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NRCan Screening Tool for New Building Design:
Small Office Archetype
Expectations for Energy Efficiency MeasuresStephen Pope, OAA, FRAIC
Sustainable Building Design Specialist11nov09
2
Agenda
What we know when “we don’t know anything”;Establishing expectations for energy efficiency;
Small Office Archetype – 8 Canadian Cities.
Hands-on review.Photo: Lyse Tremblay architecte
3
“…when you don’t know anything…”
Performance assessment starts as soon as one knows:
Building type; Gross Wall Area, Gross Roof Area, and Gross conditioned floor area.
Canadian Energy Use Surveys:National (Comprehensive) End-Use Database (NEUD / CEUD);http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/corporate/statistics/neud/dpa/comprehensive_tables/index.cfm?attr=0
Model National Energy Code for Buildings ‘97, Part 8:Former CBIP tools and guides (EE4, Screening Tool).
5
Whole Building Energy Simulation
NRCan Screening Tool for New Building Design;Parametric editor based on over 100,000 DOE 2.1e runs;28-32 data entry points;Follows MNECB Part 8 + CBIP rules;Selection of building archetypes available;Selection of mechanical systems available.http://screen.nrcan.gc.ca/
6
Architecture Sets the Energy Context
Fenestration / Shading
Electric Lighting Demand
Occupancy &
Conditioned Floor Area
Potable water demand
Air heating demand
Air cooling demand
Form & Orientation
Space cooling demand
Space heating demand
Communications & power demand
Ventilation demand
Skin Heat Loss
Skin Heat Gain
Whole Building Site Energy
Demand
Note: Site climate determines the general magnitude of each end-use.
In-building pumping
7
Small Office Archetype
4,010 m2 conditioned floor area over 3 stories;1:1 plan aspect ratio, 1.2:1 wall-to-roof area ratio, 36.5 m perimeter length per side; 1,338 m2 roof area; 1,604 m2 wall area; 0.4 fenestration-to-wall ratio;0.4 L/s/m2 Outdoor Air; 7.5 W/m2 plug load; 25 m2/person occupant load; 18 W/m2 connected lighting power density; 90 W/person SHW load;Plant: 80% thermal efficiency natural gas boiler; COP 3.8 electric chiller.
MethodOne common building type reviewed with a common approach to energy
efficiency in 3 basic scenarios.
10
Starting points: MNECB Reference
2.442.080.7363.2Halifax
3.453.030.7362.1Montreal2.131.820.7363.2Toronto
2.862.700.7362.1Winnipeg
2.442.080.7363.2Regina
2.131.820.7363.2Calgary
3.452.70.7362.1Whitehorse
2.131.230.7363.2Vancouver
Roof Insulation RSI (m2*oC/W)
Wall Insulation RSI (m2*oC/W)
Window shading coefficient (SC)
Window U value (W/m2*oC)
Location
11
Energy Efficiency Measures: Boilers
Boiler Upgrades: starting at 80% reference efficiency w/ on-off controls, upgrade to:
85% eff, on-off; 85% eff, modulating; 90% eff, modulating; 92% eff, modulating; 92% eff, condensing; 95% condensing.
12
EE Measures: Windows
Fenestration-to-wall ratio: Starting at 40%, increase area by 5% steps to 95%;Window performance values: Starting at U=3.2 (or 2.1) and SC=0.736 (SHGC 0.846) decrease U and SC with the following range:
CLR-CLR, air, alum spcr, FG frm: U=2.79/SC=0.61;CLR-LE, argon, alum spcr, TB alum frm: U=2.55/SC=0.59;CLR-LE, argon, TB spcr, TB alum frm: U=2.45/SC=0.59;CLR-LE, argon, alum spcr, FG frm: U=1.89/SC=0.56;CLR-LE, argon, TB spcr, FG frm: U=1.82/SC=0.56; CLR-LE(TiR), argon, alum spcr, FG frm: U=1.68/SC=0.41; CLR-LE(TiR), argon, TB spcr, FG frm: U=1.61/SC=0.41;CLR-CLR-LE, air-argon, 2 TB spcr, FG frm: U=1.3/SC=0.5;CLR-LE-LE, argon-argon, 2 TB spcr, FG frm: U=1.1/SC=0.46;CLR-LE-LE (TiR), argon-argon, 2 TB spcr, FG frm: U=0.94/SC=0.31.
