, Bhashya, Vyayam,
klanta Vyavaya stri Balye, Vardhakya
Dhnyamala Anidra Tandra Bhaya klame
Dhadhi mastu
Anupana Ayogyaha
Most of the times the knowledge of patients in whom particular drugs are
contraindicated becomes more important than in whom it is indicated. Ayurvedic
scholars38 like Charaka, Vagbhatta, Chakrapani have propounded that people
suffering from :
Urdhwanga Vata, Hikka, Shwasa, Kasa, Urah kshata, Praseka
Swaropahata, Medhra – Akshi – Galaroga, Praklinnadeha and those who are
engaged in Geeta, Bhashya, Adhyayana should refrain from Anupana following
consumption.
Charaka reasons, for this contraindication as: in these persons Anupana
stagnates in Kanta and Uras because of which Aharaja sneha is withheld resulting
in re-causation of the Doshas.
Chakrapani and Shivadas Sen elaborate this reasoning as follows: Udakadi
Anupana combines with Ahara and results in Aharasneha i.e., Aharasara janana
by virtue of its Snigdhatva. However, in patients suffering from Shwasadiroga due
to the predominantly vitiated Vata the procession of Anupana lower down, is
hindered due to the absence of Dravamsha appropriate Pachana does not take
place. Consequently Sara or Snehajanana does not occur resulting in only vitiating
the Vatadi Doshas again. Vagbhata39a adds to this stating that thus vitiated Vatadi
Doshas result in disorders like Agnisada, Chardi, Syandana - sleshma sravana and
so on.
Indukara39b, commentator of Ashtanga Sangraha quotes that according to
some, Anupana here refers to only jala while Ksheeradi in Kasadi roga can be
22
Conceptual study Anupana
permitted. Further he clarifies according to his school of thought in
Urdwajatrugatadi rogas in general all Anupanas are prohibited. But Ksheeradi in
Kasadiroga are considered as exceptions.
Shivadas Sen40 opines that Alpa pana could be allowed since “No” means
Ishat i.e. Alpam.
Nishidhanupanas
Sometimes, certain combination of drugs are likely to produce certain
untoward or toxic effects in the body. In this context, Sushruta41 advises
prohibition of usage of Ushnajala along with Bhallataka and Tuvaraka Sneha.
While, Kashyapa inhibits the utility of Ushnodaka along with Paya, Dadhi and
Madhu and in disorders of Pitta, Raktasrava,Garbhachyavana and Garbhadaha42.
It is more likely that this topic could be understood better under the topic of
Virudhatwa i.e., incompatibility According to Charaka drugs are harmful if they
are incompatible from the point of view of Desha, Kala, Matra, Veerya, Samyoga,
Gunadi - 11 factors43.
In modern parlance, Drug - Drug interactions; Drug - Food interactions,
Drug formulations interactions could be considered here.
Anupananntaram Nishiddha Karma38
We come across references which advises the following activities to be
avoided immediately after the consumption of Anupana viz., Adhayayana,
Bhashana, Gayana, Adhwagamana.
Dalhana supporting author scholars reasons out stating that by such of
these activities doshas get vitiated and result in Chardyadi Vikaras, similar to the
consequences of Anupana administered in Ayogyaha.
Anupana Guna Karma47:
23
Conceptual study Anupana
Dealing with the rationality of drugs combination Charka states that two or
more durgs together exhibit some special properties which can never be produced
by the individual components46. Accordingly utility of Anupana by virtue of its
combination produces diversified actions and these are enlisted in the table ‘l’.
On screening this list of Anupana Karma following implications could be
derived.
Charaka, Vagbhata have described the effect of Anupana under
Annapanavidhi and in relation to Ahara/Anna. While Sushruta25, Sharangadhara5
and Rasataranginikara29,47 speak of the role of Anupana on influencing the
Beshaja and its therapeutic effect. On the whole, the effect of Anupana can be
understood at four levels.
(i) Effect on Ahara:
Bhuktam Avasadhayati, Sanghatam Bhinatti, Kledayti,
Mardavatamapadayati, Sukham parinamati, Ashu vyavayi tamapnuyati, Doshala –
atimatra - Guru Bhuktam Prajeeryati. Deha Paryaptini abhivardhayati, Satmyatam
prayacchati
(ii) Effect on Oushadha:
Bhaishajyam Kshanena angeshu prasarpati, Oushadha gunakaram,
Rasadeenam paramanavaha vibhajayati, Rasadeenam drutam agenshu sarpati,
Bheshajam paribrumhayet, Yogavahi-yuktaha karyavardhanamcha.
Rasataranginikara47g quotes Charaka’s Anupana Guna karma and comments
similar to the effect of Anupana on Anna, its influence on other dravyas too can
be considered: Based on this, probably all those effects of Anupana over Ahara
could be emulated in the context of Oushadha dravyas too to some extent.
(iii) Effect on Roga/Vikara
24
Conceptual study Anupana
Dosha Shamanam, Dosha – Sanghata bhedanam, Pipasam harati, Shrama
Klamahram, Rogahna Bhaishajyam sahayakari, Rogahari shakti – gunavati cha.
(iv) Effect on the Rogi/Swastha
Tarpayati Preenayati Urjayati, Brumhayati, Ayu-jeeva balam karoti,
Drudhangatam karoti, Sukham-swasthyam dadati, Rochayati, Deepanam
Vrushyam, Varngam.
Anupana Guna Karma47 Table ‘l’
Guna – Karma Reference
Tarpayati- Chakshuradi prasadam Janayati a b, d, i
Preenayati – Manah prasadanam Janayati a, b, d,
Urjayati - Utsaham Janayati, Bala Jeevanayoho a, b, d,
Brumhayati a, b, i
Deha - paryaptim Abhivardhayati – Aloluptamvjanayati
Adhobhagam nayati
a,b,
Bhuktam Avasadhayati – Shathilatam janayati
- Adhobhagam nayati
Anna sanghatam – Kathingam
- Bhinnatti
- Kledayati
- Marda vatam apadayati sharira komalatam
- Sukham parinamati
- Ashu vyarayitamapnuyati – Akhita deha
vyapkatvam Janayati
a, b, d
a, b
a, b
a, b
a, b, i
a, b, i
a, b
Ayu - Balaya Hitam, Jeevayati, Balavantamkaroti
- Drudangatam karoti
b, i
c
Satmyatam prayacchati e
25
Conceptual study Anupana
Bhashajyam kshanena Angeshu prasurpati f
Oushadha gunakaram g
Sukham dadati - swasthyotpadakem i
Rochayati i
Pipasam harati i
Doshala - Guru – Atimatra bhuktam sukham jeeryati h, i
Vrushyam i
Dosha - Sanghata Bhedanam i
Shrama Klamaharam i
Deepanam i
Dosha Shamanam i
Varnyam i
Rasadeenam paramanavaha vibhajayati g
Rasadeenam drutamangeshu sarpati g
Rogaghna bhaishajyam - Sahayakari g
Bheshajam paribrumhayet g
Rogahara shakti, Gunavati bhavet g
Yogavahi - Yuktaha karyavardhanam cha j
Alpa dosham - Adosham jeevati c
Further we can distinguish these Karmas based on the duration of the effect as
follows:
(i) Immediate effect:
Generally medicines as compared to Ahara are meant to obtain immediate
action. Hence all the Karma listed against effect on Oushadha and those against
effect on Roga/Vikara could be considered here.
The purpose of intake of Anupana with Ahara dravya is to procure easier
and Sukha Parinamana. These effects though not found as early as in case of
Oushadha yukta but still could be put under this category
Distant effect:
26
Conceptual study Anupana
Tarpana, Brumhanadi effects listed under effect on Swasthya are
apparently achieved after a prolonged duration. However in some cases of Rogas
the benefits may not be immediate as in case of Vrushaya Karma. Hence, effect
on Swastha and on few cases of Rogi could be accounted here.
Balavaranakarama – refers to long terms effect of Ahara but may refer to its effect
in abala and twakrogi too.
##############################################
Dosha Sanghata bhedanam – aids in samprapti righatana in rogi
or the dasha Sanghata in the drug like the undesired harmful effects
properties, constituents of the drug are removed or destroyed. Eg : Vatsnabha is
always administered with Tankana, Tamra with Ardraka swarasa
urjayati – utsaha as well as may indicate vyadhikshamatwa too Sukham Jarayati-
aids in beneficial and faster metabolism of medicines vyaptimapnuyat – aids in
the spread of the pradhana oushada.
This might refer to its capacity to narigate the pradhana oushadha to reach the
desired site of action maybe to particular Dhatu eg yogaraj guggulu with madhu in
medorga I or to a specific Arayava - eg: yogaraja Guggulu with Triphalodaka
in Netraroga, Guduchi kwatha in Vatasaka
Apart from this it indicates that by the properties of Anupana Basis is carried to
even the remote corners of the body passing across the other wise barriers.
###############################################################
Anupana Karmukata:
Deriving the mode of action of a drug is a complex matter for a given drug.
We know that a single drug has been consisting of various fractions on analysis
and its action might be due to each one of them or in sum toto. In a compound, it
becomes even more necessary to enquire the effect produced by the compound as
a whole is due to the some total effect of all composing ingredients or in units.
27
Conceptual study Anupana
Also Charaka 48 says the effect exerted by the whole compound need not be
same as that of individual drugs. We can see such an evidence especially in the
Rasoushadhas wherein their range of effect i.e., widened and improved with
Anupama. Looking into the Ayurvedic literature except for Sharangadara and
Rasataranginikara vivid description of mode of action of Anupama is not
available 47 f, g.
Sarangadara illustrates “as oil in contact of water readily radiates all over
the surface of water, similarly drug followed by Anupana soon pervades all over
the body”.
Rasataranginikara being a recent author, seems to be influenced by Modern
science and tries to imbibe its fundamentals. According to him Anupana aids in
disintegrating the complex basis into its components and then carrying swiftly in
the body. Anupana augmenting the effect of the primary drug thus helps in
producing a therapeutic effect.
The Karmas described in relation to Ahara are said to be applied for other
dravyas too like Bhuktam avasadhayate, Kathinyam bhinnati, Kledayati,
Mardavatam apadayati, Akhila deham ashu vyapakatvam janayati and Sukham
parinamati which could be considered for Oushadha dravyas too as said ny
Taranginikara.
Modern references aiding in understanding the mode of action of
Anupana
Anupana in the form of solution44b:
For absorption from gastro intestinal tract (GIT) the drug must be in
solution. When not in solution the rate of absorption slows down due to time
required for disintegration and release from the dosage form and time needed for
dissolution in to GIT fluid. Once drug is in solution, absorption is a function of
GIT membrane and follows the process of simple diffusion across lipid
membranes with water filled pores. GIT membrane is permeable to lipid soluble
forms, unionized and weak acids.
28
Conceptual study Anupana
Anupana and various solvents and suspensions
Drugs in aqueous forms are absorbed faster and more completely than solid
forms like tablets or suspensions. Microcrystalline suspensions are better absorbed
than their coarser counterparts.
Drugs with high lipid - water partition co-efficient, lipid solubility, low
degree of ionization have greater absorption in GIT and from the basic criteria for
entry in to the Blood Brain Barrier44c.
Anupana and absorption in GIT
Drugs which accelerate gastric emptying time aid the drug to reach large
absorptive surface of small intestine sooner and increases the drug absorption.
Basic drugs are best absorbed from alkaline environment of small intestine44c.
Anupana and Renal clearance
Resultant metabolites are almost always more polar and water soluble, this
facilitates rapid rate of renal clearance as renal tubular reabsorption decreases44d.
Anupana vis-à-vis Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems:
Some drugs when combined with certain other chemicals agents, form
chemical complexes which are slowly soluble in body fluids depending upon the
pH of the environment. This slow dissolution rate provides a constant release of
the drug for sustained action. This type of drug designing provides:
• Prolonged duration of action – used in treating chronic ailments
• Sustained drug action – of those having rapid rate of absorption and excretion
• Reduced frequency of administration - for drugs required in small doses
• Stable plasma concentration maintenance :
to have reduced potential for adverse effects and
to aid in uniform absorption from GIT44f
Anupana vis-à-vis Drug interactions
“Biopharmaceutics” is the study of the influence of formulations on the
therapeutic activity. When two substances are administered simultaneously one
may alter the response of the other which may be a beneficial - desired effect or a
29
Conceptual study Anupana
harmful undesired effect. This interaction between the two substances could be
understood under Drug-Drug interaction, Drug-Food interaction in vivo and
pharmaceutical interaction in vitro wherein chemical principals are involved.
