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3/14/16
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Ohlapen novorojenček Darja Paro Panjan
Klinični oddelek za neonatologijo, UKC Pediatrična klinika Ljubljana
PTON; 4.marec, 2015
• It looks floppy • It feels floppy • Increased joint mobility
Opredelitev
• Znižan mišični tonus – Zmanjšan upor pri pasivnem raztezanju mišice
• Mišična moč – Zmanjšana – Normalna
• Otroci z zmanjšano mišično močjo so vedno ohlapni • Ohlapni otroci imajo pogosto normalno mišično moč
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Novorojenček
• Klinični znaki nespecifični – Ohlapnost v sklopu sistemskih bolezni
• Upoštevanje gestacijske starosK
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Premature infants at term age
• Less flexor limb tone • Less head control • BePer visual tracking
Ricci D et al. Early Hum Dev 2008.
Prematures with cPVL: CausaKve insult during the perinatal period
• Severe signs: marked hypotonia, lethargy
Dubowitz LM, et al. Arch Dis Child 1985.
Prematures with cPVL: CausaKve insult weeks before delivery
• Mild hypotonia and lethargy • Improving for a period of 4-‐6weeks • Then:
– Irritability – Increased flexor tone in arms – Increased extensor tone in legs – Neck extensor hypertonia
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Central /peripheral hypotonia
• Clinical findings QualiKy of anKgravity movements Deep tendon reflexes Child’s psychosocial response Dysmorphic features
• Results of invesKgaKons
Central Anterior Horn Cell Nerve Neuromuscular
Junction Muscle
normal strength
generalised weakness
weakness, distal>proximal
weakness, face/ eyes/ bulbar
weakness, proximal>distal
normal/ increased DTRs +
decreased/ absent DTRs
decreased/ absent DTRs normal DTRs decreased
DTRs
+/-seizures fasciculations +/- fasciculations no fasciculations
+/-dysmorphic
features
often described as
alert
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Central hypotonia
• Hypoxic-‐ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) • Intracranial haemorrhage, brain insults • AbnormaliKes in brain structure • Other encephalopathies • Chromosomal abnormaliKes (e.g.Trisomy 21, Prader-‐Willi syndrome) • Congenital syndromes • Inborn errors of metabolism • Congenital infecKons (TORCH) • Acquired infecKons • Peroxisomal disorders • Drug effects (e.g. benzodiazepines)
Peripheral hypotonia • Spinal cord
– Birth trauma (especially Breech delivery) – Syringomyelia
• Anterior Horn Cell – Spinal Muscular Atrophy – Pompe’s disease (acid maltase deficiency)
• Neuromuscular junc;on – Myasthenia gravis (transient/ congenital) – InfanKle botulism
• Muscle – Muscular dystrophies (inc. congenital myotonic dystrophy) – Congenital myopathies (e.g. central core disease)
• Peripheral nerves – Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies
• Metabolic myopathies – Acid maltase deficiency – CarniKne deficiency – Cytochrome-‐c-‐oxidase deficiency
Anamneza
• Prenatalna: TORCH; zdravila; alkohol; plodovi gibi • Perinatalna: zapleK ob porodu; nedonošenost; krči;
• Potek: pojav ohlapnosK; dodatni znaki; znaki sistemske bolezni; evolucija
• Prehranjevanje: aspiracija; kašelj; obsKpacija • Družinska anamneza: konsangviniteta; motnje v umskem/gibalnemrazvoju; nevrološke bolezni; smrK; znane bolezni presnove/genetskebolezni
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• Floppy Infant
Fizikalni pregled
• Glava, vrat: mikrocefalija; dismorfna znamenja; ptoza; izraz obraza;
• Organski sistemi: KVS; jetra/vranica; anomalije skeleta; artrogripoza
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Nevrološki pregled
• Lokalizacija okvare • MŽ: bulbomotorika; izraz obraza; fascikulacije jezika
• Mišični tonus: položaj; horizontalna/verKkalna suspenzija; znaki križanja/spasKčnosK
• Mišična moč: proksimalna/distalna; simetrija • Kitni refleksi: hiperakKvni; simetrični; klonus • Mišice: atrofija; simetrija
Motor neuron Nerve NM junc;on Muscle
Tonus Normal/
Strength Normal/
Reflexes absent absent Normal/ Absent/
Muscle atrophy Normal/
Normal/
Preiskave/centralna hipotonija
• Splošne: TSH, prosK T4; elektroliK/Ca • Prirojene okužbe • Slikovne OŽ: UZ/MR; • Elektrofiziologija: EEG • Presnova: PA; a.k.; O:K; NH4; jetrni tesK • GeneKka; molekularna karioKpizacija; FISH
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Preiskave/periferna hipotonija • Molekularna geneKka:
– CTG ponovitve (CMD), – delecije v SMN genu (SMA), – drugo
• CK (omejena vrednost pri novorojenčku)
• Nevrofiziološke preiskave
– Prevajanje v perifernih živcih: težave pri interpretaciji do 6 mes
Congenital Hypotonia: Is there an Algorithm?
