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Neutrino Detector R&DNeutrino Detector R&DNeutrino Detector R&DNeutrino Detector R&D
International Scoping Study UC Irvine
21 August 2006Paul Soler
University of Glasgow
ISS, UC Irvine21 August 2006
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ContentsContents
1. Water Cherenkov2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors3. Liquid Argon TPC4. Hybrid Emulsion Detectors5. Beam Diagnostic Devices6. Near Detector7. Test Beam Facility for Neutrino Detector R&D8. Total Neutrino Detector R&D Programme9. Conclusions
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Suitable for low energy neutrino detection (~ 0.2-1 GeV) Excellent e separation
1. Water Cherenkov1. Water Cherenkov
Electron-like Muon-like
Impossible to put a magnetic field around it, so not suitable for neutrino factory.
Baseline for beta-beams or super-beams
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Projects around the world: Hyperkamiokande, UNO, Memphys
1. Water Cherenkov1. Water Cherenkov
UNO: ~440 kton
65m
65m
Water Cerenkov modules at Fréjus
Fréjus
CERN
130km130km
Memphys~440 kton
Hyperkamiokande: ~550 kton (fiducial)
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1. Water Cherenkov1. Water Cherenkov
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1. Water Cherenkov1. Water Cherenkov
Choice of photomultiplier (PMT), Hybrid-PMT and Hybrid Photon Detectors (HPD)
Size vs CostIPNO with PHOTONIS, tests of PMT, comparison 20” vs 12” Diameter 20“ <=> 12“ projected area 1660 615 cm² QE(typical) 20 24 % CE 60 70 % Cost PMT 2500 800 € Cost/PE 12.6 7.7 €/PE =PM cost/(areaxQExCE)
Photon Detector R&D
• 30% coverage (12’’) gives the same # of PE/MeV as 40% coverage (20’’)
• the required # of 12’’ PMT’s is twice the # of 20’’ PMT’s
Also: encouraging results from ICRR/Hamamatsu with 13’’ HPD
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Projects around the world: Hyperkamiokande, UNO, Memphys
1. Water Cherenkov1. Water CherenkovR&D ASICS:
Charge measurement (12bits)Time measurement (1ns)Single photoelectron sensitivityHigh counting rate capability (target 100 MHz)
Large area pixellised PM : “PMm2”16 low cost PMsCentralized ASIC for DAQVariable gain to have only one HV
Multichannel readoutGain adjustment to compensatenon uniformitySubsequent versions of OPERA_ROC ASICsaim at 200 euros/channel
PMT R&D: taken charge by IPNOWith PHOTONIS tests of PMT 8”, 9” 12” and Hybrid-PMT and HPD
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Year 2005 2010 2015 2020
Safety tunnel Excavation
Lab cavity ExcavationP.S Study
detector PM R&D PMT production
Det.preparation InstallationOutside lab.
Non-acc.physics P-decay, SN
Superbeam Construction Superbeam
betabeam Beta beamConstruction
1. Water Cherenkov1. Water Cherenkov Memphys plan:
decision for cavity digging decision for SPL construction decision for EURISOL site
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2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors Golden channel signature: “wrong-sign” muons in magnetised
calorimeter
Baseline technology for a far detector at a neutrino factory Issues: electron ID, segmentation, readout technology (RPC or
scintillator?) – need R&D to resolve these Technology is well understood, R&D needed to determine details,
natural progression from MINOS Magnetisation of volume seems to be most challenging problem
8xMINOS (5.4 KT)8xMINOS (5.4 KT)
iron (4 cm) + scintillators (1cm)
beam
20 m
20 m
20 m
B=1 T
40KT40KT
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2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors Magnetic Iron Detector
Optimised for small 13 Strong cut on muon momentum > 5 GeV/cProblems below muon momentum < 3 GeV/c (cannot see second maximum)Main background: production of charm
Qt=Psin2
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2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors Compromise between Large Magnetic Detector and Noa concepts?
o Iron free regions: improve momentum and charge determinationIron (4cm) + active Iron (4cm) + active (1cm) (1cm)
air + active (1cm)air + active (1cm)
hadron showerhadron shower muonmuon
1m
o Combining Noa and iron-free regions? Iron (2cm) + active Iron (2cm) + active
(4cm) (4cm) air + active (1cm)air + active (1cm)
hadron showerhadron showermuonmuon
Liquid scintillator
iron
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2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors2. Magnetised Segmented DetectorsSimulation of a magnetised scintillating detector using Noa and Minera
concepts with Geant4
3 cm
1.5 cm15 m
15 m
15
m
100 m
– 3333 Modules (X and Y plane)– Each plane contains 1000 slabs– Total: 6.7M channels
Three lepton momenta:– “Low”: 100 MeV/c – 500 MeV/c initial momentum
– “Medium”: 500 MeV/c – 2.5 GeV/c initial momentum
– “High”: 2.5 GeV/c – 12.5 GeV/c initial momentum
• 0.15 T magnetic field• 0.30 T magnetic field• 0.45 T magnetic field
Three fields studied:
Ellis, Bross
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2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors
Position resolution ~ 4.5 mm
RedRed: 0.15 T Magnetic FieldGreenGreen: 0.30 T Magnetic FieldBlueBlue: 0.45 T Magnetic Field
Muon reconstructed efficiency
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2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors
10 solenoids next to each other. Horizontal field perpendicular to beamEach: 750 turns, 4500 amps, 0.2 Tesla. 42 MJoules . Total: 420 MJoules (CMS: 2700 MJoules)Coil: Aluminium (Alain: LN2 cooled).