There are basically two mechanisms responsible for drug interaction :
(1) Pharmacodynamic interaction
(2) Pharmacokinetic interaction
(1) Pharmacodynamic Interaction:
This involves modification of pharmacological respone without altering the
concentration of the drug in the tissue fluid i.e. when two drugs with similar
pharmacological effects are administered with each other, they may alter the
sensitivity of the effect or organ resulting in a synergistic: addition or potentiation
effect or in a antagonistic effect: physiological or functional antagonism. The
drugs may act on some or different receptors or processes to produce the response
(2) Pharmacokinetic interaction:
Here there is a change in the concentration of the drug at the target site and
could be due to alteration in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and
excretion. These interaction may result in synergism antagonism.
(a) Interaction at the site of the absorption
In the gut, drugs may interfere with each others absorption by (i) chemical
interaction. (ii) Effecting gut motility. (iii) Changing gut flora.
(b) Interaction during distribution:
This includes (i) Competition for plasma protein binding site
(ii) Displacement from tissue binding sites
(c) Interaction during metabolism
Altered response at this stage is because of
i) Enzyme induction
ii) Enzyme inhibition
(d) Interaction during excretion :
This results due to (i) Interference with active transport. (ii) Diuretic
activity44g.
30
Conceptual study Anupana
As Charaka says one should always equip oneself with excellent appliances
for the advancement of science49. In the light of modern pharmacology the mode
of action of drug complex thus detailed here could be adopted in better
understanding the effect of Anupana complex.
Anupana Pradhanyata
Commending the efficiency of Anupana Vagbhata says whether the dravya
is Alpadoshayukta or Nirdosha, Anupana brings about Sukhaparinamana47c.
Kayyadeva47h adds to it stating that eventhough Laghu, Satmyhara is consumed in
an appropriate time, Atyambupana, Vishamasana, Sandharana and Swapna
Viparyaya result in Apaka. In such a state utilization of Anupana results in
Sukhajeerana.
Furthermore, utilization of Anupana is emphasized by the Ayurvedic
scholars50, without which consequences like Ajeerna bhada are said to be resulted.
This reveals to us the need of Anupana in both daily life as well as in
diseased conditions.
31
Sharkara
Contents
• Nirukti
• Historical review
• Synonyms
• Vernacular names
• Classification
• Manufacture
• Bheda
• Rasapanchaka
• Chemical composition
• Karma - Samanya
- Doshakarma
• Rogaghnata
• Pharmacological studies
• References
Sharkara: References
1. Ash. Sa. Su. 6/47
2. Sha. Ka. Dru. Vol V pp 31 – 32
3. Harivamsha, Paramarthasara Kavya, Varahamihira’s Bruhat
samhita – Monnier Williams pp 1058
4. Varahamihira’s Bruhat samhita, Harshacharita, Dhootanarthaka,
Sahitya darpana, Pancharatra, Kavya, Bha. Pra., Amarakosha,
Monnier Williams pp 1214
5. Naishada charita, Sahitya darpana, Amarakosha, Harivamsha,
Monnier Williams pp 335, 336
6. Cha. Su. 27/(10) – 240 Chakra
7. Su. Su 45/162 Dal
8. Su. Su 45/165 Dal
9. Ash. Hru. Su 5/49 – 51
10. Ash. Sa. Su 6/45, 46 Hem.
11. Panini 4/2/45 Monnier Williams pp 335 - 336
12. Dha. Ni. Shalyadi varga 101 – 102
13. Ma Pa Ni Ikshu varga 11 – 15, 22
14. Kai. Ni. Oushadha varga 151 – 153
15. a) Dha. Ni. Shalyadi varga 101, 102
b) Kai. Ni. Oshadha varga 151 – 161
c) Sal. Ni. Iksh varga pp 812 – 814
d) Dra. Gu. Sa. Ikshu varga 1 – 12
e) Ra. Ni. 14/103
16. Bha. Pra. 23/21 – 30, 38; Kai. Ni. Oshadha varga 152 – 156
Cha. Su. 27/(10) – 240; Su. Su. 45/162, 165
17. The Wealth of India Vol 9 pp 153, 156, 157
Clinical study Material and methods
CLINICAL STUDY
“The man of Science has learned to believe in justification not by faith, but
by verification” -Huxley.
Ayurveda is a rich science but its mysteries are yet to be untapped. The
information available regarding each drug, its indication in particular condition,
the required method of processing to administer in a particular form, its
appropriate adjuvant and so on are not dealt in clarity. It is well known that the
drug study is complete only after the clinical study.
In the pursuit of knowledge, this clinical study was taken up to evaluate the
effect of drugs, Masha, Usheera and Sharkara in Shukradushti vis-à-vis
Oligozoospermia.
Anupana has so far been a topic of historical and academical value. Here is
a step towards systematic study of Anupana in relevance to its practical
implications. Chikitsa for Shukradushti is based on Doshahara chikitsa, Dhatu
chikitsa and Rakta pittahara chikitsa according to Charaka, Sushruta advocates
Upachaya nimittha chikitsa, Janana nimitta chikitsa and in Dushta retas prasadana
chikitsa in the context of Vajikarana prakarana. Based on the previous works
done, Oligozoospermia falls under Vatapittaja shukradushti. Hence Vatahara and
Pittahara chikitsa are more relevant here.
Masha is frequently referred to as an important Vatahara dravya,
Shukrasrutikara, Shukavruddhikara, Shukravahaka, Bijakaraka, Viryakara,
Shukrajanaka – Pravartaka – Rechaka, Vrushya dravya. Qualities of Masha have
been equated to that of Atmagupta – a well known Shukrala dravya. In addition to
this, we find plenty of Vrushya prayoga containing Masha as a prime ingredient.
Out of about 50 Vrushya yogas in Charaka samhita, 17 contain Masha. Around 23
yogas are available in Bh. Bai rathnakar*. (Table No 1)
89
Clinical study Material and methods
Sushruta emphasizes that selection of Anupana should be based on the
disorders aimed apart from other factors, based on which Sharkara and Usheera
are selected and their role in Shukradushti are elaborated hence forth.
Sharkara in this study refers to Khanda Sharkara. Its use as a substitute to
Sharkara is found in Sharangadhara samhita and is said to have similar qualities in
Kayyadeva nighantu. Quality of khandasari sugar is comparable with ordinary
grade vacuum pan sugar-Hadi 1956. Its Vatahara-vatapittahara, Shukrakarini,
Vrushya, Raktapittahara qualities are evident in our classics. 21 out of 50 Vrushya
yogas mentioned in Charaka include Sharkara as its ingredient. More than 34
Vrushya yogas are found in Bha. Bhai Ratn. (Table 2)
Usheera has been vividly described to possess Pittahara, Raktapittahara,
Shukra shodhana. Description of Usheera yogas in classics is very limited. Bha.
Bai Rat presents with 2 such Vrushya yogas ( Table 3).
In this backdrop, to evaluate these claims, Masha - as Pradhana dravya;
Usheera and Sharkara as Anupana dravyas were selected in the management of
Shukradushti.
Objectives of this study:
i) To evaluate the effect of Masha churna with Anupana - Sharkara in
Shukradushti vis-à-vis Oligozoospermia.
ii) To evaluate the effect of Masha churna with Anupana - Usheera phanta
in Shukradushti vis-a-vis Oligozoospermia.
Materials and Methods:
Source of data:
1. Male patients attending the OPD section of Infertility clinic at S.D.M.
Ayurveda Hospital diagnosed with Shukradushti vis-a-vis Oligozoospermia
were selected irrespective of their race, caste and social status.
90
Clinical study Material and methods
2. Trial drugs Masha, Usheera, Sharkara khanda were collected from the locality
of Udupi District, pharmacognostically identified and then inducted into the
study.
Method of collection of data:
Male patients who complained of either Primary or Secondary Infertility
were examined clinically, involving elicitation of a detailed history regarding the
disease, psychological, sexual, familial and treatment status into a specially
prepared proforma based on Ayurveda and Reproductive biology.
Investigations:
Patients then were subjected to Semen analysis and relevant Lab
investigations before, during and after treatment. The WHO criteria (1992) for
Semenogram was followed to diagnose Normozoospermia. (Table 3)
Inclusion and Exclusion criteria:
• All patients diagnosed with Shukradushti & Oligozoospermia in the
reproductive age group.
• Patients with semen having abnormal qualitative and quantitative picture were
also considered, excluding Azoospermia, Necrospermia, Teratospermia and
Polyspermia.
• Patients with Tuberculosis and STD’s were excluded.
Study design:
This is a single blind clinical study carried out in 21 patients, who were
randomly placed under 2 groups, Masha Sharkara group (SM) and Usheera
Sharkara group (UM). They received medication for one month and followed up
for another two months.
Assessment criteria:
Qualitative and quantitative improvement in the semen based on WHO
semenogram (1992)
91
Clinical study Material and methods
• Colour Grayish white
• Liquefaction time 20-30minutes
• Volume >2 million/ml
• Viscosity (ratio) <9
• pH 7.2-8.0
• Sperm concentration ≥20 mill/ml
• Sperm motility >25% Rapid linear progressive motility
>50% Slow linear progressive motility
• Viability ≥75% live
• Morphology ≥30% normal
• WBC <1x10 mill/ml
Finally, the observations and results were evaluated statistically for each
group.
Medications intervened:
Masha directly brought from the fields along with the seed coat were finely
powdered and packed in 5g packets. Usheera was made into a Yavakuta churna
for the preparation of Phanta kalpana and packed in 25g packets. Khanda sharkara
was also finely powdered and advised to take in 5g dosage. Packing was done at
S.D.M. Pharmacy, Udupi.
• SM group patients received 5g Masha churna + 5g Sharkara churna as Anupana
b.i.d. for 1 month.
• UM group patients were given 5g Masha churna+100ml Usheera phanta as
Anupana b.i.d. for 1 month. Patients were educated regarding the method of
phanta preparation.
92
Sharkara - Tables
Table ‘a’ Khanda sharkara Paryaya
Synonyms Dh.Ni.
Kai.Ni.
Sal.Ni.
Ra.Ni.
Ma.pa.Ni
Sharkara + - - + -
Minandi + - - + -
Matsyandika + - - + -
Sita + - - + -
Ahichatra + - - + -
Sikata + - - + -
Shubhra + - - - -
Sitopala + - - - -
Khanda sita - + - - +
Khanda sharkara - + +- - -
Pinda sharkara - + - - -
Rasodbhava - - + - +
Shukla - - + - -
Supishta - - + - -
Pandura - - + - -
Guda khanda - - + - -
Shweta + - + + -
Gudobhava - - - + -
Vishapaladganda - - - - +
Shigruka - - - - +
Krittika - - - - +
Amala - - - - +
Table ‘b’ Ikshu vikaras
Bha. Pr.
Kai. Ni.
Ra. Ni.
Ra. Va. Ni.
Ash. Hr.
Cha. Sa.
Su. Sa.
Ma. Pa. Ni.
Dr. Gu. Sa.
Matsyandi + + - + + + + + + Guda + + + + - + + + + Khanda + + - + + + + + + Sharkara + + + - - + + - + Sitopala + - - - - - - + + Phanita - + - + + - + + + Lasika - - - + + - - - - Sita - - - + + - - - Dhouta Guda - - - - + + + - +
Adhouta Guda - - - - + - - - -
Ikshu rasa + + + + + + + + + Kshudra Guda - - - - - + - - -
Table ‘c’ Classification of Sharkara
Text Varga/ Gana/other groups
Dha. Ni. Shatapushpadi varga
Kai. Ni. Oshadhi varga
Raj. Ni. Paniya varga
Bha. Pr. Iskhu varga
Ni. Ad. Trunadi varga
Cha. Sa. Daha prashamana gana, Shonita sthapana gana,
Jwarahara gana, Ikshu varga, Hitatama
Su. Sa. Ikshu varga, Kaphavardaka
Ash. Hr. Dravyavarga
Table ‘d’ Sharkaras other than Ikshu Sharkara
Bha. Pr.
Kai. Ni.
Dha. Ni.
Ra. Ni.
Ash. Hr.
Su. Sa.
Cha. Sa.
Ma. Pa. Ni.
Dr. Gu. Sa.
Pushapsita + - - - - - - + - MadhuSharkara/Khanda + + + + + + + + + Yavasa Sharkara - + + - + + + + + Tavaraja Sharkara - + - + - - - - + Yavanala Sharkara - - - + - - - - - Tavaraja Khanda - - - + - - - - -
Table ‘e’ Khanda-Rasapanchaka
Rasa Guna Veerya Vipaka
Madhura Tuvara Snigdha Sara Guru Laghu Shita Madhura
Dha. Ni + - - - - - + -
Kai. Ni + + + + + + +
Sal. Ni + - + + - + + -
Bha. pra. + - + - - + - -
Ra. Ni + - - - - - + -
Ma. Pa. Ni. - - - - + - + -
Cha. Sa - + - - - - - -
Dra. Gu. Sa. - - + - - - - -
Table ‘f’ Khanda sharkara - Samanya Karma
Dh. Ni.
