new adaptive algorithm for detecting low- and high ohmic ......l3 a l2 a erde u 1e u 3e u 2e z l1 b...
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Prague, 8-11 June 2009
Gernot DRUML - Germany Session3 Paper 0631
New Adaptive Algorithm for Detecting Low- And High Ohmic Faults in
Meshed Networks
New Requirements:Elimination of
• phase-splitting in looped and meshed networks
• cross-talk from parallel systems
Prague, 8-11 June 2009
Gernot DRUML - Germany Session3 Paper 0631
C1A2 C3A2 C2A2
N
Une U1N
U3NU2N
ZTr2
ZTr3
ZTr1
ISA
ZL1 A
ZL3 A
ZL2 A
Erde
U1E
U3E
U2E
ZL1 B
ZL3 B
ZL2 B
C1B C3B C2B
Last
ZL1C
ZL3 C
ZL2 C
C1C C3C C2C
Last
ISB
ISC
Last
ISTr
C1A1 C3A1 C2A1
1
2 3
IC3
U3E
U1E
U2E
IC2
IC1
Healthy network
Prague, 8-11 June 2009
Gernot DRUML - Germany Session3 Paper 0631
Discharge of the faulty line via earth
Prague, 8-11 June 2009
Gernot DRUML - Germany Session3 Paper 0631
Charge of the healthy lines via earth
Prague, 8-11 June 2009
Gernot DRUML - Germany Session3 Paper 0631
C1A2 C3A2 C2A2
N
Une U1N
U3NU2N
ZTr2
ZTr3
ZTr1
ISA
ZL1 A
ZL3 A
ZL2 A
Erde
U1E
U3E
U2E
ZF
ZL1 B
ZL3 B
ZL2 B
C1B C3B C2B
Last
ZL1C
ZL3 C
ZL2 C
C1C C3C C2C
Last
ISB
ISC
IF
Last
ISTr
C1A1 C3A1 C2A1
2' 3'
1'
Une
N
Earthfault - Compensation
Prague, 8-11 June 2009
Gernot DRUML - Germany Session3 Paper 0631
Earthfault - Compensation
Prague, 8-11 June 2009
Gernot DRUML - Germany Session3 Paper 0631
Charge of the healthy lines via earth
ZL1C
ZL3 C
ZL2 C
C1C C3C C2C
Last
i0(t)u0(t)
00 0 0 0
1( )( ) ( )
eqB
t
Btu u t
Ct i dτ τ= + ∫
00
0 0( )
( )( )eqB
q tu u t
Ct = +
00 ( )( )
eqB
q tu
Ct =
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
is /A
s
uo /kV
qo1qo2qo3
Prague, 8-11 June 2009
Gernot DRUML - Germany Session3 Paper 0631
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
uo /%
qo /A
s
qoAqoBqoC
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
uo /%
t /ms
io /A
ioCuoioBioA
High-Ohmic Earthfault
Prague, 8-11 June 2009
Gernot DRUML - Germany Session3 Paper 0631
0 20 40 60 80 100-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
uo /%
t /ms
io /A
ioCuoioA
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
uo /%
qo /A
s
qoAqoBqoC
Restriking Earthfault
Prague, 8-11 June 2009
Gernot DRUML - Germany Session3 Paper 0631
ProsSimple evaluation, also in case of restriking faultsSample rate of 2 kHz is sufficientInfluence of discharge is reduced due to integration of i0Integration and evaluation over ½ periodDetection of earthfaults up to some kOhm
Cons− Sensitive to A/D converter saturations− Sensitive to not negligible phase-splitting− Sensitive to crosstalk from parallel systems
qu-algorithm
Prague, 8-11 June 2009
Gernot DRUML - Germany Session3 Paper 0631
N
Une U1N
U3NU2N
ZTr2
ZTr3
ZTr1
ISA
ZL1 A
ZL3 A
ZL2 A
Erde
U1E
U3E
U2E
ZL1 B
ZL3 B
ZL2 B
ZL1C
ZL3 C
ZL2 C
Last
ISB
ISC
Last
ISTrN
Une U1N
U3NU2N
ZTr2
ZTr3
ZTr1
ISA
ZL1 A
ZL3 A
ZL2 A
Erde
U1E
U3E
U2E
ZL1 B
ZL3 B
ZL2 B
ZL1C
ZL3 C
ZL2 C
Last
ISB
ISC
Last
ISTr
100 A
100 A
100 A
1Ω
1Ω
1Ω
1Ω
1Ω
1ΩN
Une U1N
U3NU2N
ZTr2
ZTr3
ZTr1
ISA
ZL1 A
ZL3 A
ZL2 A
Erde
U1E
U3E
U2E
ZL1 B
ZL3 B
ZL2 B
ZL1C
ZL3 C
ZL2 C
Last
ISB
ISC
Last
ISTr
100 A
100 A
100 A50 A
50 A
50 A
50 A
50 A
50 A
1Ω
1Ω
1Ω
1Ω
1Ω
1Ω
1ZM23ZM12
ZM13
2 3
1
2
3
a a2r
) b)
ZM12 ZM23
ZM13
a
Phase-Splitting
Prague, 8-11 June 2009
Gernot DRUML - Germany Session3 Paper 0631
Crosstalk from parallel system
Prague, 8-11 June 2009
Gernot DRUML - Germany Session3 Paper 0631
110 kV SystemD: 14.000 km A: 7.000 km=> 1600 A