13
EE Measures: Envelope
Based on reference building using lowest ESAF heating fuel (natural gas everywhere but Quebec).
Wall insulation: Starting at the reference increase insulation value in increments of RSI 0.5 to RSI 7.5;
Roof insulation: Starting at the reference increase insulation value in increments of RSI 0.5 to RSI 7.5, then show RSI 10 and RSI 15;
14
EE Measures: Lighting and HRVs
Lighting: Starting with the reference at 18 W/m2
CLPD, reduce to 15, 12, and 10 W/m2; Then reduce by increments of 0.5 W/m2 to 4 W/m2;
Heat recovery ventilation: Increase the effectiveness (machine efficiency times relative volume of relief or exhaust air) in increments of 5% from 0 to 60%, then show 80% effectiveness.
15
Small Office Charts Comparisons
For each of the 8 Cities:MNECB compared to NEUD;Ventilation energy demand compared to skin loss energy demand;Individual measure performance against whole building annual energy consumption;FWR mapped against window performance.
16
Options PresentedPerformance Curves:
MNECB Reference System for multi-zone buildings (Variable Air Volume - VAV);Ventilation Separated from heating and cooling, showing ventilation by dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS – more commonly make-up air units –MUA), represented a four-pipe fan coil system (4PFC);Note: Performance curves are sensitive to building occupancy, geometry, roof-to-wall area ratio, HVAC System, and location. The curves are specific to the model described.
Fenestration Tables:Typical approach to minimum measures required to achieve LEED Ca-NC Energy & Atmosphere prerequisite 2;Specific approach to a high-performance office showing double occupancy and double plug loads.
17
LEED® Ca-NC EAp2 in 3 Steps
Ventilation air supply separated from heating and cooling (fan coil HVAC system);Reduced connected lighting power densities (9.0 W/m2) with occupancy sensor and daylighting dimming controls for light fixtures over 30% of floor plate;Condensing space heating boiler (modulating boiler for some regions).Occupancy sensor controlled DCV for all floor areas (option for Vancouver only).
18
High Performance Small Office
1. Concentrated Occupancy:Double MNECB Occupant Density (13m2/occupant);Double MNECB receptacle power allowance (15 W/m2).
2. Separated ventilation air supply from heating and cooling;
3. Low-energy hydronic radiant heating and cooling;4. Reduced connected lighting power densities (9.0
W/m2); 5. Occupancy and daylighting dimming controls for light
fixtures;6. Heat recovery on exhaust or relief air; 7. Demand controlled ventilation (may swap rank w/ 6); 8. Condensing space heating boilers;9. Improved window thermal performance values;
20
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
ekW
h / s
q.m
/ yr
.NEUD Compared to MNECB
NEUD Historic Data – Offices Ontario
MNECB 97 Small Office Thunder Bay
MNECB 97 Large Office Thunder Bay
21
010,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,00070,00080,00090,000
100,000110,000120,000130,000140,000150,000160,000170,000180,000190,000200,000210,000220,000230,000
500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500
Floor Area (m2)
Hea
t Req
uire
d (W
)
Skin Loss MNECB Office Ventilation Multi-res Ventilation
Skin Heat Loss vs. Ventilation 1
Base Case: MNECB Reference Building for Ontario Region B
3 Storey Small Office Gas Heat VAV DistributionFWR 40%RSI 2.4 RoofRSI 2.1 WallsRSI 0.35 Windows
Winter design day skin loss is 59% of total heating load for 4,000 m2 office.