Kai. Ni.
Sal.Ni.
BhPr.
ChaSa.
Ma. PaNi
Dra. Gu.Sa.
Sarvadahanashaka + + - - - - -
Balya - + + + - + +
Vrushya - + + + + - +
Mukhapriyam - - + - - - -
Chakshushyam - - + + - - +
Dhatu vivardhini - - + - - - -
Indriya truptikara - - + - - - -
Santarpani - - + - - - -
Hridya - - + - - - +
Brumhanam - - - + - - +
Pushtida - + - - - + -
Ruchyam - - - - - + -
Sukhaprada - - - - - - +
Table ‘g’ Khanda sharkara - Doshaghnata
Vata Pitta Kapha
Kai. Ni. - -
Sal. Ni. - - +
Ni. Ra. - - +
Bha. Pr. - -
Ra. Ni. -
Ma. Pa Ni. - -
Dra. Gu. Sa. - -
Table ‘h’ Khanda Sharkara Rogaghnata
Dha. Ni. Kai. Ni. Sal. Ni. Bha. Pr. Ra. Ni.
Rakta Pitta + + + - -
Chardi + + + + -
Murcha + + + - -
Trishna + + + - -
Kshaya - + + - -
Kasa - + - - -
Visha - + - - -
Shwasa - + + - -
Mada - + + - -
Moha - + + - -
Jwara - + + - -
Kshata ksheena - + + - -
Shosha - - + - -
Ksheenretas - - + - -
Asyasosha - - + - +
Daha + - + - -
Klama - - + - -
Dourbalaya - - + - +
Shrama - - - - +
Raktadosha - - - - +
Bhranti - - - - +
Krimi - - - - +
Shukra dushti – References
1. Bramhana upa. 3.5.1:4.4.22
2. Rigveda 10.85.37
3. Atharvaveda Shounaka 6.72.3:101.2
4. Atharvaveda Shounaka 4-8 Khanda:Rigveda 1.112, 116, 117:5.74, 75, 68, 71:10.39
5. Manusmruthi 3.45
6. Kas. Su. 7.1.36-48
7. Su. Sha. 2.3
8. Kas. Su. 27/55-56
9. Ash. Sa. Sha. 1/13
10. Har. Sa. 3/50
11. Chikitsa Sara Samgraha, pp 991:Yo. Ra. Ut.-Vajikarana Adhyaya
12. Ma. Ni. Parichheda, pp 476-478
13. M. S. Baghel
14. Sha. Kal. Br. Vol V, pp 114-116
15. Monnier Williams, pp 1080
16. Cha. Sha. 2/4
17. Cha. Chi. 30/145, 2/4/50
18. Su. Sha. 3/21
19. Cha. Chi. 15/15
20. Cha. Chi. 2/4/46
21. Dha. Ni. Suvarnadivarga, 343
22. Cha. Vi. 5/8
23. Su. Sha. 9/7, 4/20-21, Sha. Pu. 5/42
24. Cha. Sha. 7/15:Padmapurana 2/66/62-65
25. Cha. Vi. 8/109
26. Cha. Su. 19/3,4
27. Su. Sha. 2/3,4
28. Ash. Sa. Sha. 1/13
29. Ash. Hr. Sha. 1/10
30. Kas. Sa. 27/55,56
31. Ma. Ni. Pariccheda, pp 477
32. Sha. Sa. Pu. 7/172, 123
33. Cha. Chi. 30/135-138
34. Cha. Chi. 30/140
35. Rao Niranjan, ’97:Prasad ’97
36. Cha. Chi. 30/138
37. Su. Sha. 2/4
38. Cha. Chi. 30/153
39. Cha. Chi. 30/126-127
40. Su. Sha. 2/6 Da
41. Ash. Sa. Sha. 1/24, 1/14
42. Cha. Chi. 30/146-148
43. Su. Su. 1/7,8 Da
44. Cha. Chi. 30/149, 150
45. Cha. Chi. 30/152
46. Dalal-Obs. & Gynae. Today, Vol VI, No. 1, Jan. 2001; Chandra & Bansal, Obs. &
Gynae. Today, Vol VI, No. 1, Jan. 2001
47. Medical Management of Male Infertility-Suresh Kumar, Obs. & Gynae. Today, May
’98
48. Richard Petty, Wellman Clinic, UK
49. Horizon, BBC, Oct. 31, ’93
50. James Crissman- New Scientist, W. E., July 2002
51. University of South Carolina Medical School, USA
52. Dr. Luc, INSERM, French research Institute
53. Scientist of Australia and Singapore
54. Larry & Michel-Infertility in Male.
SHUKRADUSHTI
Contents
• Brief history of Vajikarana and Shukradushti
• Shukra Vyutpatti
Paryaya
Swaroopa
Bhoutika Sanghatana
Utpatti
Sthana
Abhivyakti
Pramana
Karma
Saratha
• Shukradushti
Bheda
Nidana
Roopa
Samprapti
Sadhyasadhyata
Upadrava
Chikitsa
Pathya
• Oligozoospermia
Conceptual study Usheera
Usheera - References 1. Sha. Kal. Dr. Vol. I, pp 275
2. Monnier.Williams, pp 219-220
3. Rig.Veda 1.91.3., Atharva Veda Shaunakeya, 8.3.
4. History of Indian Medicine
5. Kou. Su. 18.10.13; 25 30, 26, 26, 31.13
6. Indian Medicine in Classical Age pp141, 242, 228; Kashi Ka 2.4.20; Prashasta
Bhashya, Abi. Shakuntala 3
7. Sri Bhagavata11.27.30;10.86.41
8. www. himalaya healthcare.com/Vetivera
9. Cha. Su. 4/10-(5),(14),17 ; 4/12-(20); 4/14(28); 4/14-(28); 4/17-(41), 44
10. Cha. Su. 25/40 ; 5/21-24
11. Cha. Chi. 23/78-93
12. Su. Su. 38/24,39;39/8
13. Su. Ka. 6/19
14. Ash. Hr. Su 3/53
15. Ash. Hr.Su. 10/28, 13/6 15/11
16. Ash. Hr. Su. 22/20
17. Ash. Hr. Ut. 5/31,33,35
18. Cha. Chi. 19/53 Chakra.
19. Ma. Pa. Ni. Karpooradivarga 38-39, Bha. Pr. Karaveeradivarga 86-88, Dha. Ni.
Chandanadivarga pp. 93; Kai. Ni. Oushadivarga 1368 – 1370; Ra. Ni.
Chandanadivarga pp. 427; Sal. Ni. pp. 50 - 51
20. Bha. Bhai. Ra.
21. Indian Materia Medica Vol II pp. 109. 110 ; Indian Medicinal Plants Vol.IV pp.
2672-2673
22(a) The Wealth of India Vol X pp 451
(b) www. himalaya healthcare.com/vetiver
(c) http:// www.vetiver.com
(d) dr p @ essential oils. org.
22. Glossary of vegetabe drugs in Brihtrayi pp 15, 66, 70,214, 218, 342-346 350,
364, 374, 444.
Conceptual study Usheera
USHEERA
Contents
• Vyutpatti
• Nirukti
• Synonyms
• Vernacular names
• Drugs other than Usheera – known by its synonyms
• History
• Previous works done
• Classification
• Habit
• Varieties
• Distribution
• Rasapanchaka
• Chemical composition
• Karma -Dosha karma
-Samanya karma
• Rogaghnata
• Uses
• References
USHEERA TABLES
Table ‘a’ Usheera Paryaya
Kai. Ni.
Ma. Pa. Ni.
Ma. Vi. Ni.
Sal. Ni.
Bha. Pr.
Dha. Ni.
Ra. Ni.
Am. Ko.
Usheera + + + + + + + - Veerana + - - + + - - - Sevya + + + + + - - + Abhaya + + + + - + + + Samagandhika + - - + + + + - Bahumula + - - - - - - - Veerataru + - - + - + + - Veera + + + - - + + - Ranapriya + - - + - + + - Sheetamula + - - - - - - - Amrunala + - - + + + + + Mrunalaka + - - - - - - - Nalada - - - + + - - + Avadaha - - - + - - - + Jalashaya - - - + - - - + Lamajjaka - - - + - - - + Laghubhaya - - - + - - - + Ishtakapatha - - - + - - - + Avadhatha - - - + - - - - Avadaheshtakapatra - - - + - - - - Indraguptha - - - + - - - - Jalavasa - - - + - - - - Haripriya - - - + - - - - Shishira - - - + - - - - Vithanamulaka - - - + - - - - Dahaharana - - - + - - - - Jalamoda - - - + - - - - Gandhadya - - - + - - - - Sugandhimulaka - - + - - - - Sugandhika - - - + - - - - Kambhu - - - + - - - - Katagana - - - + - - - - Veerabhadra - - - + - - - - Bahumulaka - - - + - - - - Venimulaka - - - - - - - - Shubra - - - - - - - - Valaka - - - - - - - - Grahabhuhvaya - - - - - - + -
Table ‘b’ Usheera Rasapanchaka
Rasa Guna Veerya
Madhura Tikta Laghu Ruksha Hima Snigdha Sheeta
Kai. Ni. + + + + + - +
Ma. Pa.Ni. - - - - + - +
Ma. Vi. Ni. - - - - + - +
Sal. Ni. + + + - + - +
Bha. Pr. + + + - - - +
Dha. Ni. - + - - - + +
Ra. Va. Ni. - - - - - - -
Ra. Ni. - + - - - - +
Cha. Sa. - - - - - - -
Su. Sa. - - - - - - -
Table ‘c’ Usheera Dosha karma
Vata Pitta Kapha
Ma. Pa.Ni. - + +
Ma. Vi. Ni. - + +
Sal. Ni. - + +
Bha. Pr. - + +
Dha. Ni. + + -
Ra. Va. Ni. - + -
Ra. Ni. - + -
Cha. Sa. - + -
Table ‘d’ Usheera Samanya karma
Table ‘e’ Usheera Rogaghnata
Mada
Jvara
Trushna
Raktaroga
Visha
Krucchrata
Kushta
Chardi
Vrana
Visarpa
Arti
Prameha
Raktapitta
Atisara
Kshata
Kai. Ni. + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - Ma. Pa. Ni. - - + + + + - - + + - - - - - Ma. Vi. Ni. - - + + + + - - + + - - - - - Sal. Ni. + + + + + + - + + + + - - - - Bha. Pr. + + + + + + - + + + - - - - - Dha. Ni. - + + + - - - - - - - + - - - Ra. Ni. - + - - - - - - - - + - - - - Ash. Hr. + + + + + - - - + + - + + + + Su. Sa. + + + + + + + + + + - + + + -
Pach
ana.
Stam
bhan
a
Dah
aghn
a
Shra
mah
ara D
ourg
andh
yaha
raSw
edah
ara
Kla
mah
ara
Kai. Ni. + + + - - - - Ma. Pa.Ni.
+ + + - - - -
Ma. Vi. Ni.
+ + + - + - -
Sal. Ni. + + + + + + + Bha. Pr. + + + - - - - Dha. Ni. - - + - + + + Ra. Va. Ni.
- - + - + + -
Ra. Ni. - - + + - - - Cha. Sa. - - + - - + - Ash. Hr. + - + - + + + Su. Sa. - + + - + + -
Pharmacognostic study: References
1. Cha. Vi. 8/46
2. Cha. Vi. 8/87
3. Cha. Vi. 8/13
4. A P I pg 190-195; IP Appendix; Pharmacognosy Kokate et. al.
Conceptual study Usheera
USHEERA
Vyutpatti1
• Masculine – Usheerah
• Neuter- Usheeram
• Vash kantou + Vashaha kith
• Iti Anadi Sutrena Iran
• Samprasaranam
Nirukti2
• fragrant root of the plant Andropogon muricatus
• a specific grass
• name of a mountain
History
Vetiver has long been an important plant because of its fragrance and its
role in indigenous medicine. Looking back at its history, we can find its
references in the below mentioned literature:
Vedic Period: Brahmana, Samhita, Upanishad, Kalpasutra, Purana
(2000 – 1000 B.C.)
Rigveda and Atharvaveda enumerate Usheera in the name of Virana or
Virina among the grasses3. Sayana has mentioned the use of Virana and also as a
tuft of grass4. In Koushika sutra5, its several benefits are explained. Shatapatha
brahmana, Grihya sutra and Katyayana sutra have described Virana as a bunch of
grass2. Utilization of Usheera in the making of mats and bags from the root fibres
of Virana was known from the time of Kashika and Prashastapada6. It was
extensively used as a coolant says Markandeya Purana7,9. Yajnavalkya smriti
enlists Usheera among the Gandha/Sarvagandha dravyas6.
