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Ohlapen  novorojenček        Darja  Paro  Panjan  

Klinični  oddelek  za  neonatologijo,  UKC  Pediatrična  klinika  Ljubljana        

PTON;  4.marec,  2015  

•  It  looks  floppy  •  It  feels  floppy  •  Increased  joint  mobility  

Opredelitev  

•  Znižan  mišični  tonus  –  Zmanjšan  upor  pri  pasivnem  raztezanju  mišice  

•  Mišična  moč    –  Zmanjšana  –  Normalna  

•  Otroci  z  zmanjšano  mišično  močjo  so  vedno  ohlapni  •  Ohlapni  otroci  imajo  pogosto  normalno  mišično  moč  

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Novorojenček  

•  Klinični  znaki  nespecifični  – Ohlapnost  v  sklopu  sistemskih  bolezni  

•  Upoštevanje  gestacijske  starosK  

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 Premature  infants  at  term  age    

 

•  Less  flexor  limb  tone  •  Less  head  control  •  BePer  visual  tracking  

Ricci D  et al. Early Hum Dev 2008.

Prematures  with  cPVL:    CausaKve  insult  during  the  perinatal  period  

 

•  Severe  signs:  marked  hypotonia,  lethargy  

Dubowitz LM, et al. Arch Dis Child 1985.

Prematures  with  cPVL:    CausaKve  insult  weeks  before  delivery  

 •  Mild  hypotonia  and  lethargy  •  Improving  for  a  period  of  4-­‐6weeks    •  Then:    

–  Irritability    –  Increased  flexor  tone  in  arms  –  Increased  extensor  tone  in  legs    – Neck  extensor  hypertonia    

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Central  /peripheral  hypotonia  

•  Clinical  findings    QualiKy  of  anKgravity  movements    Deep  tendon  reflexes    Child’s  psychosocial  response    Dysmorphic  features  

•  Results  of  invesKgaKons  

Central Anterior Horn Cell Nerve Neuromuscular

Junction Muscle

normal strength

generalised weakness

weakness, distal>proximal

weakness, face/ eyes/ bulbar

weakness, proximal>distal

normal/ increased DTRs +

decreased/ absent DTRs

decreased/ absent DTRs normal DTRs decreased

DTRs

+/-seizures fasciculations +/- fasciculations no fasciculations

+/-dysmorphic

features

often described as

alert

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Central hypotonia

•  Hypoxic-­‐ischaemic  encephalopathy  (HIE)  •  Intracranial  haemorrhage,  brain  insults  •  AbnormaliKes  in  brain  structure  •  Other  encephalopathies  •  Chromosomal  abnormaliKes  (e.g.Trisomy  21,  Prader-­‐Willi  syndrome)  •  Congenital  syndromes  •  Inborn  errors  of  metabolism  •  Congenital  infecKons  (TORCH)  •  Acquired  infecKons  •  Peroxisomal  disorders  •  Drug  effects  (e.g.  benzodiazepines)    

Peripheral hypotonia •  Spinal  cord  

–  Birth  trauma  (especially  Breech  delivery)  –  Syringomyelia  

•  Anterior  Horn  Cell  –  Spinal  Muscular  Atrophy  –  Pompe’s  disease  (acid  maltase  deficiency)  

•  Neuromuscular  junc;on  –  Myasthenia  gravis  (transient/  congenital)  –  InfanKle  botulism  

•  Muscle  –  Muscular  dystrophies  (inc.  congenital  myotonic  dystrophy)  –  Congenital  myopathies  (e.g.  central  core  disease)  

•  Peripheral  nerves  –  Hereditary  motor  and  sensory  neuropathies  

•  Metabolic  myopathies  –  Acid  maltase  deficiency  –  CarniKne  deficiency  –  Cytochrome-­‐c-­‐oxidase  deficiency  

Anamneza  

•  Prenatalna:  TORCH;  zdravila;  alkohol;  plodovi  gibi  •  Perinatalna:  zapleK  ob  porodu;  nedonošenost;  krči;    

•  Potek:  pojav  ohlapnosK;  dodatni  znaki;  znaki  sistemske  bolezni;  evolucija  

•  Prehranjevanje:  aspiracija;  kašelj;  obsKpacija  •  Družinska  anamneza:  konsangviniteta;  motnje  v  umskem/gibalnemrazvoju;  nevrološke  bolezni;  smrK;  znane  bolezni  presnove/genetskebolezni  

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•  Floppy  Infant  

Fizikalni  pregled  

•  Glava,  vrat:  mikrocefalija;  dismorfna  znamenja;  ptoza;  izraz  obraza;    

•  Organski  sistemi:  KVS;  jetra/vranica;  anomalije  skeleta;  artrogripoza  

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Nevrološki  pregled  

•  Lokalizacija  okvare  •  MŽ:  bulbomotorika;  izraz  obraza;  fascikulacije  jezika  

•  Mišični  tonus:  položaj;  horizontalna/verKkalna  suspenzija;  znaki  križanja/spasKčnosK    

•  Mišična  moč:  proksimalna/distalna;  simetrija  •  Kitni  refleksi:  hiperakKvni;  simetrični;  klonus  •  Mišice:  atrofija;  simetrija  