Skin loss
MNECB Office Ventilation
MNECB MURB Ventilation
22
010,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,00070,00080,00090,000
100,000110,000120,000130,000140,000150,000160,000170,000180,000190,000200,000210,000220,000230,000
500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500
Floor Area (m2)
Heat
Req
uire
d (W
)
Skin Loss MNECB Office Ventilation Multi-res Ventilation
Skin Heat Loss vs. Ventilation 2Advanced Case: MNECB Proposed Building for Ontario Region B
3 Storey Small Office Gas Heat VAV DistributionFWR 40%RSI 3.5 RoofRSI 3.5 WallsRSI 1.0 Windows
Winter design day skin loss is 40% of total heating load for 4,000 m2 office.
Skin loss
MNECB Office Ventilation
MNECB MURB Ventilation
23
Thunder Bay Reference
Thunder Bay Small Office w/ VAV - Envelope & Lighting
2,800
3,000
3,200
3,400
3,600
3,800
4,000
4,200
4,400
4,600
4,800
5,000
5,200
5,400
5,600
5,800
6,000
6,200
6,400
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion
(GJ)
FWR 40% - 95%
MNECB+CBIP Reference
LEED Canada NC EAp2Window U 3.2 – 0.94
CLPD 18 – 4 W/m2
Wall RSI 2.1 – 7.5Roof RSI 2.4 – 15
24
Thunder Bay 4PFC Reference
Thunder Bay Small Office w/ 4PFC - Envelope & Lighting
2,800
3,000
3,200
3,400
3,600
3,800
4,000
4,200
4,400
4,600
4,800
5,000
5,200
5,400
5,600
5,800
6,000
6,200
6,400
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion
(GJ)
FWR 40% - 95%
MNECB+CBIP Reference
LEED Canada NC EAp2Window U 3.2 – 0.94
CLPD 18 – 4 W/m2 Wall RSI 2.1 – 7.5
Roof RSI 2.4 – 15
25
Thunder Bay vs. Toronto
Thunder BayMNECB Ontario Region B;5650 Degree Days below 18oC;Monthly average hours of bright sunshine: 91.7Small Office MNECB Reference annual energy consumption: 3,994 GJ;Reference Values:
Windows: U = 3.2 W/m2oCWalls: RSI = 2.1 W/m2oCRoof: RSI = 2.4 W/m2oC
TorontoMNECB Ontario Region A;3650 Degree Days below 18oC;Monthly average hours of bright sunshine: 74.7Small Office MNECB Reference annual energy consumption: 3,636 GJ;Reference Values:
Windows: U = 3.2 W/m2oCWalls: RSI = 1.8 W/m2oCRoof: RSI = 2.1 W/m2oC
26
Toronto Small Office w/ VAV - Envelope & Lighting
2 700
2,900
3,100
3,300
3,500
3,700
3,900
4,100
4,300
4,500
4,700
4,900
5,100
5,300
5,500
5,700
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion
(GJ)
Identify EE measure limits
FWR 40% - 95%
MNECB+CBIP Reference
LEED Canada NC EAp2
Window U 3.2 – 0.94
CLPD 18 – 4 W/m2
Wall RSI 1.8 – 7.5
Roof RSI 2.1 – 15
Thunder Bay @ 3994 GJ
27
Archetype Toronto Small Office w/ 4PFC - Envelope & Lighting
2 500
2,700
2,900
3,100
3,300
3,500
3,700
3,900
4,100
4,300
4,500
4,700
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion
(GJ)
Impact of DOAS
FWR 40% - 95%
MNECB+CBIP Reference
LEED Canada NC EAp2
Window U 3.2 – 0.94 CLPD 18 – 4 W/m2
Wall RSI 1.8 – 7.5
Roof RSI 2.1 – 15
28
System ImpactsToronto Small Office w/ VAV - Envelope & Mechanical
3,300
3,400
3,500
3,600
3,700
3,800y
Con
sum
ptio
n (G
J)
Toronto Small Office w/ 4PFC - Enevelope & Mechanical
2,900
3,000
3,100
3,200
3,300
3,400
3,500
3,600
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion
(GJ)
Roof RSI 2.4 – 15
Roof RSI 2.1 – 15
Wall RSI 1.8 – 7.5
Boiler Eff 80% - 95%
Boiler Eff 80% - 95%HRV Eff 5% - 80%
HRV Eff 5% - 80%
Wall RSI 1.8 – 7.5
