nutrient management: compost, manureand green manure

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Compost, Manure and Green manure

Atinut Wutichai, Thanapat, Siriwan, Piyarat, Chommanat, Siriphan

Central Laboratory and Greenhouse Complete

Kasetsart University

Nutrient Management:

Content

1. Meaning of organic fertilizer, manure,

green manure compost, and composting

2. Key factors affecting the composting process

3. Appearance Maturity Monitoring of Compost Pile

4. Benefits and limitations of Compost

5. Liquid organic fertilizer

6. Compost formulas

Principles of organic agriculture

sustain and

enhance the

health of soil,

plant, animal,

human and

planet

based on living

ecological systems

and cycles, work

with them, emulate

them and help

sustain them

build on

relationships that

ensure fairness

with regard to the

common

environment and

life opportunities

managed in a

precautionary and

responsible manner to

protect the health and

well-being of current

and future generations

and the environment

Natural emulating: nutrient turnover

Nutrient Management in organic agriculture

Living soil and soil fertility are the key for agricultural productivity

Maintenance of fertility of soil is primary step in agricultural system

Diversity and abundant of microorganism inherent in soil system

ensures that nutrient cycle is in place

Soil health and productivity are maintained by regular inputs of

organic matter

The one practice to enhance and maintain soil fertility is the using of

organic fertilizer : compost, green manure, manure

SolidLiquid

powder pellet

Organic fertilizer

Manure Compost Green manure

Organic fertilizer

Organic fertilizers are fertilizer derived

from decomposed organic materials by

microorganisms.

Organic material

Animal matter : bone meal, fish meal

Animal excreta : chicken/cow/pig/horse dung

Vegetable matter : crop residual

Manure

Manure is derived from animal dung and bedding

material (usually straw or grass) used as organic fertilizer.

Do not use animal feces directly before decomposing

Nutrient content in animal feces

Animal feces% of dry weight

N P2O5 K2O

Duck

Horse

Cow

Buffalo

Bat

Goat, Sheep

Swine

2.15

2.33

1.91

1.23

3.11

2.04

2.69

1.33

0.83

0.56

0.69

12.20

1.66

3.24

1.15

1.31

1.40

1.66

1.84

1.83

1.12

Green manure

Green manure is crop/fresh plant material that is

grown and plowed under surface soil to enrich soil

when they have maximum biomass, usually cut before

flowering.

Sunn hemp(Crotalaria juncea)

Benefits of Green manure

- keeps nutrients from leaching down beyond reach of crops

- provides food for microbial soil

- if legumes plants are used, nitrogen is fixed from air to soil

- helps the soil produce good structure and maintain the air-

pore spaces essential to good crop health

- provide a living mulch that will protect soil from erosion

- green manure crops will till the soil- They suppress weed and protect soil from erosion

The benefits occur over the long term, are not always

visible immediately

Compost

Compost is decomposed organic materials by

microorganism and used as a fertilizer and soil

amendment.

Composting

Composting is a bioprocess occurs in nature

which convert organic material to useful products by

the action of various organisms.

Composting in Open System

Layer 1: layer organic material

15-20 cm Thick on bare ground

Layer 2: add 2-5 cm thick of manure

Layer 3: top 2-5 cm thick of soil

Composting in Close System

Bury Organic Material in The Soil

1st Year

2nd Year

3th Year

Dig 30 cm deep and wide hole

Add compostable material

Cover with soil

1. Organic material starter

1.1 Particle size

Key Factors Affecting The Composting Process

1.2 Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio (C/N) of The Material

Source of energy and nutrient for microorganisms

High C/N ratio, the composting process slow

Chopping, shredding, mowing, breaking up into small pieces,

increase surface area for microorganisms to digest.

Don’t powder material.

C/N 25/1-30/1 is optimum for rapid decomposition

Organic material % C % N C/N

Sawdust 58.2 0.3 194/1

Coconut coir fiber 66.8 0.4 167/1

Rice husk 42.38 0.27 157/1

Coconut cake 52.6 0.46 114./1

Sugarcane leaves 51.52 0.49 105/1

Banana tree 42.76 0.41 104/1

Rice straw 48.82 0.55 89/1

Corn cob 53.29 0.79 68/1

Slow compostable organic material

Organic material % C % N C/N

Acacia leaves 49.78 6.33 8/1

Tea ground 22.98 2.84 8/1

Asparagus stems 32.27 2.3 14/1

Cow dung 3 - 23 0.5 – 1.1 6/1– 21/1

Chicken dung 21.04 2.39 8/1

Pig dung 28.61 2.44 11/1

Coffee ground 46.76 - 72.85 2.18 - 2.37 21/1 – 31/1

Banana leaves 45.23 1.35 33/1

Water hyacinth 43.56 1.27 34/1

Rice plant 46.80 0.96 36/1

Rapid compostable organic material

3. Moisture contentSuitable moisture content is about 40 – 60%

2. Decomposer Organisms

Key Factors Affecting The Composting Process

2.1 Physical decomposer : Beetles, Ants, Millipedes,

Worms, Earthworms

2.2 Chemical decomposer : Fungi, Bacteria, Actinomycetes

Below 40%: microbial activity slow downExceed 60%: aeration is hindered, nutrients are leached out,

decomposition slows, odor is emitted

Compost pile should have moisture content between 40-60%

Decomposer organisms need water to live

4. Temperature Temp. is related to

aeration and moisture

In compose pile.

High temp. reduce

activity of most

microorganisms.

Temp. 32-60°Cindicate rapid

decomposition.