40
Conceptual study Usheera
Samhita period 1000 B.C – 500 A.D
Shrimad Bhagavatham quotes Usheera as one of the Sugandha dravya7 and
as being employed as a coolant. It is said that Lord Buddha meditated on the
mattress made of Usheera when he got enlightenment8.
Charaka Samhita:
Acharya Charaka enrolls Usheera among the Shukra shodhaka,
Chardinigrahaka, Dahaprashamaka, Angamardaprashamaka, Varnya, Kandughna,
Stanyajanaka and Trushnanigrahaka Dashemani in Sutrasthana9. It is accounted as
the foremost Pralepaka dravya in Daha, Tvakdosha and Svedana10 and as one of
the Mrudu dhumapana dravyas10.
Aphrodisiac preparations like Amrutadi taila, Vidangadi taila and their
administration techniques are dealt in Chikitsa sthana apart from fifty and above
preparations beneficial in various disorders. Usheera forms one of the prime
ingredients in the Mahasugandhinama Agada yoga which is expounded to be a
vital emergency remedy in cases of Sarvavisha, Jwaradi rogas related by Lord
Shankara to Kubera11.
Sushruta Samhita :
Usheera finds its place among Sushruta’s Sarivadigana, Pittasamshamaka
dravya, Eladi gana and Surasadi gana12. Sushruta directs that it is a Truna and its
Sugandhimula is its officinale part12. Forty five and above preparations of Usheera
is described in various indications. Chitrakadi yoga and Mustadiyapana basti are
illustrated as Vrushya yogas containing Usheera in them. The benefits of Usheera
in Mahasugandhinama agada yoga are described by Sushruta in Kalpasthana13.
Ashtanga Hrudaya:
Customisation of Usheera in various forms for both internal and external
purpose is advocated in Sharad rutu14. Usheera is under the Sarivadigana tikta
skandha and Pittahara dravya in Sutrasthana15. Describing specific lepas to be
employed in different Rutus, Usheera lepa has been advocated in Vasanta rutu16.
41
Conceptual study Usheera
As many as 50 yogas of Usheera are enumerated which includes Mustadiyapana
basti yoga indicated for Vrushyadyartha.
In Uttaratantra, Usheera and other such drugs are described to be used to
adorn a person afflicted with Asuragraha, Nagagraha and Yakshagraha before
giving Bali17.
Sangraha Kala 500AD-1700 A.D
Banabhatta in his work Harshacharita and Kalidasa (4th A.D.) in his
Abhijnana Shakuntala have quoted this drug as having fragrant root and prescribe
it for cooling purposes2,6. Varahamihira6 (6th A.D) synonymously designates
Usheera as Virana in his work.
Dhanwantari nighantu (10th A.D.) puts this under Chandanadi varga19 of
aromatic drugs. Chakradatta (11th A.D.) clarifies Charaka’s Mrunalam as
Usheera18. Gada nigrahakara (12th A.D) formulates Usheera in various
preparations to be employed in Jwaradi pittaja roga. Amarasimha (12th A.D) puts
this under Truna varga and adds Virana as its synonym2,6 Madanapala
nighantukara19 enlists this in Karpuradi varga. In Kaiyyadeva Nighantu19 (15th
A.D.), Usheera is included under Oushadhi varga. Bhavaprakasha19 (16th AD) too
counts this under Karpuradi varga and describes its Guna - karmas. About 20
synonyms are enlisted by Raja nighantukara19 (17th AD).
Adhunika kala (1700 A.D. onwards)
Authors20 of Bhaishajya ratnavali, Nighantu Ratnakara, Yogaratnakara
have related various Yogas imbibing Usheera’s properties. Vd. Bapalal in his
Nighantu Adarsha19 among Trunadi varga presents the description of Usheera.
Modern botanists Nadkarni (1908) and Kirtikar and Basu (1918) have vividly
described this grass w.r.t. its taxonomy, habit, habitat, regional names, therapeutic
value and other uses21.
42
Conceptual study Usheera
Synonyms19
It was through synonyms that our preceptors depicted the quality of a drug
and described their identification features. Various such synonyms are tabulated
in table ‘a’. Usheera can be identified and studied based on these synonyms
classified under following parameters.
• Cognosy: Amrunala, Nalada, Gandhadya, Sugandhika, Bahumulaka
Vitanamulaka.
• Habitat: Jalarasa, Varitara, Jalamoda, Jalashaya
• Historical reference: Haripriya, Ishtikapatha
• Indication and Properties: Shishira, Shubhra, Dahaharana,
Avadaheshtakapatra, Grahabhuhvaya
• Part used: Viranamula, Shitamula, Sugandhimula
• Popularity: Virana, Abhaya, Veera, Laghubhaya, Veerabhadra
• Synonyms referring to drugs other than Usheera23
Abhaya - Haritaki,Hamsapadi
Katruna – Harichaya, Dhyamaka, Bhutika, Bhustruna, Yavanika,
Sugandhitrunam, Rohisham, Dronapushpa
Nalada - Hrivera / Tagara / Balaka, Lamajjaka, Mamsi,
Vernacular names21, 22
Latin Vetivera zizanioides (Linn) Nash.
Vetivera zizanioides Stapf.
Andropogon muricatus Retz.
Andropogon squarrosus Hook. f. (non Linn.f)
Anatheram zizanioides (Linn) Hitchcock and Chase
Arabic Izhhir, Usir
Bengal Khas Khas, Venaramula
Canarese Lavancha, Mudivala, Kadu karidappa, Sajjehallu
English Cuscus, Khus khus, Koosa grass
French Chiendent des Indes, Vetiver
Gujarati Valo, Kalobalo
43
Conceptual study Usheera
Hindi Bala, Balah, Bena, Ganrar, Khas, Onei, Panni
Malayalam Ramacchamver, Vetiver
Marathi Vala, Kalavale
Persian Bithiwala, Khas
Punjab Panni
Tamil Illamichamver, Vetiver Vilhalver, Viranam
Telugu Avurugaddiveru, Lamajjakamu-veru,
Vativeru, Vidavaliveru, Kuruveru
Urdu Khas.
Classification of Usheera9, 12, 15, 19
Classification is the first step of analytical study in all sciences. Emulating
this technique in Ayurveda too, comprehension of Usheera is done by designating
it under various groups by various authors as enlisted below
Classical text Gana / Varga / Skandha / Others
Charaka samhita Varnya, Kandughna, Chardi nigrahana, Daha
prashamana, Angamarda prashamana,
Shukra shodhana, Stanya janana, Trushna nigrahana
Sushruta samhita Sarivadi, Eladi, Surasadi, Pittasamshamaka
Ashtanga Hrudayam Sarivadi gana, Tikta skandha, Pittahara dravya
Dhanvantari nighantu Chandanadi varga
Madanapala nighantu Karpuradi varga
Kaiyyadeva nighantu Oushadhi varga
Bhavaprakasha nighantu Karpuradi varga
Raja nighantu Chandanadi varga
Saligrama nighantu Karpuradi varga
Nighantu Adarsha Trunadi varga
Taxonomical Position21, 62
Under the modern Botanical classification, allocation of Usheera is
depicted below
44
Conceptual study Usheera
Kingdom Plantae
Division Spermatophytae
Sub Division Magnoliophytina (Angiospermae)
Class Liliatae (Monocotyledanae)
Sub Class Commelinidae
Order Poales (Graminales)
Family Poaceae (Graminae )
Genus Vetiveria
Species zizanioides (Linn) Nash.
Habit : Vetivera zizanioides (Linn.) Nash.21,22
This is a perennial grass surviving for approximately 60 years. It is by
nature a hydrophyte but often thrives under xerophytic conditions and grows upto
2m height.
Roots: An aromatic, strong, dense, stout and mainly a vertical root system
measuring more than 3m deep. They are generally non-invasive in adjoining
habitat and creates a significant barrier below the ground
Stems: Culms arising from these stout roots up to and over 2m tall in dense tufts.
Leaves: Leaf sheaths compressed, especially the lower which are sharply keeled
and fan like, imbricate, very smooth firm, ligules reduced to a scarious rim, blades
narrowly linear, acute, 30-90 cm long, 4.2-10.6 mm wide, erect, rigid, firm or
somewhat spongy, usually glabrous, more/less hairy downwards on the face, pale
green, midrib slender, lateral nerves close, 6 or more on each side, rather stout,
slightly prominent, margins spinously rough - scabrid.
Inflorescence: Panicles oblong, 15-40 cm long, usually contracted, central rachis
stout, smooth, with 6-10 whorls, with upto 20 rays. Branches oblique to sub-erect,
naked for upto 5 cm, filiform, slightly rough.
Racemes upto 5 cm, rarely 7.5 cm long, very slender. Spikelets in pairs i.e.
one sessile other pedicelled. Joints are as long as the sessile spikelets or
45
Conceptual study Usheera
sometimes distinctly exceeding them, smooth or rough, minutely and unequally
ciliolate at the slightly oblique tips; pedicles similar but shorter.
Spikelets of each pair more or less alike in shape and size, different in sex,
2 flowered, lower floret reduced to lemma, upper bisexual in the sessile; male in
the pedicelled spikelet.
Sessile spikelet lanceolate to almost linear, acute or sub-acute,
4.2 to 4.8 mm long; green, yellowish, olive, violet, brown, purplish or grey to
almost black. Callus obtuse, 1mm long, glabrous.
Involucrated glumes armed with short tubercle based spines, acute,
coriaceous, lower muriculate all over the back, 5 nerved-lateral nerves close, very
fine, upper spinously muricate on the keel, lemmas awnless; palaea minute; lower
floral glumes as long as the involucrate glumes, acute, reversedly ciliolate, upper
upto 3.3 mm long, narrow oblong lanceolate, mucronulate, ciliate; lodicules 2,
quadrate, conspicuous though small.
Style and stigma short. Stigmas purple. Anthers 2-3.3 mm long. Pedicelled
spikelet aculeolate or almost smooth; upper floral glumes entire, acute.
Seed: Erect, albuminous copious, floury; embryo minute at base and outside the
albumen. Cotyledon shield shaped with an erect conical plumule and a descending
conical radical.
Varieties22:
The botanical and agronomical literature distinguishes between two broad
complexes of V zizanioides:
1) North Indian: Wild, fully fertile, flowering, seedy, lank populations native
across and beyond the Gangetic plain from Pakistan to at least Bangladesh.
2) South Indian: Cultivated, non-fertile, occasionally or non-flowering,
non-germinative or non-seedy populations. Traditionally grown for the
essential oil in south India. This is vegetatively propagated by root
division.
Though the two types can distinguished chemically no consistent botanical
46
Conceptual study Usheera
(Floral) distinctions have been available. Geographical names are misleading
for both complexes extend beyond India. Still, genetic and geographical
characteristics separating these complexes are to be understood (Menon et. al.
1945 CSIR).
Distribution21, 22:
Aesthetically and therapeutically valued, Usheera originates from Asia and
is an indigenous drug of India. This densely tufted grass is found throughout
Malaysian region, lower Guinea, W.Indies, Brazil, eastwards to Burma. It is
mainly a tropical plant which thrives in sub-tropical regions too. It is practically
found over the whole of India, mainly seen throughout the plains and lower hills
of India particularly on the river banks and in rich marshy soil, ascending to an
altitude of 1200 m.
It is wildly grown in Haryana, UP, Rajasthan, Gujrat, Bihar, Orissa,
Assam, M.P., and throughout South India.
It is systematically cultivated in certain places of Karnataka, A.P.,
Tamilnadu and Kerala.
Chemical Composition21, 22:
Roots contain an essential oil which is obtained by distillation of fresh or
air dried roots. Two different oils are obtained from the roots (i) a highly
laevorotatory oil from wild roots from North India, called Vetiver oil
(ii) a dextrorotatory oil from cultivated roots from South India designated as oil of
Vetiver roots.
They differ both in physical and chemical properties. These oils are the
most complex of the essential oils and their chemistry is not fully understood.
More than 150 sesquiterperoids are constituted in them out of which around 60
are identified
• Laevorotatory oils:
This is unique in containing both Cadinane and Eudesmane sequiterpenes
of the unusual antipodal configuration which includes Khusol, Khusinol,
47
Conceptual study Usheera
Khusitone, γ2 - cadinene and laevojuneol. Large amount of Khusilal in it, is
responsible for the strong laevoratation, absent in the dextrorotatory oil.
Several known and unknown alcohols, aldehydes and ketones have been
isolated; some of its constituents are bi and tricyclic vetivenes, bi and tricyclic
vetiverols, Khusone Khusitol, Bharatpurols, Khusenic acid, Epikhusinol,
Khusinoloxide, Khusine, Isobisabolene (Jain 1962-63).
