non-canonical' word order in tundra nenets. an explanation ......introduction flexibility in the...
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“Non-canonical” word order in Tundra Nenets.An explanation of the initial OS order
Nikolett Mus
Research Institute for LinguisticsHungarian Academy of Sciences
2–3 December 2016LDLT5: Workshop on information structure and discourse in the
minority languages of the Russian Federation
Nikolett Mus Tundra Nenets OS order 1 / 22
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Introduction
The basic word order of Tundra Nenets
the major constituents in Tundra Nenets clauses follow a rigid SOVorder:
(1) SergeiSergeiS
Maša-mMasha-accO
meńe.love.sgV
‘Sergei loves Masha.’ (KhO 2016)
both the non-agreeing, i.e. non-topical and the agreeing, i.e. topicalobjects follow the subject:
(2) SergeiSergeiS
Maša-mMasha-accO
meńe-da.love.3sg>sgV
‘Sergei loves Masha.’ (KhO 2016)
Nikolett Mus Tundra Nenets OS order 2 / 22
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Introduction
Flexibility in the word order of Tundra Nenets
there are further “non-canonical” orders:
(3) Maša-mMasha-accO
SergeiSergeiS
meńe.love.3sgV
‘Sergei loves Masha.’ (KhO 2016)
both the non-topical and the topical objects precede the subject:
(4) Maša-mMasha-accO
SergeiSergeiS
meńe-da.love-3sg>sgV
‘Sergei loves Masha.’ (KhO 2016)
→ the topicality of the direct object does not seem to correlate with itsposition
Nikolett Mus Tundra Nenets OS order 3 / 22
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Introduction
The explanations of OS order so far
the OSV order can be produced in two possible ways:
1 the object and the subject are topics and the object precedes thesubject (cf. Vilkuna 1998)
(5) Maša-miOi
SergeiS
[ti[ti
]]
meńe(-da).V
‘Sergei loves Masha.’
2 the subject is focused and it occupies the preverbal position (and theobject may be topicalized, cf. Nikolaeva 2014)
(6) [ti[ti
]]
Maša-mO
SergeiSi
meńe(-da).V
‘Sergei loves Masha.’
Nikolett Mus Tundra Nenets OS order 4 / 22
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Introduction
Hypotheses
the OSV order is not optional, i.e. it is not available to any objects
the OSV order represents different underlying structures
movement from vP to TopPmovement within vP
the O and the S have different informational functions
Nikolett Mus Tundra Nenets OS order 5 / 22
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Introduction
Research questions
What types of direct objects precede the subject?
What types of subjects are preceded by direct objects?
Is it only the subject that is preceded by the direct object?
Is there any syntactic and/or pragmatic restriction of the reversedorder?
Nikolett Mus Tundra Nenets OS order 6 / 22
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Outline
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Background: the language and the data
3 The movable objects in OS
4 Interim Summary
5 The subjects in OSV
6 Conclusions
Nikolett Mus Tundra Nenets OS order 7 / 22
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Background
1 Introduction
2 Background: the language and the data
3 The movable objects in OS
4 Interim Summary
5 The subjects in OSV
6 Conclusions
Nikolett Mus Tundra Nenets OS order 8 / 22
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Background
The Tundra Nenets language and the data
The Tundra Nenets language is ...a (Northern) Samoyedic, Uralic language
spoken in three ADs of the Russian Federation (Europe, Siberia)
seriously endanered with cc. 20.000 speakers
The Tundra Nenets corpus is ...preliminary, i.e. a collection of published written texts
UTF-8 encoding, plain texts, not yet annotated
electronically accessible (LUI)
The Tundra Nenets corpus contains so far ...cc. 30.200 tokens of press articles
cc. 22.500 tokens of folklore narratives
cc. 27.100 tokens of phrasebook conversations
Nikolett Mus Tundra Nenets OS order 9 / 22
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Background
Data collection strategies
1 automated processlisting the 10 most frequent NPssearching for the object forms of NPs
Sentence types SO/OS OS ratio
Declaratives 189 15 7.94%Interrogatives 143 27 18.9 %
2 manual processextracting typical transitive verbs, e.g. ‘give’, ‘send’
Nikolett Mus Tundra Nenets OS order 10 / 22
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The movable objects in OS
1 Introduction
2 Background: the language and the data
3 The movable objects in OS
4 Interim Summary
5 The subjects in OSV
6 Conclusions
Nikolett Mus Tundra Nenets OS order 11 / 22
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The movable objects in OS
The objects in OS order
proper namepersonal pronoun
(7) śiPḿi1sg.acc
ńaxarthree
ńeka-ḿiPuncle-1sg
Parne-xæPParne-dat
wator-Na-P.promise-co-3pl
‘My three uncles promised me to Parne.’(Labanauskas 1995 (=L95))
DP
(8) t́ukuthis
śo-mPsound-acc
xib́awho
meP- Na-da?make-co-3sg>sg
‘Who made this sound?’ (Susoy 1990 (=S90))
NP (definite from the context)
(9) Nano-mPboat-acc
ńeneća-Ppeople-pl
meP-Na-daP.make-co-3pl>sg
‘People made the boat.’ (Okotetto 1998 (=O98))
Nikolett Mus Tundra Nenets OS order 12 / 22
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The movable objects in OS
The objects in OS order (cont.)
indefinite NP
(10) jibawarm
ja-xadland-abl
to-wicome-ptcp.ipfv
jeśa-mPmoney-acc
ńeneća-Ppeople-pl
ponPfor.a.long.time
ńi-Pneg-3pl
pere-́setu-Pkeep-hab-cng
‘People do not preserve the money from warm lands for a long time.’
