oeb 181: systematics catalog number: 5459sites.fas.harvard.edu/~bio181/lectures/lecture...
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OEB 181: Systematics
Catalog Number: 5459
Tu & Th, 10 - 11:30 am, MCZ 202
Wednesdays, 2 - 4 pm, Science Center 418D
Gonzalo Giribet (Biolabs 1119, ggiribet@oeb.harvard.edu)
Charles Marshall (MCZ 111A, cmarshall@fas.harvard.edu )
Jessica Baker (Biolabs 1119, jessica.baker@post.harvard.edu)
http://www.courses.fas.harvard.edu/~bio181/
Grades
• 4 class assignments (40%)
– First assignment on October 4th, 2weeks per
assignment
• Class participation (10%)
• Final exam (December 16th; 50%)
Recommended books:
Recommended readings:
Graur D, and Li WH (2000). "Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution." Sinauer
Associates, Sunderland. Chapters 1 and 5.
Kitching IJ, Forey PL, Humphries CJ, Williams DM (1998) Cladistics. Theory and
Practice of Parsimony Analysis. The Systematics Association by Oxford University
Press, Oxford.
Page RDM, Holmes EC (1998) Molecular evolution. A phylogenetic approach.
Blackwell Science, Boston.
Schuh RT (2000) Biological systematics. Principles and applications. Cornell University
Press, Ithaca.
Swofford DL, Olsen GJ, Waddell PJ, and Hillis DM (1996). Phylogenetic inference. In:
Hillis DM, Moritz C, Mable BK (eds) “Molecular systematics”. Sinauer Associates,
Sunderland, Massachusetts, pp 407-514.
Felsenstein J (2004). Inferring Phylogenies. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland,
Massachusetts.
Systematic journals/societies
Society of Systematic Biologists: http://systbiol.org/
Willi Hennig Society: http://www.cladistics.org/
Other systematic journals
Phylogenetic softwarehttp://www.courses.fas.harvard.edu/~bio181/programs/programs.html
Systematics […] Discussion Group
http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~sramirez/
Fall 2006: Mondays, 1 pm @ Harvard University Herbaria
Motivation for systematics studies
• Biodiversity and its origins
• Relationships (pattern and shape)
• Conservation biology
• Medical applications
“Systematics is the science of biological classification”
Hillis, D. M. & Huelsenbeck J. P. (1994): Support for dental HIV
transmission. Nature 369: 24-25.
Biological Systematics
Biological Systematics is the science that studies relationships among
organisms (living and extant), establishing the patterns that relate those
organisms among each other.
Systematics was an intuitive science from its beginning, and it was not until the
development of modern methodologies that it became a more strict numerical
science.
Empiricism was attempted first from a phenetic point of view, propounding a
taxonomy which simply grouped based on the overall similarity (Sokal and
Sneath, 1963). Simultaneously, phylogenetic systematics (= cladistics)
originated as an approach that would directly reflect information concerning the
results of the evolutionary process, where groupings are based strictly on
special similarity, that is, similarity which arose from common ancestry
(apomorphy) (Hennig, 1950, 1966). The application of the parsimony
principle (minimizing requirements for ad hoc hypotheses of homoplasy:
noise or convergence) to the cladistics methodology gave origin to modern
quantitative cladistics. Probabilistic methods were later incorporated into
systematic research.
Definitions:
• Systematics and taxonomy: methods and practices of
describing, naming, and classifying biological diversity,
at the species level and above.
• Classification: represents the codification of the
results of systematic studies.
• Taxon (plural, taxa): basic units of systematics; group
of organisms at any level in the systematic hierarchy.
• Characters: group of attributes. A unique combination
of such attributes (or states of characters) define a
species or any other supraspecific taxon.
The Linnaean Hierarchy:
Systema Naturae (Linnaeus, 1758)
Kingdom
Class
Order
Genus
Species
Variety
Current classification system
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Subclass
Order
Suborder
Superfamily
Family
Subfamily
Tribe
Genus
Species
Current classification system
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Mandibulata
Class Myriapoda
Subclass Chilopoda
Order Lithobiomorpha
Family Henicopidae
Subfamily Henicopinae
Tribe Henicopini
Genus Paralamyctes
Subgenus Thingathinga
Species Paralamyctes (Thingathinga) hornerae
Paralamyctes (Thingathinga) hornerae Edgecombe, 2001
Paralamyctes trailli (Archey, 1917)
Haasiella trailli: Archey, 1917
Pre-darwininan classificationsWilliam Macleay and Quinarianism
• Evolutionary taxonomy: Methods and Principles of Systematic
Zoology, by Ernst Mayr, Gorton Linsley, and Robert Usinger (1953).
McGraw-Hill, New York.
• Phenetic: Principles of Numerical Taxonomy, by R.R. Sokal, and
P.H.A. Sneath (1963). W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.
• Phylogenetic (Cladistic): Grundzüge einer Theorie der
phylogenetischen Systematik, by Willi Hennig (1950); Phylogenetic
Systematics (Hennig, 1966). University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
(Reissued 1999)
Schools of Classification:
Ernst Mayr - 1904-2005MCZ Director 1961-1970
Schools of Classification:
Data type
Grouping method
Diagram type
Hierarchical level
determined by
Sensitive to rate
differences
Evolutionary
taxonomy
Discrete characters
Special similarity
Evolutionary tree
Amount of
difference
Yes
Cladistic
Discrete characters
Special similarity
Cladogram
Sharing of unique
attributes
No
Phenetic
Character data
converted to a
distance matrix
Overall similarity
Phenogram
Amount of
difference
Yes
Musems: where systematics gets done
1859 - 1885
First MCZ director
Louis Agassiz
Museums as sources of morphological
and molecular data for systematics
Traditional specimensFrozen tissues
Where to find more information:
Schuh, R.T. (2000). Biological systematics.
Principles and applications. Cornell University
Press, Ithaca.
Chapter 1 gives a general Introduction to
Systematics
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