objective 1. parts of a microscope arm - this attaches the eyepiece and body tube to the base....

Standard 3

Objective 1

Students will understand that the organs in an organism are made of cells that have structures and perform specific life functions. Objective 1: Observe and describe cellular structures and functions.

a. Use appropriate instruments to observe, describe, and compare various types of cells (e.g., onion, diatoms).

Parts of a microscope­• arm­-­this­attaches­the­eyepiece­and­body­

tube­to­the­base.­• base­-­this­supports­the­microscope.­• body tube­-­the­tube­that­supports­the­eyepiece.­

• coarse focus adjustment­-­a­knob­that­makes­large­adjustments­to­the­focus.­

• diaphragm­-­an­adjustable­opening­under­the­stage,­allowing­different­amounts­of­light­onto­the­stage.­

• eyepiece­-­where­you­place­your­eye.­• fine focus adjustment­-­a­knob­that­makes­small­adjustments­to­the­focus­(it­is­often­smaller­than­the­coarse­focus­knob).­

• high-power objective­-­a­large­lens­with­high­magnifying­power.­• low-power objective­-­a­small­lens­with­low­magnifying­power.• light source­-­this­directs­light­upwards­onto­the­slide.• revolving nosepiece­-­the­rotating­device­that­holds­the­objectives­(lenses).• stage­-­the­platform­on­which­a­slide­is­placed.• stage clips­-­metal­clips­that­hold­a­slide­securely­onto­the­stage.­

Recognize cell wall, nucleus and cytoplasm of various types of cells.

Leeuwenhoek developed first microscope.

Hooke was first to see and name cells using his microscope.

b. Observe and distinguish the cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, chloroplast, and cytoplasm of cells.

Cell: Basic unit of all living things. Two types of cells: prokaryotic (don’t have membrane-bound nucleus) and eukaryotic (plant and animal cells, have membrane-bound nucleus)

Recognize key organelles in various cells (cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, chloroplast, cytoplasm, vacuole).

Chloroplast

Cell Membrane

Cell Wall

Mitochondria

Nucleus

Vacuole Ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Body

Plant Cell

Cytoplasm

Animal CellCell Membrane

Mitochondria

Nucleus

Ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Body

Cytoplasm

c. Differentiate between plant and animal cells based on cell wall and cell membrane. Plant cells have cell walls, animal cells do not have cell walls.

Both plant cells and animal cells have cell membranes.

d. Model the cell processes of diffusion and osmosis and relate this motion to the motion of particles.

Diffusion is particles moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.

Osmosis is water moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration across a membrane to maintain the correct balance in a cell.

Examples of Diffusion & OsmosisDiffusion: Think about food coloring moving in water, or air freshener sprayed in a room.

Osmosis: Remember the potatoes and carrots in salt water.

e. Gather information to report on how the basic functions of organisms are carried out within cells (e.g., extract energy from food, remove waste, produce their own food).

Nucleus directs all functions of the cell, control center – has DNA.

Vacuole holds water and eliminates wastes in a plant cell.

Chloroplasts are where energy is generated in a plant cell through photosynthesis.

Cell membrane controls what goes into and out of a cell.

Cell wall- protects cell and gives cell structure.

Standard 3

Objective 2

Students will understand that the organs in an organism are made of cells that have structures and perform specific life functions. Objective 2: Identify and describe the function and interdependence of various organs and tissues.

a. Order the levels of organization from simple to complex (e.g., cell, tissue, organ, system, organism).

Cells make tissues, tissues make organs, organs make organ systems, organ systems make organisms

Cells are the most simple, organisms are most complex

Levels of Organization, from least complex to most complex: cells-tissues-organs-organ systems- organism

Cells

Cell: Basic unit of all living things.

Two types of cells: Prokaryote: Don’t have membrane-bound nucleus.

Eukaryote: plant and animal cells, have membrane-bound organelles

TissueTissue: Group of the same kind of cells working together.

Organ

Organ: Structure composed of two or more types of tissues working together.

Examples include the stomach, intestines, heart, lungs, skin, bones, kidneys and liver.

Organ system

Organ system: Group of organs that work together to do a certain job.

Integumentary SystemMade up of: skin, hairExterior protection

Respiratory SystemMade up of: lungs, trachea, diaphragm

Take in oxygen (O2), release carbon dioxide (CO2)

Digestive SystemMade up of: stomach, intestines

Breaks down food-nutrients

Skeletal SystemMade up of: skeletonStructure and support

Muscular SystemMade up of: musclesMovement

Nervous SystemMade up of: brain, sense organs, nerves

Carry and interpret messages

Endocrine SystemMade up of: thyroid, pituitary

Regulate hormones

Circulatory SystemMade up of: heart, arteriesCirculate blood

Immune & Lymphatic SystemMade up of: Appendix, lymph nodes

Maintain health

Reproductive SystemMade up of: testes, ovariesProduce offspring

Excretory SystemMade up of: kidney, colonRemove waste

Organism

Organism: Individual living thing that may be made up of two or more organ systems.

Characteristics of life include movement, growth and development, reproduction, use of energy, cellular structure and chemical makeup, response to stimuli, get rid of wastes

b. Match a particular structure to the appropriate level (e.g., heart to organ, cactus to organism, muscle to tissue). Common organs are heart, lung, skin, kidney.Cells are red blood cell, nerve cell, plant cell, muscle cell.

Organ systems (digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system).

Levels of organization

Red Blood CellEpithelialLiverDogRespiratory System

OrganismOrganCellOrgan SystemTissue

c. Relate the structure of an organ to its component parts and the larger system of which it is a part.

Organ systems are made of individual organs that work together towards a common function

Organ systems work together for survival of organism

Example: circulatory system: heart, veins, arteries, and blood

d. Describe how the needs of organisms at the cellular level for food, air, and waste removal are met by tissues and organs (e.g., lungs provide oxygen to cells, kidneys remove wastes from cells).

Lungs provide oxygen to cells, remove carbon dioxide from body

Kidneys remove wastes from cells Stomach breaks down food to provide nutrients to cells

Skin protect organism from outside, sweat removes wastes through the pores