Motor  neuron          Nerve   NM  junc;on   Muscle  

Tonus   Normal/    

Strength   Normal/    

Reflexes   absent   absent   Normal/   Absent/  

Muscle  atrophy   Normal/    

Normal/  

Preiskave/centralna  hipotonija  

•  Splošne:  TSH,  prosK  T4;  elektroliK/Ca  •  Prirojene  okužbe  •  Slikovne  OŽ:  UZ/MR;    •  Elektrofiziologija:  EEG  •  Presnova:  PA;  a.k.;  O:K;  NH4;  jetrni  tesK  •  GeneKka;  molekularna  karioKpizacija;  FISH  

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Preiskave/periferna  hipotonija  •  Molekularna  geneKka:    

–  CTG  ponovitve  (CMD),  –  delecije  v  SMN  genu  (SMA),    –  drugo  

•  CK  (omejena  vrednost  pri  novorojenčku)  

•  Nevrofiziološke  preiskave  

–  Prevajanje  v  perifernih  živcih:  težave  pri  interpretaciji  do  6  mes    

Congenital  Hypotonia:  Is  there  an  Algorithm?  

•  Search  of  hospital  discharge  records  of  all  paKents  admiPed  to  the  Neonatal  Dept.  between  June  1992  and  June  2002  

•  Review  of  hospital  charts  of  the  idenKfied  hypotonic  newborns  and  of  the    outpaKent  charts  from  the  registry  of  the  Neurological  Dept.    

•  Paro-­‐Panjan  D,  Neubauer  D.  Congenital  hypotonia:  Is  there  an  Algorithm?  J  Child  Neurol  2004;19:439-­‐442  

Results  •  138  Hypotonic  newborns  •  121  Central  hypotonia    •     13  Peripheral  hypotonia  •         4  Unclassified  or  lost  from  follow  up  

9% 3%

88%

central peripherallost

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Central/Peripheral  hypotonia  66%  :  34%  (Richer  et  al.  2001)  85%  :  15%:    (Eng  1994)  

Clinical  and  neurological  examinaKon  (Vasta  et  al.  2005)  

 

Central  hypotonia  

•  38  %  HIE,  other  encephalopathies  and  brain  abnormaliKes  

•  30  %  Chromosomal  abnormaliKes    •  20  %  Different  syndromes  and  metabolic  diseases    

Peripheral  hypotonia  

•  8  (5.5  %)   Muscle  disorder    •  3  (2  %)   Anterior  horn  cell  disease  •  1 (0.75  %)  Neuropathy  •  1 (0.75 %) Neuromuscular  juncKon  disorder    

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Congenital  Hypotonia:  Is  there  an  Algorithm?  Stepwise  approach  

•  Recorded  clinical  markers  •  Neurophysiologic  studies  •  Neuroimaging  tests  •  Biochemical  tests  •  GeneKc  tests    

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Step I II III IV V VI Followup

•  Family  history,  pregnancy  and  delivery  data,  clinical  and  neurological  examinaKon  – 51  %    

•  HIE •  Trisomy 21    

 

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Step I II III IV V VI Followup

Step  II  

•  Search  through  Oxford  Medical  Databases  (dysmorphology  and  neurogeneKcs)      – 13  (10  %)  cases  

•  Sy Peters •  Sy Cornelia de Lange •  Chondrodystrophy •  Different dysmorphic sy

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Step I II III IV V VI Followup

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Step  III  

•  Neuroradiological  invesKgaKons      –   18  (13  %)  cases  

•  Brain abnormality •  Infarction •  Intracranial haemorrhage •  Other encephalopathies

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Step I II III IV V VI Followup

Step  IV  

•  Kariotyping  and  FISH  test  for  Prader-­‐Willi    – 9  (7  %)  cases    

•  Trisomy 18 and other chromosomopathies •  Prader Willi Sy    

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Step I II III IV V VI Followup

Step  V  

•  Biochemical  invesKgaKons    –   8  (6  %)  cases    

•  Sy Zellweger •  Congenital defect of glycosilation •  Propionic aciduria •  Galactosemia •  Malignant phenylketonuria    

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Step I II III IV V VI Followup

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Step  VI  

•  Specific  nerve  and  muscle  invesKgaKons  – CK,  EMG  and  NCV  – DNA  markers  for  SMA  and  CMD    – Muscle  biopsy  with  mitochondrial  enzymes    – 8  (6  %)  cases  

•  Spinal muscular atrophy •  Neuropathy •  Congenital myotonic dystrophy •  Myotubular myopathy    

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Step I II III IV V VI Followup

Follow  up  

 9  (7%)  cases  •  Congenital myastenic syndrome •  Duchenne muscular dystrophy •  Benign myopathy •  CP- severe hypotonia •  Joint hyperlaxity

       

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Step I II III IV V VI Followup

Conclusion  

•  Medical  history  •  Clinical  observaKon  •  Neurological  examinaKon    •  Dysmorphology  databases  

– Enabled  us  to  recognize  60  %  of  all  hypotonia  cases  already  during  the  newborn  period  

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Conclusion  

•  Specific  biochemical  methods  •  GeneKc  tests  •  Neuroimaging  methods    

– Contributed  to  the  recogniKon  of  25%  of  cases  

Conclusion  

•  The  rest  needed  neurophysiological  invesKgaKons,  specific  molecular  tests  and  muscle  biopsy  

•  Some  cases  were  recognised  with  follow  up        

•  Don’t  touch  the  paKent  •  State    first  what  you  see  •  CulKvate  your  powers  of  obseravKon  

•  Sir  William  Ossler  

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•  Technology  should  be  the  servant  of  clinical  medicine  and  not  its  master  

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