• Dextrorotatory oils:
Constituents of this typical oils are largely Nootkatanes, Vetispiranes and
substances of tricyclic zizane structure which is not found in the former oil. It
also presents with sesquiterpene ketones which include α and β vetivone;
Vetiverols - mostly bi and tricyclic; Vetivenyl, Vetivinate, Vetivenic benzoic
and palmitic acid and the sesquiterpene Vetivene. Odour is due to the ketones.
Other constituents isolated from it are Laevojujenol, γ and β vetivene,
α - calacorane, Zizanene, α and β - Vetispirenes, Cyclocopacamphene Zizanol
Vetislinenol, Khusinol, Khusimylacetate, Elemol, β - eudesmol.
Almost all samples (88%) from outside South Asia proved to be one single
non-fertile genotype – Sunshine. Curiously, no Sunshine types were detected from
within the tropical Asian region of Vetiver’s early distribution. Additional
analyses revealed, atleast seven other non-fertile accessions as distinct genotypes.
Confirmation of their prior assessments has given users added confidence
that their Vetiver is non-fertile if it does not produce viable seed after flowering.
Although this may seem self evident, many species are indeterminate or seen
viable seed only intermittently. Still, much remains to be learned about Vetiver’s
reproductive biology (Kresovich et. al., 1994, Adams and Daffron 1997). Based
on the results it has been opined that North Indian oil distinctly differed and it is
not unlikely that it represents a chemically distinct rays or perhaps a distinct
species. (Anderson, Phytochemistry, 1970, 9, 145)
48
Conceptual study Usheera
Rasapanchaka19
The parameters of pharmacodynamics of any drug are Rasapanchaka.
Usheera is advocated to have Tikta rasa, Laghu guna and Sheeta virya by various
authors as enlisted in Table ‘b’.
Karma
(A) Doshakarma
Usheera is expounded is be a predominant Pittahara dravya apart from
being a Kaphahara dravya (Table ‘c’ .
(B) Samanya karma
Stress upon Pachana, Sthambhana, Dahaghna, Shramahara,
Dourgandhyahara, Svedahara, Klamahara actions have been laid by our
preceptors in Table ‘d’.
Rogaghnata
Usheera is highly emphasized to be beneficial in Pittaja and Rakta dushtija
rogas. Indication of it is seen in Jwara, Trushna, Raktapitta, Atisara, Visarpa,
Vrana, Chardi, Mutrakrucchra, Mada, Visha and Kushta Table ‘e’.
Other uses21, 22:
In Unani systems of medicine, Usheera is related as coolant to the brain;
bitter, saponific drug, useful in Spermatorrhoea, headache and diseases of the
blood. It is claimed to be useful in heart diseases. An infusion of root is given as
febrifuge; the powder of the root is beneficial in bilious complaints.
It is used as a tonic. The paste of pulverized roots in water acts as a coolant
in fever. It is thought to have anticancer properties and detected useful in
headaches, migraines and acidity.
In Guinea, infusion of roots is utilized for tonic and emmenogogue
purposes.
49
Conceptual study Usheera
Siddha system of medicine states its benefits in Jwara, Chardi, Trushna,
Raktadosha, Visarpa, Daha, Vrana and in Mutraroga.
Its uses are tonic, refrigerant, stomachic, stimulant, anti-spasmodic,
diaphoretic, diuretic, emmanogogue. It has been frequently mentioned by various
systems of medicine. Repeated stress on its carminative property in case of
flatulence, colic and obstinate vomiting ; external usage as antibacterial, coolant
effect on body and mind creating mental peace, relieving anxiety, insomnia,
nervous disorders, stress and strain are also mentioned. External application for
sprain, rheumatism and lumbago is found to be beneficial.
Roots find its application in Aroma therapy22d, in acne, arthritis, cuts,
depression, exhaustion, insomnia, muscular aches, oily skin, rheumatism, sores
and stress.
Apart from medicinal use, Usheera has long been employed for aesthetic
and commercial purposes too.
50
Discussion
DISCUSSION As a sequel to the preceding studies viz. Literary review, Pharmacognostic
study and Clinical study, herein under the title of Discussion, each of these are
critically analysed and discussed.
Conceptual study
Anupana:
Vyutpatti of the term Anupana constitutes the words Anu and Pana. Based
on the meaning of Anu, we can consider that Anupana is both consumed after and
along with the Basis; the qualities of the Anupana may be similar or inferior or
aiding the Pradhana dravyas; the selection of Anupana very methodical and
specific. Pana refers to a drink. However from the other meanings following
considerations can be made:
• Observing – observing the Basis, Roga, Rogi and the Bheshajavacharanavidhi,
Anupanavidhi
• Keeping – protection – defense – Anupana aiding or preserving the therapeutic
activity of the Basis for long or protecting the consumer from the ill effects of
Basis. Though the term Anupana generally refers to a substance to be drunk,
however, we find plenty of references of substances other than liquids used as
Anupanas.
Nirukti reflects that Anupana either followed or clubs with the Basis and is
administered in relevance to both Ahara and Oushadha.
Paribhasha indicates that the term Anu actually refers to “Lakshikrutyam”
i.e., in anticipation of the forthcoming food or Trushna, Anupana is consumed.
Here, this may be applied as – Anupana is administered to prevent the undesired
effects of Oushadha. The Paribhasha of Rasataranginikara suggests that the author
was influenced by modern pharmacology since nowhere such an information is
found in earlier texts. It is also said to be a part of the Oushadha or rather
treatment in the lexicons.
111
Discussion
Synonyms suggest the time of administration in relevance to Pradhana
Oushadha as following or along with the Basis. Anupana is held responsible for
Rogaghnata too apart from aiding Ahara’s effect.
The reference of Anupana is seen from the time of Vedas which
emphasizes its popularity and usefulness. Most of the earlier authors have dealt
Anupana in Aharavidhi context, however references of their application along
with Oushadha are abundantly found scattered all over the literatures. The later
authors probably realizing the vital importance of Anupana have separately dealt
with it and more so in relation with Oushadhas. Description with regards to
Anupana Swaroopa, Bheda, Dravyas, Matra, Kala, Avacharanavidhi, Basis of
selection with respect to rasa – guna – dravya – oushadha – roga – avastha – kala
– vaya – dosha – swasthya; Anupana nishiddhavastha, karmukata, pradhanyata are
found to be scattered in the classics.
In modern pharmacology, we find that Anupana and its principles are not
dealt elaborately under a distinct title. However, its principles are extensively in
vogue under various headings. The concept of Anupana can be correlated to
(a) Adjuvant – Drug that facilitates or promotes the action of primary drug;
(b) Corrective drug – added to modify, eliminate the undesired effect of Basis;
(c) Vehicle – this is a carrier, commonly a solvent that facilitates the
administration of preparation into human body. Drug interaction and
Biopharmaceutics are the other topics that may be inducted here.
The nature or form of Anupana, from the information collected so far
appears to be not only in Liquid form but includes Solid forms like Kalka, Churna
of various drugs. Apart from single drug formulations, compound formulations
like Dhanyamlam, Chaturjata, Triphala guggulu also find their usage as Anupana.
Scannning the dravyas used as Anupana, the list includes drugs from
Kashtoushadhas, Rasoushadhas and those derived from animals too.
Justifying the Anupana matra, probably to counteract the excessive
Rukshata in Vata, 3 pala of Anupana, which generally being a Drava dravya
excels in Kledata and Snigdhata could have been indicated as compared to Pitta
112
Discussion
and Kapha wherein accordingly, the quantity is reduced to 2 and 1 pala each.
However the differences in the Matra by different authors are not understood.
Based on the requirement, one can change the Anupana. In cases where
Anupana is not mentioned, one should critically evaluate in terms of Rasa, Guna,
Karma, Desha, Kala, Roga, Rogi, Dravya, Matra, Satmyata, and then prescribe
such an Anupana. Based on the illustrations listed in the tables ‘a’ – ‘k’, it is
evident that Anupana dravyas possess opposite qualities in terms of Rasa, Guna,
Dosha, dravyas but are not Viruddha to them. The Anupana indicated in the
Rogas or Avasthas are such of the drugs which have the ability to alleviate the
disease. Chitram as Anupana in Swasthas is mostly in reference to various Peyas
used as Ahara dravya. Regarding contraindications for Anupana, we find plenty of
references in the context of Kasadi, Shwasa, Chardyadi rogas. Probably, this may
be for Jala only. With respect to Anupana bheda, except for Rajanighantukara’s
information, not much details are available.
Anupana and its Guna-karma can be understood by screening and
classifying them under: (a) effect on Ahara (b) effect on Oushadha (c) effect on
Roga vikara (d) effect on Swastha.
On critical analysis the most likely hidden meanings of Anupana karmas
are attempted to be derived as follows.
• Brumhayati: Anupana potentiates / augments the Basis.
• Rochayati: Provides palatability.
• Mardavakaram: Softens or aids in disintegration of the Ahara or
Oushadha
• Deepanam: Stimulates the latent properties of the drug -
pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
• Alpadosham jeeryati: Undesired and unwanted constituents in Oushadha
Ahara are antagonized
• Balavarnakaram: Refers to long terms effect of Ahara but may refer to
its effect in Abala and Twakrogi too or as augmenting
the potency and presentation of the drug
113
Discussion
• Sukham jarayati: Aids in beneficial and faster metabolism of medicines
• Vyaptimapnuyat: Aids in the spread of the Pradhana oushadha. This
might refer to its capacity to navigate the Pradhana
oushadha to reach the desired site of action; maybe to
particular Dhatu eg. Yogaraj guggulu with Madhu in
Medoroga or to a specific Avayava eg. Yogaraja
Guggulu with Triphalodaka in Netraroga,
Guduchi kwatha in Vatarakta
Modern references of drugs in form of solutions, solvents, suspensions,
principles of Controlled Release Drug Delivery System, absorption in GIT, renal
clearance, drug interactions, biopharmaceutics aid in comprehending the concept
of Anupana.
Ajirnadi consequences related with disuse of Anupana are more relevant to
Ahara vidhi. However, if Anupana is not used or in appropriation, this would only
result in not bringing out the excellence in the desired result.
Masha
Browsing through the historical review it is evident that Masha was known
since age old times. Its synonyms speak of its morphology, part used, indications,
properties, uses and popularity. Due to its popularity plenty of regional names are
attributed. It has been dealt under Dhanya varga by most of the authors.
Though considerable confusion remains with respect to its taxonomical
position it can be referred to as Vigna mungo Linn. or Vigna radiatus Roxb.
henceforth. Under the 2 main varieties mungo and viridis, 25 types are existing.
Considering Masha as a regular food article, it could be responsible for
maintenance of fertility. Due to the dry and wet processes, it might have lost its
natural qualities and this could be a reason for the rise in infertility rate.
Masha should be used within 1 yr of collection. Excess usage and with
Mulaka, Madhu, Lakucha phala, etc. are contraindicated. Its usage in Kushta,
Shopha, etc. is prohibited.
114
Discussion
Masha possesses Madhura, Guru, Snigdha, Ushna, Picchila guna and
Madhura vipaka. Chemically constitutes rich protein, vitamins, minerals and
carbohydrates. It is found that germination increases the biological value of
proteins, however, usage of Virudha - sprouted pulses is highly condemned in our
science. Masha is mainly Vatahara and Pittakaphahara. It is highly recommended
as Vrushya, Vatarogahara, Brumhana, Medomamsakara, Stanya,
Bhinnamutrapurishakara dravya. Masha finds its utility in varied conditions and
varied systems of medicine and practices. Studies on this drug are however few. It
is seen to reduce Serum cholesterol and Phospholipid levels, maintains Nitrogen,
Phosphorous balance; increase hepatic protein catabolism in animals. A lectin
present in this drug agglutinate only Trypsinised red cells.
Sharkara:
Sharkara derived from the source drug Saccharum officinarum Linn. is
popular since ages. Here. Sharkara refers to Khanda sharkara – red variety despite
the term Sharkara meaning Granular.
The 24 synonyms enlisted denote the source, processing, morphology,
properties of Khanda sharkara. Different regional name indicate its popularity.
Description of Khanda sharkara is found mostly under Ikshu varga.
Details of manufacture of Khanda sharkara in the classics is not extensive.
Sugarcane juice on boiling, proceedingly with the elimination of the impurities
results in various Ikshu vikaras involving Khanda sharkara too. However in
modern literature elaborate description is found which involves various chemicals
to clarify the final product.
Khanda sharkara is obtained from other Ikshus like Poundra, Vamsha,
Shyama and Raktekshu. Under the name of Sharkara – Yasa, Tavaraja, Madhu,
Yavanala and Pushpa sharkara are found but it differs from the present Khanda
sharkara by their source. Presently in the market, white and orangish red
Khandasari sugar are available. However reference regarding the latter variety is
not available in Ayurvedic literature.