Possible magnet schemes for MSD Camilleri, Bross, Strolin
Steel
15 m x 15 m x 15m solenoid modules; B = 0.5 T
Magnet
Magnet cost extrapolation formulas:• Use stored energy – 14M$/module• Use magnetic volume – 60M$/module• GEM magnet extrapolation – 69 M$/module
x10 modules!
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2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors R&D programme1) Optimisation technology:
o Totally Active Scintillation Detector (TASD)
o Segmented Iron-scintillator detector.
o Hybrid of both?
2) Magnetisation volume: reduction of cost?
3) Optimisation of geometry:
o Lateral and longitudinal segmentation
o Performance of electron, muon, charge identification.
o Backgrounds
4) Mechanics.
5) Scintillator: liquid or solid (extruded)?
6) Scintillator readout:
o Photomultiplier Tubes (PMT a la MINOS.
o Avalanche Photodiodes (APD)
o Other?
7) Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC): gain stability, ageing ….
8) Readout electronics, DAQ, …
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3. Liquid Argon TPC3. Liquid Argon TPC Liquid argon detector is the ultimate detector for e (“platinum channel”)
and appearance (“silver channel”). Simultaneous fit to all wrong and right sign distributions.
ICARUS has constructed 600 t modules and observed images
Main issues: inclusion of a magnetic field, scalability to ~15-100 kT Two main R&D programmes: Europe & US
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3. Liquid Argon TPC3. Liquid Argon TPC
LAr
Cathode (- HV)
E-f
ield
Extraction grid
Charge readout plane(LEM plane)
UV & Cerenkov light readout PMTs
E≈ 1 kV/cm
E ≈ 3 kV/cm
Electronic racks
Field shaping electrodes
GAr
A tentative detector layout(GLACIER)
Single detector: charge
imaging, scintillation, possibly
Cerenkov light
Single detector: charge
imaging, scintillation, possibly
Cerenkov light
Magnetic field problem not solvedField 0.1-1 T?
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3. Liquid Argon TPC3. Liquid Argon TPC
or maybe 50
kton
Fermilab, Michigan State, Princeton, Tufts, UCLA, Yale, York (Canada)
from our*
submission toNuSAG(Fermilab FN-0776-E)
Proposed NuMI LArTPC R&D PathProposed NuMI LArTPC R&D Path
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3. Liquid Argon TPC3. Liquid Argon TPC
Charge readout with Large Electron Multiplier (LEM) Light readout with Wavelength Shifting (WLS) coated PMT Drift very high voltage: Greinacher circuit Liquid argon production (local plant ~50 kton/year) and purification Very long drift lengths: 5-20 m
Very large Liquid Argon R&D issues:
Set up test beam with magnet at East area from the CERN PS
(e/0 separation)
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3. Liquid Argon TPC3. Liquid Argon TPCVery large Liquid Argon R&D plans: Electron drift under high pressure (p ~ 3 atm at the bottom of the tank) Charge extraction, amplification and imaging devices
•Charge readout: Large Electron Multiplier (LEM)•Light readout: PMT with wavelength shifting coating
Cryostat design, in collaboration with industry Logistics, infrastructure and safety issues
(in part. for underground sites) Tests with long 5-20 m drift length (“Argontube” detector)
● Cooling and purification Drift very high voltage (Greinacher circuit)
Study of LAr TPC prototypes in a magnetic field
tracks seen and measured in 10 lt prototype
R&D high temperature superconductor at LAr temperatures
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4. Hybrid Emulsion Detectors4. Hybrid Emulsion Detectors
Plastic base
Pb
Emulsion layers
1 mm
Emulsion detector for appearance, a la OPERA: “silver channel”
Issues: high rate, selected by choosing only “wrong sign” → events Assume a factor of two bigger than OPERA (~4 kt)
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4. Hybrid Emulsion Detectors4. Hybrid Emulsion Detectors
Electronic det:e/ separator
&“Time stamp”
Rohacell® plateemulsion filmstainless steel plate
spectrometertarget shower absorber
Muon momentum resolution Muon charge misidentification
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4. Hybrid Emulsion Detectors4. Hybrid Emulsion Detectors
Transverse dimension of a plane: 15.7x15.7 m2 (as in Nova) 1 brick: 35 stainless steel plates 1 mm thick (2 X0,, 3.5 kg) Spectrometer: 3 gaps (3 cm each) and 4 emulsion films A wall contains 19720 bricks Weight = 68 tons For 60 walls 1183200 bricks 4.1 kton Emulsion film: 47,328,000 pieces (in OPERA there are 12,000,000) Electronic detector: 35 Nova planes (corresponding to 5.3 X0 ) after
each MECC wall 2100 planes Total length of detector is: ~ 150 m
Possible design hybrid emulsion-scintillator far detector
Synergy emulsion-magnetic scintillation detectorGolden and silver channels simultaneously!