• Search of hospital discharge records of all paKents admiPed to the Neonatal Dept. between June 1992 and June 2002
• Review of hospital charts of the idenKfied hypotonic newborns and of the outpaKent charts from the registry of the Neurological Dept.
• Paro-‐Panjan D, Neubauer D. Congenital hypotonia: Is there an Algorithm? J Child Neurol 2004;19:439-‐442
Results • 138 Hypotonic newborns • 121 Central hypotonia • 13 Peripheral hypotonia • 4 Unclassified or lost from follow up
9% 3%
88%
central peripherallost
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Central/Peripheral hypotonia 66% : 34% (Richer et al. 2001) 85% : 15%: (Eng 1994)
Clinical and neurological examinaKon (Vasta et al. 2005)
Central hypotonia
• 38 % HIE, other encephalopathies and brain abnormaliKes
• 30 % Chromosomal abnormaliKes • 20 % Different syndromes and metabolic diseases
Peripheral hypotonia
• 8 (5.5 %) Muscle disorder • 3 (2 %) Anterior horn cell disease • 1 (0.75 %) Neuropathy • 1 (0.75 %) Neuromuscular juncKon disorder
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Congenital Hypotonia: Is there an Algorithm? Stepwise approach
• Recorded clinical markers • Neurophysiologic studies • Neuroimaging tests • Biochemical tests • GeneKc tests
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Step I II III IV V VI Followup
• Family history, pregnancy and delivery data, clinical and neurological examinaKon – 51 %
• HIE • Trisomy 21
Step I 51
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Step I II III IV V VI Followup
Step II
• Search through Oxford Medical Databases (dysmorphology and neurogeneKcs) – 13 (10 %) cases
• Sy Peters • Sy Cornelia de Lange • Chondrodystrophy • Different dysmorphic sy
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Step I II III IV V VI Followup
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Step III
• Neuroradiological invesKgaKons – 18 (13 %) cases
• Brain abnormality • Infarction • Intracranial haemorrhage • Other encephalopathies
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Step I II III IV V VI Followup
Step IV
• Kariotyping and FISH test for Prader-‐Willi – 9 (7 %) cases
• Trisomy 18 and other chromosomopathies • Prader Willi Sy
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Step I II III IV V VI Followup
Step V
• Biochemical invesKgaKons – 8 (6 %) cases
• Sy Zellweger • Congenital defect of glycosilation • Propionic aciduria • Galactosemia • Malignant phenylketonuria
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Step I II III IV V VI Followup
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Step VI
• Specific nerve and muscle invesKgaKons – CK, EMG and NCV – DNA markers for SMA and CMD – Muscle biopsy with mitochondrial enzymes – 8 (6 %) cases
• Spinal muscular atrophy • Neuropathy • Congenital myotonic dystrophy • Myotubular myopathy
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Step I II III IV V VI Followup
Follow up
9 (7%) cases • Congenital myastenic syndrome • Duchenne muscular dystrophy • Benign myopathy • CP- severe hypotonia • Joint hyperlaxity
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Step I II III IV V VI Followup
Conclusion
• Medical history • Clinical observaKon • Neurological examinaKon • Dysmorphology databases
– Enabled us to recognize 60 % of all hypotonia cases already during the newborn period
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Conclusion
• Specific biochemical methods • GeneKc tests • Neuroimaging methods
– Contributed to the recogniKon of 25% of cases
Conclusion
• The rest needed neurophysiological invesKgaKons, specific molecular tests and muscle biopsy
• Some cases were recognised with follow up
• Don’t touch the paKent • State first what you see • CulKvate your powers of obseravKon
• Sir William Ossler
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