115
Discussion
Sharkara embraces Madhura, Guru, Snigdha, Sara, Shita gunas; Madhura
vipaka; Balya, Vrushya, Hrudya, Mukhapriya, Santarpani, Chakshushya,
Dhatuvardhana, Truptikara, Brumhana karma; Vatapitthara – Kaphakari qualities;
Raktapittadi pittaja rogaharatva and Kshaya – Shvasa – Kasa – Kshina retas,
Shrama, Dourbalyaharatva.
It is chemically made up of Sucrose, reducing sugars and organic non-
sugars. Its utility is seen mainly as a food article and in medications apart from
preparation in chemicals.
Usheera
History reveals that Usheera has been an important drug because of its
fragrance and its role as an indigenous medicine. Synonyms of this drug reflects
its cognosy, habitat, historical importances, part used, properties, uses and its
popularity. Usheera shares its synonyms with other drugs like Haritaki,
Hamsapadi, Dhyamaka, Bhootika, etc. Usheera is put under various gana – varga
by different authors. This denotes its multiple therapeutic values.
Taxonomically Usheera falls under Poaceae- a family of grasses and is
referred to as Vetivera zizanioides Linn. Nash. Various specimen of this species
can be categorized under North Indian and South Indian varieties. The above two
complexes vary chemically. The former contains levorotatory oil and the latter has
dextrorotatory oil. It is mainly a tropical plant finding diverse uses in medicine
and agriculture.
Usheera comprises of Tikta rasa; Laghu Sheeta guna; Pittahara, Kaphahara
qualities; Pachana, Dahagna, Stambhana, Shramahara, Dourgandhyahara,
Swedahara, Klamahara karma; Pittaja and Raktaja rogaharatva.
Application of Usheera is seen in varied cultural practices, aesthetic
purposes, commercial uses apart from various medicinal uses.
Shukradushti vis-à-vis Oligozoospermia
Infertility has been a matter of great concern since vedic times. Vyutpatti of
the term Shukra refers mostly to its morphological features while Paryaya denotes
its relevance to sperm, seventh Dhatu, etc. The features mentioned in Shuddha
116
Discussion
shukra lakshana described the physical characters of the semen and thus
Shukradushti refers to alterations in the seminal parameters.
Origin of Shukra is understood at three levels i.e., from Ahara parinamana,
consequent to Majja dhatu and derived from Soma – jala mahabhuta. Abhivyakti
of Shukra implies that despite its presence since birth in subtleness, its complete
manifestation occurs only after a specific period – puberty.
Site of Shukra is the whole body in general, as it influences each part;
Shukravaha srotas - sira-dhamani-marga in specific. Shukra pramana is Ardha
kudava 24 ml. approximately, while WHO standards say > 2ml is normal semen
volume.
Dhairya, Chyavana, Harsha and so on refer to the androgenic aspect of
Shukra karma; Apatyam, Beejartham refer to the seminal aspect of Shukra karma.
Veerya and Retas imply that Shukra is responsible for both sexual act and
procreation of offspring.
In the present study, Shukradushti is considered with respect to only the
seminal aspect, i.e., as Poor Semen Quality.
Charaka classifies Shukradushti as 8 and in relevance to physical
characteristics while Sushruta deals with Shukradushti in favour of doshic
involvement.
Nidanas are classified under Aharaja, Viharaja, Manasika, Vaidyakruta,
Vyadhikarshanajanya and Kshataja. These mainly vitiate Vata followed by Pitta
and then Kapha in the causation of disease.
The lakshanas of each type of Shukradushti are correlated with the modern
clinical conditions based on previous works done. Viewing the Samprapti, the
vitiated doshas singly or collectively results in Avarana or Gatatva pathology,
aided or unaided by Khavaigunyatva.
Chikitsa is planned in 2 levels – Samanya and Vishishta that includes
Shodhana followed by Doshanusara chikitsa, Guhya roga pratishedha adhyayokta
chikitsa. Vajikarana principles, Raktapittahara and Yonivyapat chikitsa are also
advocated.
117
Discussion
Reviewing the estimation of incidence rates of male infertility and that of
Oligozoospermia over the years, male infertility is on the rise and there is a
decline in the sperm count and the seminal quantity.
Oligozoospermia is decreased sperm count i.e., < 20 million/ml. The cause
for this is found to be idiopathic in 50% cases. In surgical and traumatic causes
there is trauma to the related blood, nerve, lymphatic structures or damage to
testicles or urogenital tract. Various drugs hinder spermatogenesis, and act as
Gonadotoxins. Alteration in the temperature as in undescended testicles, retractile
testes, thermal exposure, tight dressing, febrile illnesses reduce the production of
sperms. Addictions result in temporary reduction of spermatogenesis. Exposure to
oestrogen results in testicular degeneration, sperm count reduction, sperm
abnormalities (Uni. Of South Carolina Medical School, USA). Environmental
pollutants, contamination of food and water are endocrine disruptors (INSERM
French Research Institute). Stress, by reducing FSH production results in fewer
sperm production.
The treatment for Oligozoospermia includes removal of Gonadotoxins,
surgical interventions, psychological counselling, hormonal therapy, Intra Uterine
Insemination, IVF, ART and adoptions in conjunction with empirical therapy.
The descriptions of Alpatva, Tanutva features of Vataja shukradushti and
Ksheenashukra of Vatapittaja variety simulate Oligozoospermia. The other
features described under Shukradushti represent various other clinical conditions
of Poor Semen Quality and Male Infertility. To sum up, Oligozoospermia is one
of the various conditions dealt under the broad heading of Shukradushti.
Pharmacognostic Study
To authenticate the drugs identity and quality preliminary pharmacognostic
studies including phytochemical analysis of the three drugs Masha, Usheera,
Khanda Sharkara were designed and conducted.
Drugs were selected after morphologically confirming their identity by
macroscopic study. Under microscopic study, only Masha seeds and Usheera
roots were evaluated. Microscopical transverse section of Masha seeds presented
118
Discussion
with a multilayered thick walled tanniferous seed coat in the dry sample and
unripe seed showed a multilayered translucent thin walled membrane made of
Parenchyma cells in fusion with primary seed coat. Cotyledons had hexagonal
compact parenchyma cells abundant with starch grains, more in the periphery than
centrally. Frequent distribution of brown cell contents were found near the
periphery that could be proteinacious matter.
Usheera roots on transverse section revealed epiblemma, wide cortex and
stellar tissue on microscopy. Epiblemma with unicellular root hairs was seen.
Cortex composed of outer compactly filled rectangular paranchymal cells and an
inner wide spongy aerenchyma with many cavities for the essential oil. Centrally,
stele was made of parenchyma cells followed by exarch – polyarch vascular
bundles. Outer to these bundles sclerenchymatous cells supported the root.
Pericycle encapsulated these structures. Endodermis lying without pericycle is
single layered and made of parenchyma cells. Casperian bands line these cells
radiatingly and Passage cells frequent inbetween these cells to regulate water
movement.
As designed the 3 drug powder samples were analysed by physico
chemical and chromatographic methods in addition to the samples of drug
combination of Masha-Sharkara and Masha-Usheera, Usheera phanta and Usheera
volatile oil. The details of methodology, observations and results are recorded
under the respective chapters.
The physico-chemical constants, organic and inorganic contents of a drug
play an important role in identification of the drug.
Physical constants like loss on drying, pH, bulk density, colour and clarity,
specific gravity, extractive values, ash values help in establishing the
pharmacopoeial standards of the drug samples collected from the locality of
Udupi besides enabling to identify the drug in their respective forms.
Loss on drying values provide useful information for proper storage as
moisture encourages microbial contamination. Ash values denote the presence of
inorganic matter. Presence of volatile oil is suggestive of varied therapeutic value
of the drug. Extractive value suggest the nature of the chemical; constituents
119
Discussion
w. r. t. specific solvents of a particular drug. Generally alcohol dissolves most of
the organic substances like alkaloids, tannins, phenols and so on. Polar
compounds like tannins, phenols, organic acids, alkaloids, carbohydrates,
glycosides are soluble in water while non polar substances – fats and oils are
soluble in ether, chloroform. In this study methanol, petroleum ether, water
chloroform extractions were drawn with Soxhlet apparatus.
Water extractive values of Sharkara was maximum (90%) which could be
because of presence of water content in it. Masha accounted for 21.1% w/w –
water extractive value. Usheera had least of 6.37% w/w. Methanol extractive
values was maximum in Sharkara followed by Usheera and Sharkara. Petroleum
ether and chloroform extractive values were maximum in Usheera owing to the
aromatic oil in it.
In the present study phytochemical screening was done to ascertain the
presence of proteins by Ninhydrin test, carbohydrate by Iodine test and Saponins
by foam test.
Water extracts of Masha and Masha Sharkara tested positive for Ninhydrin
test while MU tested negative. This could be probably because the volume was
small and the concentration not adequate to show the desired result or the
combination might have resulted in alterations of the chemical components of
Masha. Water extracts of M, MU, MS tested positive for starch contents and for
Saponins.
Chromatography is a laboratory analytical technique for separation,
identification and purification of different organic substances present in micro
quantity in a mixture.
In this study, the extracts of the 5 samples M, S, U, MS and MU in alcohol,
chloroform and pet. ether were subjected to TLC and run in a suitable solnet agter
which sprayed with various corrosive reagents for detection of the components.
The Rf values were calculated and recorded. TLC was done for the volatile oil
extracted from Usheera also.
Alcohol extracts of the 5 samples on TLC, in TEA solvent system
presented with 7 spots in M, 4 in U and no spots in S suggesting the number of
120
Discussion
compounds present in the extracts detectable with TEA and ASA reagent.
However, the combination of MS had only one component while MU possessed 6
constituents denoting the alteration in the components due to drug combination.
Chloroform extracts of the 5 samples exhibited 2 spots in M, 1 in S and 12 in U
while MS had only 1 spot and MU had 3 spots. Petroleum ether extracts of 5
samples had 6 spots in M, none in S, 4 in U, MS had 3 while MU had slight
constituents.
It can be seen that the number of components present in the individual drug
samples are not in accordance with that of their combination. But are either
reduced or increased. This could be because of formation of new components
extractable and detectable in the specific solvents causing the increase in number.
The existing constituents might have disintegrated or modified into other forms
that could not be extracted or detected, thus causing reduction in the number of
spots.
Presence of Red, Brown, Yellow, Green spots in M, U, MS, MU could be
because of the Bitter principles and Blue, Brown, Red sites could be because of
essential oils. The colour at the start could be because of Saponins. The
component could not be identified at this stage.
Further, the above TLC plates were sprayed with Dragedroff’s reagent to
detect Alkaloids, Ferric chloride solution to detect Phenols and Tannins and Blue
tetrazoluine to detect Phytosterols. All 5 samples showed Pinkish red spots at the
start indicating the presence of Alkaloids. With Ferric chloride, Dark brownish
black spots indicated Phenols and Tannins in M and MU. Appearance of Purplish
blue spots with Blue tetrazoluine indicted presence of Phytosterols in all samples.
TLC of volatile oil of Usheera showed 12 spots with TEA solvent and
ASA which was similar to that of TLC developed for chloroform extract of
Usheera with similar solvent system and spray.
It becomes necessary to add here that, the light colouration and invisibility
could be because of the lesser concentration of the components in the extracts
which could not produce significant spots. Probably by altering the solvent system
121
Discussion
its proportion, and the spray, the detection light and the experimenting conditions
the number of spots might vary.
Clinical study
Dr. Mhaskur and Caius hold it is impossible to obtain any information
about medicinal properties of drugs by carrying on researches in chemical labs.
Utility of a drug can be conclusively proved only if the drugs are prescribed in the
human beings than subjected to chemical reactions in the laboratory.
In this study the role of Anupana was aimed to be evaluated. Shukradushti
was selected for the study considering the magnitude of the problem in the present
day. In particular, Oligozoospermia falling under Shukradushti was considered for
the study. The drugs considered were
(1) Masha – which is popular for its Vrushya properties and equated with
Atmagupta. The drug sample was directly collected from the fields to avoid
any processing and to retain its natural qualities. The seeds were used before
one year of its collection as mentioned in the texts. To retain Guruguna, the
seeds were used along with the seed coat and in the simple powder form to
avoid its samskara with agni.
(2) Khandasharkara – the red variety was considered for the study. It is an
important Shukravardhaka dravya mentioned in the classics. This was again
taken in the powder form.
(3) Usheera – its roots known for Shukrashodhaka qualities were collected from
the locality of Udupi. Usheera stored for long duration is reported to yield less
amount of oil. Hence roots were used before one year of collection. It is
evident that Usheera is a Mrudu dravya like other aromatic drugs Usheera in
Phanta form was opted.
The objective was to study the effect of the combination of Shukrajanaka-
Janaka and Shukrajanaka-Shodhaka dravyas. Accordingly, the intervention
followed.