Key Factors Affecting The Composting Process

5. Aeration

Air pump

Pipe aeration

Pile turn over

Natural

aeration

6. pH value

7. Pile Size/Volume : retain heat and moisture

Too small pile, decomposition take longer

pH value between 5.5 – 8.5 is optimal for microorganisms.

Key Factors Affecting The Composting Process

What happen during composting process ?

1. Color of compost : brown to black

2. Inside temperature of compost pile is close to

outside temperature

3. We can easily crush the compost between two

fingers

4. Plant found on the compost pile

5. Natural smell

The Appearance Maturity Monitoring of Compost Pile

1. Plant nutrient supply

2. Increases the soil’s ability to hold onto and supply over time

essential nutrients

4. Enhances soil microbial biodiversity and activity which can help

in the suppression of diseases and pests.

3. Improves the ability of a soil to resist pH change

Benefits of Compost

Improves physical, chemical, and biological properties

Maintenance/enhancement of soil quality

Benefits of Compost

5. Enhances aggregate stability, improving water infiltration and

soil aeration, reducing runoff.

6. Protect soil erosion

• Require large amount over time

• Slow release of plant nutrient so in the short time they

are not necessarily a source of plant nutrients

• Low N content (≈1.0%), only 15% available in the

first year

Limitation of Compost

Preparation and utilization of

Liquid organic fertilizer

Liquid organic fertilizer

What is Liquid organic fertilizer?

liquid derived from the fermentation of vegetables and

fruits and also animal substance with sugar

contains vitamins, minerals, hormones and enzymes

Advantage

- produces nutrients for all types of plants & vegetation

- helps to develop soil productivity by introducing

organic matters to increase soil fertility

Vegetables (plants) 3 kg

Molasses or sugar 1 kg

Formula (plant):

Formula (animals):

Fish, golden snails, crabs 1 kg

Molasses or sugar 1 kg

How to make Liquid organic fertilizer?

Slice (plant) into small

mixed together and place in container

weigh

Close and seal the container

Chemical characteristics and plant nutrientsLiquid organic fertilizer

Fruit Fish

pH 3.90 4.35

Electrical Conductivity, EC 19.67 12.24

Nitrogen (% total N) 0.34 0.75

Phosphorus (% total P as P2O5) 0.04 0.26

Potassium (% total K as K2O) 0.69 1.1

Calcium (ppm) 1,471.10 7,512.89

Magnesium (ppm) 990.96 2,182.10

Ferrous (ppm) 48.09 176.59

Copper (ppm) 1.11 2.36

Zinc (ppm) 4.00 6.95

Manganese (ppm) 17.59 17.29

Organic carbon (%) 9.32 25.07

Lactic acid bacteria (CFU/ml) 1.00 x 105 1.00 x 104

Gibberellins (mg/L) 42.03 32.34

Auxin (mg/L) 1.39 0.15

Cytokinins (mg/L) ND ND

How to apply liquid organic fertilizer?

Dilute 20 ml. of liquid organic fertilizer to 20 L of water

(1:1000) and spray to plants every day or at least once a week

Plant

SoilDilute 40 ml. of liquid organic fertilizer to 20 L of water

(1:500) and spray soil mixed with manure for 7 days to

improve plant growth.

SeedDilute 10 ml. of liquid organic fertilizer to 20 L of water

(1:2,000) and soak plant seeds for about thirty minutes for

more efficient germination.

Compost

Formula 1 (Total materials 100 kg.)

1. Cow dung (dry) 75 kg.

2. Rice Husk 5 kg.

3. Rice Husk Ash 5 kg.

4. Chopped Sweet Acacia (dry) 5 kg.

5. Rice bran 10 kg.

Compost

Water used to mix the ingredients for each formula:

1. Liquid organic fertilizer 2 L

2. Molasses 10 L

3. Water 200 L

Formula 3 (Total materials 100 kg.)

1. Cow dung (dry) 40 kg.

2. Pig dung (dry) 40 kg.

3. Rice Husk 10 kg.

4. Chopped Sweet Acacia (dry) 10 kg.

Formula 2 (Total materials 100 kg.)

1. Cow dung (dry) 50 kg.

2. Pig dung (dry) 30 kg.

3. Rice Husk 10 kg.

4. Chopped Sweet Acacia (dry) 10 kg.

Compost

Formula 5 (Total materials 100 kg.) (practice)

1. Cow dung (dry) 40 kg.

2. Pig dung (dry) 40 kg.

3. Chicken dung + rice husk (dry) 20 kg.

Formula 4 (Total materials 100 kg.)

1. Pig dung (dry) 40 kg.

2. Chicken dung + rice husk (dry) 50 kg.

3. Chopped Sweet Acacia (dry) 10 kg.

Compost

Formula pH (1:1) OMEC

(1:10)

Nutrients (%)

N P K

1 4.07 45.26 6.00 1.70 0.71 2.81

2 5.93 38.40 4.87 2.28 4.58 0.97

3 5.85 38.48 4.83 2.31 4.37 0.92

4 8.20 47.08 8.29 3.30 2.44 2.08

5 8.18 47.44 6.08 2.69 2.21 1.73

Chemical characteristics and plant nutrients content of

compost 5 formulas

Formula 6 (Total materials 100 kg.) (practice)

1. Sheep and goat dung (dry) 40 kg.

2. Cow dung (dry) 40 kg.

3. rice husk (dry) 20 kg.

Compost

Formula 7 (Total materials 100 %) (practice)

1. dry leaves 60 %

2. coffee shell 20 %

3. fruit 20 %

Compost

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