(Ńarana Nærm (=ŃN))
wh-phrase
(11) Namge-mPwhat-acc
pidaraP2pl
pærNa-daP?do-co-2pl
‘What are you doing?’ (Nenang 2005 (=N05))
⇒ both definite and indefinite objects precede subjectsNikolett Mus Tundra Nenets OS order 13 / 22
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The movable objects in OS
Correlations with differential object agreement
DOA in Tundra Nenets
3rd person topical objects
silent pronouns
(12) Maša-m Sergei meńe.
(13) Maša-m Sergei meńe-da.
The informational status of the objects
(14) A. ‘Who does Sergei love?’
B. Maša-m Sergei meńe. → O is the new information
(15) A. ‘Does Sergei love Masa?’
B. Maša-m Sergei meńe-da. → O is the topic
⇒ both topicalized and focused objects precede subjectsNikolett Mus Tundra Nenets OS order 14 / 22
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The movable objects in OS
Adverb positioning
(16) lućaPRussianO
wada-mPword-acc
xańanawhereAdv
Naćeke-rchild-2sgS
toxola-da-ć?learn-3sg>sg-intV
‘Where did your child learn Russian?’ (N05)
(17) VoroncovoVoroncovoAdv
xarda-xanatown-loc
Næ-dabe-ptcp.ipfv
škola-xanaschool-loc
ńenejNenetsO
wada-mPword-acc
Naćeki-Pchild-plS
ńi-doneg-3plV
toxola-mb́u-P.learn-cont-cng
‘The children at the school in Vorontsovo don’t learn Nenets.’ (ŃN)
⇒ sentential adverbs are be preceded by topicalized objects in OSVNikolett Mus Tundra Nenets OS order 15 / 22
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Interim Summary
The types of objects in OSV order
Definiteness
indefinitedefinite
Information structural status
old information (topic)new information (focus)
Syntactic position
agreeing object precede the sentential adverbsnon-agreeing object follow the sentential adverbs
Nikolett Mus Tundra Nenets OS order 16 / 22
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The subjects in OSV
1 Introduction
2 Background: the language and the data
3 The movable objects in OS
4 Interim Summary
5 The subjects in OSV
6 Conclusions
Nikolett Mus Tundra Nenets OS order 17 / 22
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The subjects in OSV
The subjects preceded by objects
The subjects preceded only by non-agreeing objects:
generic expressions
(18) jibawarm
ja-xadland-abl
to-wicome-ptcp.ipfv
jeśa-mPmoney-acc
ńeneća-Ppeople-pl
ponPfor.a.long.time
ńi-Pneg-3pl
pere-́setu-Pkeep-hab-cng
‘People do not preserve the money from warm lands for a long time.’
(ŃN)
(19) VoroncovoVorontsovo
xarda-xanatown-loc
Næ-dabe-ptcp.ipfv
škola-xanaschool-loc
ńenejNenets
wada-mPword-acc
Naćeki-Pchild-pl
ńi-doneg-3pl
toxola-mb́u-P.learn-cont-cng
‘The children at the school in Vorontsovo don’t learn Nenets.’ (ŃN)
Nikolett Mus Tundra Nenets OS order 18 / 22
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The subjects in OSV
The subjects preceded by objects
The subjects preceded only by agreeing objects:
wh-expressions
(20) Nano-mPboat-acc
xib́awho
meP-Na-daP.make-co-3pl>sg
‘Who made the boat?’ (O98)
(21) Śoḿa,Somya
śit2sg.acc
xib́awho
xonra-sa?inform.3sg-int
‘Somya, who informed you?’ (Puškareva–Khomič 2001)
Nikolett Mus Tundra Nenets OS order 19 / 22
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Conclusions
1 Introduction
2 Background: the language and the data
3 The movable objects in OS
4 Interim Summary
5 The subjects in OSV
6 Conclusions
Nikolett Mus Tundra Nenets OS order 20 / 22
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Conclusions
The informational structure of OSV
agreeing objects → old information ⇒ moves to TopPthey precede any type of subjectswh-restriction (?)
non-agreeing → can be new information ⇒ remains in vPthey precede subjects that are expressed by generic expressions
Nikolett Mus Tundra Nenets OS order 21 / 22
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Conclusions
Thank you!
Acknowledgments
This research is supported by the project Languages under the Influence funded bythe Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (grant No.:ERC HU 15 118079), the principal investigator is Katalin É. Kiss.
Nikolett Mus Tundra Nenets OS order 22 / 22
IntroductionBackground: the language and the dataThe movable objects in OSInterim SummaryThe subjects in OSVConclusions
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