In patients of SM group, Masha - as Pradhana dravya possessing
Shukrajanaka-Pravarthaka-Rechaka qualities and of 5 g was adjuncted with
122
Discussion
Sharkara of 5 g Anupanamatra is said to be 3 or 2 pala for Vataja or Pittaja rogas,
i.e., Oligozoospermia here. Matra of Sharkara as Anupana is suggested to be twice
that of Pradhana dravya. In this study, since Masha is palatable, equal amount of
Sharkara is considered. References regarding Anupana in churna form are
available in the classics which aids this study.
In the second group UM Masha churna 5 g was advised with 50 ml of
Usheera Phanta twice daily such that it accounts to 100 ml – approximately 2 pala
as per the texts. The role of Apana vata in Shukradushti is evident and hence the
medicines were administered before food. The treatment duration was 1 month
while the followup was for another 2 months as the Spermatogenesis needs more
than 74 days.
Totally 21 patients were registered in this study, wherein SM group had 11
patients with 1 drop out while UM group had 10 patients. Simple Semenogram
was advised.
Observations:
Age: Maximum of 35% of patients belonged to 30-35 years of age. About 20% of
patients belonged to 40-45 years of age. This shows that this problem is of great
concern to people of all ages. (CS. 1)
Religion: 95% of patients belonged to Hindu community. This only suggests the
geographical domination of this community in the locality of Udupi.
(CS. 2)
Occupation: Signifying the role of occupation, as an etiology, 15% of the patients
had thermal exposure while 25% had mental stress and 80% had physical
exertion. (CS. 3)
Socio-Economic Status: This reflects the ability of the patients to afford for the
investigations and treatment. 80% of patients belonged to middle class and hence
could make it in this private hospital. 15% were poor and only 5% of rich patients
visited this hospital. (CS. 4).
Education: Based on the distribution of patients with respect to education, no
significant conclusion can be drawn. (CS. 5)
123
Discussion
Habitat: 55% of patients were from Rural area while 45% were from Urban area.
(CS. 6).
Satva, Samhanana, Dehabala: 70% of patients had Madhyama Satva while 25%
had Avarasatva and 5% Pravarasatva; 65 % had Madhyama Samhanana and 80%
of them had Madhyama Dehabala. These incidences appear to be in paralance
with each other. However, no definite conclusions could be drawn with this data.
(CS. 7, 10 & 11).
Pachakagni & Koshta: 85% had Samagni and Madhyakoshta; 10% had
Mandagni and Krurakoshta followed by Vishamagni and Mrudukoshta each in 5%
of the patients. (CS. 12 & 13)
Satmya: 50% patients consumed Katu Lavana rasa while 40% consumed
Madhura rasa and Amla Madhura rasa consumption was seen in 10% of the
patients. Usage of Katu Amla Lavana rasa in excess might have led to
Shukradushti. (CS. 8)
Sara: Patients were observed to have Tvaksarata in 55% of them while 20% had
Mamsasarata; 15% Rakatsarata, 5% Astisarata and none had Medho-Majja-
Shukrasarata. No relation could be drawn between Sara and Shukradushti at this
stage. (CS. 9)
Prakruti: 45% of patients belonged to Pittakapahaja Prakruti while 40% were of
Vatapittaja type followed by 15% of Vatakaphaja type. (CS. 14)
Nidra: 55% had good sleep; 25% had sound sleep and 20% had disturbed and
delayed sleep. (CS. 15)
Diet: Majority of 55% of patients had mixed diet while 45% of them were
vegetarians. (CS. 16)
Addictions: Impairment in the Spermatogenesis in the patients registered could
be because of the addictions as observed below. Alcohol consumption was seen in
30% of the patients which is known to lower Plasma Testosterone synthesis.
Smoking was found in 40% of patients. This causes abnormality in sperm
morphology. Pan chewing, tobacco usage was seen in 55% and 30% of patients
respectively and is found to cause infertility. (CS. 17)
124
Discussion
Marital life: 10% had 10-15 years of marital life. The incidence of marital life in
the range of 5-10 years and 1-5 years accounted to 45% each. This could be
because in the initial years probably the patients felt that the problem would
resolve by itself and later on in the 5-10 year group there was reduction in hope
while the patients of 10-15 years range were still anxious to have a child.
(CS. 18)
Main complaints: 90% had Primary Infertility and the rest had Secondary
Infertility. (CS. 19)
Other Historical findings: In the patients registered for the study the following
factors formed the etiology for causing Poor Semen Quality. 5% each of Mumps,
Acid Peptic Disease, Hypertension, Small pox, Orchitis; 5% underwent testicular
biopsy; 10% had Varicocelectomy; 85% had surgical interventions; 5% had
familial history; 45% had Gonadotoxic Agents’ exposure and 25% had depressed
moods. (CS. 20, 21, 22, 23, 25)
Examinational findings: In 40% of patients, Testes was firm while 60% had soft
testicles, 90% had normal Spermatic chord, 10% had thickened chord and 20%
had Varicocele which causes increase of temperature in the Spermatogenic
environment hampering the Spermatogenesis. (CS. 26, 27, 28)
Shukradushti Nidanas:
In the patients of the present study shukradushti Nidanas were as follows:
Ativyayama in 70%, Katu Amla Lavanarasatisevana in 60%, Chinta-Shoka in
40%, Akalayonigamana in 60%, Vyadhikarshana in 20%, Agni Vibhrama in 15%,
Ayonigamana in 15%, Shastra Vibhrama in 10%. (CS. 29)
Shukradushti Lakshanas:
Ashta Shukradushti Lakshanas were correlated with the Semenogram
based on the works of Prasad ’97 and Rao ’97 and then assessed as listed below:
Tanu, Ksheena, Avasadi Lakshanas were found in all patients while 75%
had Puti, Vivarna, Anyadhatu Samsrushta Lakshanas followed by Picchilatha in
10% of the patients. (CS. 30)
125
Discussion
Seminal Findings/Parameters Shukradushti Lakshanas
Sperm Count Tanu, Ksheena
Volume Alpa, Ksheena
Liquifaction Granthibhuta, Avasadi
Viscosity Picchila, Avasadi
pH Ruksha
Motility Granthibhuta, Avasadi
Pus cells Pita, Puti-Kunapagandhi, Vivarna, Anyadhatu Samsrushta
RBC Aruna, Krishna, Vivarna, Puti, Kunapagandhi, Anyadhatu Samsrushta
WBC Vivarna, Puti, Anyadhatu Samsrushta
Results:
After one month of drug administration and a followup of two months the
following results were seen. The result of therapies were assessed based on the
seminal analysis after each month. The different parameters against which the
effect was assessed are discussed henceforth.
Spermcount: Spermcount gradually increased from 6.512 mill/ml to 14.24
mill/ml in SM group and 4.461 mill/ml to 9.27mill/ml in UM group at the end of
three months. The change in both the groups are statistically significant. Both the
combinations Shukrajanaka-Janaka and Shukrajanaka-Shodhaka increased the
count. It can be said that the average increase in the sperm count in the former
group is higher. (CS. 31A, B)
Volume: Volume increased gradually from 2.21 ml to 2.35 ml in SM group while
increase from 1.27 ml to 2 ml in UM group was observed. Both the groups resulted
in increase in volume. The increase in SM group was statistically due to chance
while in UM group, the increase was significant. The average increase in volume
was higher in Janaka-Shodhaka group than Janaka-Janaka group. (CS 32A, B)
126
Discussion
RLP Motility: A significant increase of RLP Motility was seen in both SM & UM
the groups from 7.9% to 23.9% and 15% to 25.4% respectively. The average
increase in SM group was greater than the UM group. (CS. 33A, B)
SLP Motility: There was an increase in the SLP Motility in both the groups after
3 months i.e., from 17.8% to 29.4% in SM group and 12% to 21.1% in UM group.
There was a greater and a significant increase in SLP Motility in the UM group
while the increase in SM group was not found to be statistically significant.
(CS. 34A, B)
NP Motility: NP Motility decreased in both the groups i.e., from 36.4% to 35.3%
in SM group and a greater reduction from 72.9% to 55.5% in the UM group. The
changes were non significant in SM group while in UM group, the reduction was
statistically significant. (CS. 35A, B)
Morphology: Total abnormal forms reduced in both the groups i.e., from 57.4%
to 44% in SM group while in UM group the change was greater and statistically
significant from 44.8% to 8.6%. (CS. 36 A, B)
Debris Particulate: Significant reduction of Debris Particulate was seen in SM
group and the reduction in UM group was highly significant after 3 months of
treatment. (CS. 37A, B)
Liquifaction time: Non significant reduction in Liquifaction time was seen in
both the groups i.e., from 26 to 25 min. in SM group and 24 to 22 min. in UM
group. (CS. 38A, B)
Viscosity: In both the groups, one in each possessed abnormal viscosity which
was corrected at the end of the treatment. However the correction is not proved
statistically significant with this small sample. (CS. 39A, B)
Overall Effect:
In the Shukrajanaka- Janaka combination of drugs in SM group, produced
marked and significant results with respect to parameters: Sperm count, RLP
Motility, Debris particulate and the results with respect to Volume, SLP Motility,
NP motility, Morphology, Liquifaction time, Viscosity were non significant.
127
Discussion
In the Shukrajanaka-Shodhaka combination of drugs in UM group
significant results were seen with respect to seminal parameters: Sperm count,
Volume, RLP Motility, SLP Motility, NP motility, Morphology, Debris
Particulate while the effect on Liquifaction time and Viscosity were not
significant. The results of SM group had an edge over UM group with respect to
Sperm count and RLP Motility while the UM group produced better results with
respect to Volume, SLP Motility, NP Motility, Morphology and Debris
Particulate.
Considering increase in the Sperm count as Shukrajanana effect and the
alterations in other parameters as Shukra Shodhaka effect we can say that the
combination of Shukrajanaka-Janaka (SM Group) had significant results with
respect to Shukrajanana while the Shukrajanaka-Shodhaka combination of drugs
(UM Group) had marked results in the remaining parameters.
Probable Mode of Action:
In modern pharmacology mode of action is dealt in terms of chemical
constituents. But Ayurveda considers the drug in its entirety. Charaka in 4th sthana
says it is difficult to infer total effect by effect of constituents alone. In the present
study, the effect is considered to be the total effect of the combination of Pradhana
dravya and Anupana rather than of the individual components.
However at this level the qualities of each drug in relation to Shukradushti
is first dealt here, upon which the effect of combination can be derived.
Pharmacology of Ayurveda is based on the theory of Rasa Panchaka, the simplest
parameters of those days to ascertain the action of drug and diet. (Su. Su. 46/3)
Masha: Use of plants was based on observations and by Doctrine of Signature.
Masha was being used in Pumsavana Karma because it was phallus shaped in
vedic times. Masha is appraised as a Shukrasrutikara – Vruddhikara-Vahaka-
Janaka-Pravarthaka-Rechaka, Beejakara, Veeryakara, Vrushyakara dravya which
indicates its effect on Shukravaha srotas and Shukra. This is suggestive of the
efficacy of Masha to bring about Shukrajanaka effect.
128
Discussion
Oligozoospermia falls under Vataja –Vatapittaja Shukradusti. Vataharatva,
a prime quality in Masha counteracts Vata aided by its Guru, Snigdha, Madhura
qualities. The qualities of Shukra and Masha – Guru, Singdha, Picchilatva by
Samanya Siddhanta causes Vardhana of Shukra.
Sharkara: Sharkara has qualities of Shukrakari, Vrushyatva aid in Shukrajanana.
Sharkara by its Vatahartva and Pittahara qualities alleviate Vatapitta a prime
culprit in Shukradushti – Oligozoospermia. Madhura rasa, Sheeta veerya, Guru,
Singdha gunas support in Vatapittaharana. Actions of Madhura rasa as Snehana,
Preenana, Ahladhana, Tarpana, Jeevana aid in Vataharana and Shukrajanana.
Raktapittahara chikitsa is advocated in Shukradushti and Sharkara is one of the
drug used in Raktapitta.
Usheera: Charakacharya includes Usheera among the Shukra Shodaka dravyas. It
is an important Pittahara and Raktapittahara dravyas which aids in counteracting
the Vatapittaja Shukradushti. Its Sheeta veerya, Ruksha guna helps in Pitta
shamana. In Pittaja rogas, Tikta rasa and Madhura rasa are advocated wherein
Tikta rasa achieves Ama Pitta Pachana (Kas. Sam. Khil, 6th ). Tikta rasa aids in
sroto shodhana and alleviation of the vitiated Pitta dosha.