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5. Beam Diagnostic Detectors5. Beam Diagnostic Detectors Beam Current Transformer (BCT) to be included at entrance of
straight section: large diameter, with accuracy ~10-3.
Beam Cherenkov for divergence measurement? Could affect quality of beam.
storage ring
shielding
the leptonic detector
the charm and DIS detector
Polarimeter
Cherenkov
BCT
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5. Beam Diagnostic Detectors5. Beam Diagnostic Detectors Muon polarization:
Build prototype of polarimeter
Fourier transform of muon energy spectrum
amplitude=> polarization
frequency => energy
decay => energy spread.
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Near detectors should be able to measure flux and energy of and Calibration and flux control: High event rate: ~109 CC events/year in 50 kg detector
e
6. Near detector6. Near detector
Measure charm in near detector to control systematics of far detector (main background in oscillation search is wrong sign muon from charm)
ee
Other physics: neutrino cross-sections, PDF, electroweak measurements, ... Possible technology: fully instrumented silicon target in a magnetic detector.
ee
What needs to be measured
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6. Near detector6. Near detectorEnergy spectra for muons from reaction (green) and (blue)
Energy spectrums for muons from reaction (green) and (blue)
μ+e+ e
μ+νe+ν μe
μ+e+ e
Karadhzov, Tsenov
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6. Near detector6. Near detector
Muon chambers
EM calorimeter
HadronicCalorimeter
Possible design near detector around UA1/NOMAD/T2K magnet
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6. Near detector6. Near detector Vertex detector
E Identification of charm by impact parameter signatureE Demonstration of charm measurement with silicon detector: NOMAD-STAR
Impact parameter resolution
Pull:~1.02
x~33 m
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6. Near detector6. Near detector
Efficiency very low: 3.5% for D0, D+ and 12.7% for Ds
+ detection because fiducial volume very small (72cmx36cmx15cm), only 5 layers and only one projection.
From 109 CC events/yr, about 3.1x106 charm events, but efficiencies can be improved with 2D space points (ie. Pixels) and more measurement planes
For example: 52 kg mass can be provided by 18 layers of Si 500 m thick, 50 x 50 cm2 (ie. 4.5 m2 Si) and 15 layers of B4C, 5 mm thick (~0.4 X0)
Fully pixelated detector with pixel size: 50 m x 400 m 200 M pixels Double sided silicon strips, long ladders: 50 cm x 50 m 360 k pixels
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6. Near detector6. Near detector R&D programme1) Vertex detector options: hybrid pixels, monolithic pixels (ie. CCD, Monolithic
Active Pixels MAPS or DEPFET) or strips. Synergy with other fields such as Linear Collider Flavour Identification (LCFI) collaboration.
2) Tracking: gas TPC (is it fast enough?), scintillation tracker (same composition as far detector), drift chambers?, cathode strips?, liquid argon (if far detector is LAr), …
3) Particle identification: dE/dx, Cherenkov devices such as Babar DIRC?, Transition Radiation Tracker?
4) Calorimetry: lead glass, CsI crystals?, sampling calorimeter?
5) Magnet: UA1/NOMAD/T2K magnet?, dipole or other geometry?
Collaboration with theorists to determine physics measurements to be carried out in near detector and to minimise systematic errors in cross-sections, etc.
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7.Test Beam Facility for Neutrino 7.Test Beam Facility for Neutrino Detector R&DDetector R&D Request test beam in East Area at the CERN PS, with a fixed dipole magnet for dedicated Neutrino Detector R&D
Liquid Argon tests, beam telescopes for
silicon pixel and SciFi tests, calorimetry …
Neutrino detector test facility: resource for all Europeanneutrino detector R&D
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8. Total Neutrino Detector R&D 8. Total Neutrino Detector R&D ProgrammeProgramme
No information yet
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ConclusionsConclusions Baseline detector technologies:
E Water Cherenkov detector for low energy Super-beams and Beta-beamsE Segmented Magnetic Detectors for far detector at a Neutrino Factory for golden channel
Other far detector options include:E Emulsion Cloud Chamber for silver channel. Can be interspersed
within Segmented Magnetic DetectorE Liquid Argon TPC. This detector inside a magnetic field could potentially do everything, but some R&D issues still need to be addressed
Ideas for beam diagnostics and near detectors are being developed
Test beam facility for Neutrino detector R&D needed
Neutrino detector R&D programme over next 4 years could total ~10 MEuro (without Water Cherenkov detector R&D).
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