MNECB+CBIP Reference
29
FWR for Small Office with VAV
-6-214710121517202224TG / U0.94 / SC 0.31-12-8-5-12581013161820TG / U1.10 / SC 0.46 -15-12-8-5-125811131618TG / U1.30 / SC 0.50-17-13-9-6-214710131618DG / U1.62 / SC 0.41-18-14-10-7-304710131518DG / U1.68 / SC 0.41-24-20-16-12-8-5-12581114DG / U1.82 / SC 0.56-25-21-17-13-9-5-21581113DG / U1.89 / SC 0.56-35-30-25-21-16-12-8-5-1369DG / U2.45 / SC 0.59-36-31-26-22-18-13-9-6-2258DG / U2.55 / SC 0.59-41-36-31-26-21-17-13-8-5-136DG / U2.79 / SC 0.61-51-46-40-35-30-25-20-16-12-8-40DG / U3.2 / SC 0.74
95%90%85%80%75%70%65%60%55%50%45%40%Window / FWR
Perc
ent e
nerg
y re
duct
ion
from
MN
ECB
FWR & SC w/ MNECB Reference satisfies LEED Ca-NC EAp2Expansion of FWR allows some flexibility with trade-offsExpansion of FWR doesn’t compromise benefits of other strategiesExpansion of FWR compromises benefits of other strategiesFWR & SC w/ MNECB Reference values fail to satisfy MNECB
Toronto Small Office archetype
30
FWR for Small Office & 4PFC
7911141618202224262830TG / U0.94 / SC 0.31469111316182022242627TG / U1.10 / SC 0.46 14691114161820222426TG / U1.30 / SC 0.50
-3036811131618202224DG / U1.62 / SC 0.41-4-125810131517202224DG / U1.68 / SC 0.41-4-30368111315182022DG / U1.82 / SC 0.56-7-4-1257101215171922DG / U1.89 / SC 0.56
-15-12-8-5-214710121517DG / U2.45 / SC 0.59-17-13-10-6-30369111416DG / U2.55 / SC 0.59-20-17-13-9-6-303691214DG / U2.79 / SC 0.61-26-22-18-16-13-9-6-30369DG / U3.2 / SC 0.74
95%90%85%80%75%70%65%60%55%50%45%40%Window / FWR
Perc
ent e
nerg
y re
duct
ion
from
MN
ECB
FWR & SC w/ MNECB Reference satisfies LEED Ca-NC EAp2Expansion of FWR allows some flexibility with trade-offsExpansion of FWR doesn’t compromise benefits of other strategiesExpansion of FWR compromises benefits of other strategiesFWR & SC w/ MNECB Reference values fail to satisfy MNECB
Toronto Small Office archetype
31
FWR & LEED™ Ca-NC EAp2
222427293133353739414344TG / U0.94 / SC 0.31202225272732343638394143TG / U1.10 / SC 0.46 172022252729323436384042TG / U1.30 / SC 0.50121518212326283133353739DG / U1.62 / SC 0.41111417202225273032343739DG / U1.68 / SC 0.41101316192124262931333538DG / U1.82 / SC 0.5691215182023262830333537DG / U1.89 / SC 0.56047101317192225283032DG / U2.45 / SC 0.59
-22691215182124272931DG / U2.55 / SC 0.59-5-226912151821242729DG / U2.79 / SC 0.61
-11-7-3158111518212326DG / U3.2 / SC 0.7495%90%85%80%75%70%65%60%55%50%45%40%Window / FWR
Perc
ent e
nerg
y re
duct
ion
from
MN
ECB
Expansion of FWR doesn’t compromise benefits of other strategies
Fenestration + 3 measures exceeds LEED™ Ca-NC EAp2
Expansion of FWR compromises benefits of other strategiesFWR & SC w/ MNECB Reference values fail to satisfy LEED Ca-NC EAp2
Expansion of FWR allows some flexibility with trade-offs
Toronto Small Office archetype
32
High Performance Office FWR
444647495051525354565657TG / U0.94 / SC 0.31424445474849505253545556TG / U1.10 / SC 0.46 404143454647495051525455TG / U1.30 / SC 0.50353840414345474850515253DG / U1.62 / SC 0.41353739414244464849505253DG / U1.68 / SC 0.41333537394143454648495152DG / U1.82 / SC 0.56323537394142444647495052DG / U1.89 / SC 0.56252830333537394143454748DG / U2.45 / SC 0.59242629323436394143444648DG / U2.55 / SC 0.59202326293234363941434546DG / U2.79 / SC 0.61161923252831333638404244DG / U3.2 / SC 0.74