It is relevant to quote Charaka’s opinion that two or more drugs together
exhibit some special properties which can never be produced by individual
components. In a combination apart from main drugs others act as synergistic and
potentiate the action or broaden their spectrum or antagonise some undesirable
effects. (Cha. Vi. 1/21-23)
Though an attempt is made to explain the production of the effect of the
combination of drugs in the two groups, it is very far from arriving at any
satisfactory solution as to the real nature of the highly selective action of them.
129
Summary
SUMMARY
The Dissertation entitled “A comprehensive clinical study of Anupana in
the management of Shukradushti vis-à-vis Oligozoospermia” comprises of 5
sections namely Literary review, Pharmacognostic study, Clinical study,
Discussion, Summary and Conclusion.
Section I – Literary review deals with 3 chapters namely Conceptual study
dealing about the concept Anupana; Drug review deals with 3 parts – Masha,
Sharkara, Usheera; Disease review dealing with 2 parts – Shukradushti and
Oligozoospermia.
Conceptual study of Anupana is studied under: Vyutpatti, Nirukti,
Paribhasha, Itihasa, Swaroopa, Bheda, Dravyas, Matra, Kala, Avacharana vidhi,
Anukte Anupana yojana, Uktanupana based on Rasa – Guna – Dravya – Dravya
varga – Kalpana – Yoga – Vayah – Dosha – Roga – Avastha – Swasthya,
Anupana ayogyah, Nishiddhanupana, Anupananantaram nishiddha karma,
Anupana guna – karma – karmukata and Anupana pradhanyata.
Drug review on the drugs Masha, Sharkara, Usheera are based on their
Vyutpatti, Nirukti, Paryaya, Vernacular names, Historical review, previous works
done, Ayurvediya classification, Taxonomical classification, habit, varieties,
distribution, Rasa panchaka, chemical composition, Karma, Rogaghnata, other
uses and pharmacological studies.
The disease Shukradushti is detailed in Chapter 3. Brief history of
Vajikarana and Shukradushti, Shukra Vyutpatti – Paryaya – Swaroopam –
Bbhoutika sanghatanam – Utpatti – Sthana – Srotas – Abhivyakti – Pramana –
Karma – Sarata have been discussed here. Shukra and its correlation with Semen
and Androgens is mentioned followed by description of Shukradushti, its Bheda,
Nidana, Roopa, Samprapti, Sadhyasadhyata, Upadrava, Chikitsa and Pathya.
Information regarding Oligozoospermia and its correlations with Shukradushti are
derived in this context.
Section II comprises of 2 parts Pharmacognostic study and
Physicochemical study of the three drugs. Under the Pharmacognostic study the 3
130
Summary
drugs Masha, Usheera and Sharkara were collected from the locality of Udupi and
their identity authenticated macroscopically by Organoleptic studies. The
microscopical structure of the seeds of Masha and the roots of Usheera are
elaborated here.
In the second part of Physicochemical studies, the above samples were
analysed to derive the following values: loss on drying, pH, bulk density, total ash
value, acid insoluble ash value, water soluble ash value, water soluble extractive
value, extractive values in methanol – chloroform – petroleum ether. Preliminary
Phytochemical screening was done for the water and alcohol extracts to detect
protein, carbohydrate and saponin contents. Colour and clarity of Usheera phanta
and Usheera phanta mixed with Masha were assessed. Usheera was subjected to
distillation in Clevenger’s apparatus to assess the volatile oil content. TLC
analysis of the extracts of the samples of Masha, Usheera, Sharkara, Masha –
Usheera and Masha – Sharkara were done and reported in this part.
Section III encompasses the Clinical studies which was aimed to evaluate
the effect of Masha with Anupana Sharkara and Masha with Anupana Usheera
phanta inShukradushti vis-à-vis Oligozoospermia. This is detailed under Materials
and Methods, Observations and Results.
131
MASHA - TABLES Table ‘a’ Masha Paryaya
Mas
ha
Har
ibija
Var
a
Sati
Vru
shya
Vru
shak
ari
Jeer
naka
ri
Dha
ri D
hava
la
Raj
amas
haka
Vee
ryak
ara
Bee
jaka
ra
Cha
lavo
K
uruv
inda
D
hany
avee
ra
Vru
shan
kura
Mam
sala
Bal
adhy
a
Pitry
a
Pitru
bhoj
hana
Bee
jara
tna
Bal
i
Pitru
jota
ma
Pitta
pa
Kai. Ni. + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ma. Pa. Ni.
+ - - - - - + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ma. Vi. Ni.
+ - - - - - - + - + - + + - - - - - - - - - - -
Sal. Ni. + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - -
Ra. Ni. + - - - - + - - - - - - - + + - + + - - - - + +
Table ‘c’ Masha Rasa Panchaka
Rasa Guna Virya Vipaka Madhura Amla Snigdha Guru Sara Picchila Ushna Sheeta Madhura Amla
Dra. Gu. Sa.
+ - + + - - + - - -
Kai. Ni. + - + + + - + - - +
Ma. Dr. Vi.
+ - + + - - + - - -
Ma. Pa. Ni.
- - + + - - + - + -
Bha. Pr. - - + + - - + - + -
Sal. Ni. + - + + - - + - - -
Ra. Ni. + - + + - - + - - -
Cha. Sa. + - + + - - + - - -
Ash. Hr. - - + + + - + - + -
Ash Sa. + + + + + - + - + -
Su. Su. + - + + - - + - + -
Ra. Va. + - + + - - + - - -
Kal. Ka. + - - - - + - + -
Table ‘b’ Characteristics of the important urd types selected in India
State Selection Botonical charcters Remarks Andhra pradesh B.G. 369 Seeds bold, black -
VZM-1 - Strain evolved in vizianagaram and recommended for the coastal distrcts of Andhra pradesh
Bihar B.R 10 Seeds medium-sized ,dark black -
B.R. 61 Seeds small, shining with black mottling -
B.R. 68 Seeds fairly bold, dirty black -
N.P 4 - Evolved at the I. A. R. I., New Delhi
S.T.8 Seeds medium sized, brown -
Delhi Pusa selection-1 - Virus-ressistant strain, Evloved at the I.A.R.I., New Delhi
Madhya pradesh E.B.18 - - Gwalior-2 Seeds small, black Selection from Morena district Gwalior-18 Seeds, bold, black Selection from Khachrod tehsil Khargone-3 Seeds bold, black Selection from Nimar Sheopur 17 - Grows well at Gwalior Ujjain-4 Seeds bold, dull black Selection from Jora tehsil
Ujjain green-15 Seeds bold, dull green, attractive
Selection from Bhilsa
Maha rashtra Nagar2-8 - Selection from Jalgoan, gave promising results in Khandesh
Sindhkeda1-1 Seeds medium-sized Selection from Sindkheda
Orrisa S 95, S 144, S 1601 - -
Punjab Kulu Mash No.4 Seeds bold, dirty-black -
Mash 1-1 Seeds fairly bold, black, attractive -
Mash-48 - - S.I-1 - Evolved in Punjab S.8-2 - - Tamil Nadu No.189 - Selected at Vizianagaram
No.212, No.216 - Selected at Coimbatore
Uttar pradesh Type 9 Seeds black Selection from Bareilly Type 27 &49 Seeds black Selection from Sakrand, Sind T.65 Seeds bold Evolved at Kanpur T.77 Seeds green Selection from Farrukhabad
Table ‘e’ Masha Samanya Karma
Bah
umal
akar
a V
rush
ya
Bru
mha
na
Bal
ya
Med
o m
amsa
prad
a Sh
ukra
vru
ddhi
kara
T
arpa
na
Abh
ishy
andi
St
anya
B
hinn
amut
ra
Shos
hana
R
ocha
na
Sram
sana
Pu
msa
tvad
ayi
Bhi
nnap
uree
sha
Sant
arpa
na
Hru
dya
Jhat
itika
roti
Dra. Gu. Sa. + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - Kai. Ni. - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - Ma. Dr. Vi. + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - - - Ma. Pa. Ni. - + + + + - + - + + - - - - - - - - Ra. Ni. + - - + - - - - - - + + - - - - - - Bha. Pr. + - + + + + + - + + - + + - - - - - Cha. Sa. + + - + - - - - - - - - - + - - - - Ash. Sa. - - - - - - - - + + - - - - + + - - Ash. Hr. - + - + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - Su. Su. - + - + - - - - + - - - - - + + - - Sal. Ni. + + + + - - - - + - + + - - - + + +Kal. Ka. - + + - - - - - - + - - - - + - - - Table ‘d’ Masha Doshakarma
Table ‘f’ Masha Rogaghnata
Parinama
Shula Aradita Shwasa Arshas Shrama
Dr. Gu. Sa. + + - - -
Ka. Ni. - - - + -
Ma. Dr. Vi. + + + - -
Ma. Pa. Ni. + + + + -
Ra. Ni. - - - - +
Bha. Pr. + + + + -
Vata Pitta Kapha Dra. Gu. Sam. - - +
Kai. Ni. - + + Ma. Pa. Ni. - + +
Bha. Pr. - + +
Sal. Ni - + +
Ra. Ni. - + + Ash. Hru. - + +
Su. Su. - - +
Kal. Ka. - + +
Anupana References
1. Monnier Williams pp: 31, 613, 618, 1193.
2. Stedman’s Med. Dictionary pp: 26
3. Kal. Ka. 4 Pa .56, 57.
4. Ash. Hru. Su. 8/50 Hem
5. Sha. Ma. Kha. 6/4, 5 Ada
6. Su. Su.46/419 Dal
7. Su. Su.46/438 Dal
8. Dra.Gu. Sa. 14/16 Shi. Se.
9. Vai. Sha. Si. pp: 33
10a. Chandogyopanishad 1/10/3 Commentary.
10b. Ayurveda Brihat Itihasa pp: 115
11. Cha. Su. 27/319-330
12. Su. Su. 46/419-442
13. Ash. Hru. Su. 8/47-54
14. Ash. San. Su. 10/11-12 Hem
15. Kas. Sa. Su. 22/11-14
16. Bhe. Sa. Su. 27/29-38
17. Ma. Dra. Gu.28/1-18
18. Dra. Gu. Sa. 14/1-20
19. Kai. Ni. Vihara Varga/39, 291-297
20. Ma. Pa. Ni. Mishraka Varga/2-8
21. Kal. Ka. 41/18-205 Pa/38-42
22. Sha. Sa. Ma. Kha. 6/3-5
23. Bha. Pra. I Vol. II part 17, 18
24. Ra. Ni. Roga Varga/43
25. Ayu. Pra. 1/404
26. Ra. Ja. Ni.4/5
27. Stedman’s Med. Dictionary pp: 26
28. T. B. of Pharmacology –Seth pp: 786-787
29. Su. Su. 46/420-421
30. Su. Su. 46/438
31. Cha. Su. 27/329 – 330
32. Cha. Su. 27/320
33. Cha. Su. 27/319, Su. Su. 46, Ash. Hr. Su. 8/51, Ash. Sa. Su. 10/53
34 (a) Su. Su. 46/421, 434
34 (b) Ash. San. Su. 10/42
35. Su. Su. 46/419 – Dal.
36. Cha. Su. 27/321 – 323; Ash. Hr. Su. 8/48 – 52; As. Sa. Su. 10/46;
Dr. Gu. San. 14/5 – 11; Yo. Ra. An/1 – 5; Vaid. Jee. – Anupana
37. Su. Su. 46/421; Dra. Gu. Sa. 14/10; Cha. Su. 27 Gang.
38. Cha. Su. 27/327 – Cha. Pa.; Ash. Sa. Su. 10/55 – 58; Dra. Gu. Sa. 14/18;
Kai. Ni. Vi./298
39 (a) Ash. Sa. Su. 10/56, (b). Indu tika
40. Dra. Gu. Sa. 14/18 – Shi. Se.
41. Su. Su. 46/423
42. Kas. Sa. Sneha Adhyaya, 14
43. Cha. Su. 28/86 – 87
44. T. B. of Pharmacology – Seth – (a) 57, 58 (b) 56, 57 (c) 43, 57
(d) 53, 54, 62 (e) 42, 56, 57 (f) 9 – 11 (g) 58 – 62
45. Kai. Ni. Vi./292
46. Cha. Vi. 1/21 – (3)
47 (a). Ash. Sa. Su. 10/54; (b) Cha. Su. 27/325, 326; (c) Ash. Hr. Su. 8/52;
(d) Dr. Gu. Sa. 14; (e) Bhe. Sa. Su. 27/38; (f) Sha. Ma. 6/5;
(g) Ra. Tar. 1/559 – 561; (h) Kai. Ni. Vi. Var.;
(i) Su. Su. 46/435 – 437 – Dal.; (j) Ras. Jal. Ni. 4/5
48. Cha. Sha. 1/10 – 11
49. Cha. Vi. 8/13
50. Dra. Gu. Sa. 14/17 Shi. Se.; Kal. Ka. 4 Pa/19; Su. Su. 46/439
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