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LITHOSPHERE
BIOSPHERE
Source: After
Christopherson,
2009, p. 14
Rocks and Minerals:
The Building Blocks of Landforms
1. Introduction
2. Minerals: the building blocks of rocks
3. Classification of rocks: the rock cycle
4. Rock types: igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks
Landforms: the sculpture analogy
The San Juan River near Mexican Hat, UT. Source: Christopherson, 2006, p.448.
See also Christopherson, 2012, p. 413.
Exogenic
processes Endogenic
processes
Interaction of exogenic and endogenic processes
Source: Christopherson, 2012, p. 305.
GRANITE: a common igneous rock.
Source: Minnesota Geological Survey
Minerals: the building blocks of rocks
Definition of a mineral:
1. A solid chemical compound, with a
2. characteristic chemical composition, and a
3. specific, regular architecture of atoms
Chlorine Sodium
Arrangement of atoms in the mineral halite (NaCl)
Halite crystals.
Source: Great South Mineral Catalog,
www.greatsouth.net.
Note cubic arrangement of
atoms produce cubic
crystals.
Organization of atoms in a quartz crystal. Quartz (SiO2) is a very common mineral in the Earth’s crust, since
its component atoms (silicon and oxygen) account for over 74% of
the Earth’s crust by weight.
Quartz crystals from Hot Springs, Arkansas.
Source: Mineralogy Database, webmineral.com; photo by Dave Barthelmy.
GRANITE: a common igneous rock.
Source: Minnesota Geological Survey
Storm Mountain in Big Cottonwood Canyon:
an example of quartzite scenery
Source: www.utahpictures.com
Looking down Little Cottonwood Canyon:
an example of granite scenery
Source: www.utahpictures.com
Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
ROCKS
Sedimentary
rocks
Metamorphic
rocks
Igneous
rocks
Heat &
pressure
Melting Crystallization
Lithification
Weathering,
erosion,
transportation,
deposition
THE ROCK CYCLE
Source: Christopherson, 2012, p. 307
Igneous rock formation from volcanic activity.
Source: Arenal volcano eruptions, Costa Rica, www.arenal.net
Cooling slowly-
large crystals
Cooling quickly-
small crystals
Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
ROCKS
Intrusive Extrusive
GRANITE: a common igneous rock.
Source: Minnesota Geological Survey
Mineral composition of igneous rocks
FELSIC minerals contain feldspars and silica
(generally lighter in colour and weight)
MAFIC minerals contain magnesium and
ferric (iron) minerals (generally darker in
colour and heavier in weight)
Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
ROCKS
Intrusive Extrusive
Felsic
Mafic
Felsic
Mafic
Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
ROCKS
Intrusive Extrusive Clastic Chemical
(non-
clastic) Felsic
Mafic
Felsic
Mafic
Layers of sedimentary rocks in the Aquarius
Plateau, Escalante, UT.
Layers of sedimentary
rocks in Zion National
Park, UT.
Source: US National Park Service
Hot springs leaving chemical sedimentary rock
deposits- Opal Terrace, Mammoth Hot Springs,
Yellowstone National Park.
Source: Yellowstone-Teton Epicenter, http://www.yellowstonegis.utah.edu
Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
ROCKS
Intrusive Extrusive Clastic Chemical
(non-
clastic)
Foliated Non-
foliated
Felsic
Mafic
Felsic
Mafic
Metamorphic rocks and ‘parent’ rocks:
Limestone (sedimentary) marble (metamorphic)
Sandstone (sedimentary) quartzite (metamorphic)
Shale (sedimentary) slate (metamorphic)
Granite (igneous) gneiss (metamorphic)
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