Prague, 8-11 June 2009
Gernot DRUML - Germany Session3 Paper 0631
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-100
0
100
uo1
/ %
FaultRec_N008_E1_00000361.csv E1: uo(t), ie(t)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-20
0
20
is1
/ Apr
im
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-20
0
20
is2
/ Apr
im
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-20
0
20
is3
/ Apr
im
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-20
0
20
is4
/ Apr
im
t / ms
qu
Prague, 8-11 June 2009
Gernot DRUML - Germany Session3 Paper 0631
-100 -50 0 50 100-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05qo
/ A
s
uo / %
E1: qu1
-100 -50 0 50 100-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
qo /
As
uo / %
E1: qu2
-100 -50 0 50 100-0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
qo /
As
uo / %
E1: qu3
-100 -50 0 50 100-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0
0.01
qo /
As
uo / %
E1: qu4
qu
Prague, 8-11 June 2009
Gernot DRUML - Germany Session3 Paper 0631
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-100
0
100
uo1
/ %
FaultRec_N008_E1_00000361.csv E1: uo(t), ie(t)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-20
0
20
is1
/ Apr
im
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-20
0
20
is2
/ Apr
im
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-20
0
20
is3
/ Apr
im
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-20
0
20
is4
/ Apr
im
t / ms
qu2
Prague, 8-11 June 2009
Gernot DRUML - Germany Session3 Paper 0631
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-100
0
100
uo1
/ %
FaultRec_N008_E1_00000361.csv E1: uo(t), ie(t)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-10
0
10
20
is1
/ Apr
im
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-20
0
20
is2
/ Apr
im
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-20
0
20
is3
/ Apr
im
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-20
0
20
is4
/ Apr
im
t / ms
qu2
linearization
Prague, 8-11 June 2009
Gernot DRUML - Germany Session3 Paper 0631
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-100
0
100
uo1
/ %
FaultRec_N008_E1_00000361.csv E1: uo(t), ie(t)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-10
0
10
20
is1
/ Apr
im
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-20
0
20
is2
/ Apr
im
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-20
0
20
is3
/ Apr
im
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-20
0
20
is4
/ Apr
im
t / ms
qu2
nonlinearfilter
Prague, 8-11 June 2009
Gernot DRUML - Germany Session3 Paper 0631
-100 -50 0 50 100-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15qo
/ A
s
uo / %
E1: qu1 pfch
-100 -50 0 50 100-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
qo /
As
uo / %
E1: qu2 pfch
-100 -50 0 50 100-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
qo /
As
uo / %
E1: qu3 pfch
-100 -50 0 50 100-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
qo /
As
uo / %
E1: qu4 pfch
qu2
Prague, 8-11 June 2009
Gernot DRUML - Germany Session3 Paper 0631
Samples of real devices Decentralised SolutionCentral Solution
Prague, 8-11 June 2009
Gernot DRUML - Germany Session3 Paper 0631
The new algorithm includes all advantages of the standard qu-algorithm
and
eliminates the sensitivity of:
•phase-splitting in looped and meshed networks•cross-talk from parallel systems•saturation of A/D Converters
Summary
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