95%90%85%80%75%70%65%60%55%50%45%40%Window / FWR
Perc
ent e
nerg
y re
duct
ion
from
MN
ECB
Expansion of FWR allows flexibility with trade-offsExpansion of FWR doesn’t compromise benefits of other strategies
Fenestration + 8 measures delivers 2030 Challenge target for 2008-2010
Expansion of FWR compromises benefits of other strategiesFWR & SC w/ MNECB Reference values fail to satisfy LEED Ca-NC EAp2Toronto Small Office archetype
34
8 Cities Comparison
Investigation of relative energy patterns for a common building archetype;
Does the type behave the same way in all climate zones?
How much improvement can be expected from envelope improvements?What impacts can be attributed to climate alone?
Impact of general construction practice –reference building values;Impact of differences in solar conditions.
35
8 Cities: Walls
2,4002,6002,8003,0003,2003,4003,6003,8004,0004,2004,400
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5
Wall RSI
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion
GJ
Calgary Regina Toronto Whitehorse WinnipegHalifax Montreal Vancouver
36
Whitehorse vs. Regina
WhitehorseHeating Degree Days:
6,900Reference Values:Walls: RSI = 2.7Roofs: RSI = 3.5Windows: USI = 2.1
ReginaHeating Degree Days:
5,750Reference Values:Walls: RSI = 2.1Roofs: RSI = 2.5Windows: USI = 3.2
.…A little bit goes a long way….
37
8 Cities: Roofs
2,400
2,600
2,800
3,000
3,200
3,400
3,600
3,800
4,000
4,200
4,400
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5
Roof RSI
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion
GJ
Calgary Regina Toronto Whitehorse WinnipegHalifax Montreal Vancouver
38
8 Cities: Window Area
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
6,000
6,500
7,000
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
Fenestration-to-wall ratio %
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion
GJ
Calgary Regina Toronto Whitehorse WinnipegHalifax Montreal Vancouver
39
8 Cities: Window Performance Values
2,2002,4002,6002,8003,0003,2003,4003,6003,8004,0004,2004,400
0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25
Window U Value
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion
GJ
Calgary Regina Toronto Whitehorse WinnipegHalifax Montreal Vancouver
40
Some observations from 8 Cities:
Ranking of energy consumption by city stays stable;Relative performance of energy efficiency measure by city stays stable;Selection of Reference Building (Prescriptive) performance values is significant;Controlling FWR is the easiest way to control envelope performance;Super-insulation for even relatively small commercial buildings is not a “silver bullet” for energy efficiency:
“Good practice” residential resistance values approach the optimum.
41
Thank You
Stephen Pope, OAA, FRAICSustainable Building Design Specialist
Natural Resources Canada / CanmetENERGYSustainable Buildings & Communities / Commercial Buildings Section
580 Booth St., 13th Flr, D5, Ottawa ON K1A 0E4tel. (613) 947-9823 cell (613) 324-1642, fax (613) 996-9909
email - spope@nrcan.gc.ca, web - http://www.sbc.nrcan.gc.ca
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