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NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Getting the Dirt on Soils
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
What are 4 things we cannot live
without?
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
SOILSOIL AIRAIR
WATERWATER SUNLIGHTSUNLIGHT
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
SOILSOIL AIRAIR
WATERWATER SUNLIGHTSUNLIGHT
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Does Soil=
Dirt?
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NO!Dirt is the stuff under your
fingernails or that you sweep off the floor
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Soil Facts• Topsoil is the most productive layer
• Five tons of topsoil spread over an acre is
only as thick as a dime
• Soil supplies water and nutrients for plants
• Most of our food comes from soil
• It can take more than 500 years to form one
inch of topsoil
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Soil Facts• An acre of corn gives off 4000 gallons of
water a day in evaporation
• Soil Scientist have identified over 70,000
different soils in the U. S.
• Erosion of soil clogs rivers and lakes
• Soil influences the life spans of roads
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Soil Facts• Soil is alive….
• 1 gram of soil contains up to a billion bacteria
• There many thousands of types of bacteria
in soil
• 15 tons of soil per acre pass through
earthworms each year
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Soil Facts• Soil is the largest single wastewater
treatment unit in North Carolina
• 4 million North Carolinians rely on soil to
treat and disperse wastewater
• Soil is extremely effective at wastewater
treatment
• Best of all…
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Soil makes Soil makes
great mud piesgreat mud pies
……and is just and is just
plain fun!plain fun!
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
A soil is a porous natural body of mineral, air, water and organic
matter that changes, or has changed, in
response to climate, topography, time, and
organisms.
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
What do you see in these photos?What do you see in these photos?
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
What is soil made of?
Soil is composed of Soil is composed of
minerals, minerals,
organic matter, organic matter,
air, air,
waterwater
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Soil is made of:
• Solid material– Minerals– Dead organic material– Living organic material
• Pore space– Air– Water
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Factors of Formation
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Factors of formation
• Parent Material
• Topography
• Vegetation/Biology
• Climate
• Time
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
The soil forms through the interaction of these
factors.
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Parent Material
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Parent Material• Transported materials
• Bedrock or residual material
• Organic materials
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Transported Sediments• Water transported or deposited
– Marine– Fluvial– Lacustrine
• Wind transported– Aeolian
• Gravity transported– Colluvium
• Ice transported– Glacial
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Topography
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Slope Names
• Summit or Ridge top
• Shoulder
• Back or side slope
• Foot slope
• Toe slope
• Terrace
• Drain way or channel
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
SummitSummit
Drainage wayDrainage way
Side or back slopeSide or back slope ShoulderShoulder
Foot slopeFoot slopeToe slopeToe slope
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Soils on a slope
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Vegetation/Biology
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Grass Vegetation
• Thick top soil (A horizon)
• Stable soil structure
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Forest Vegetation
• Thin top soil (A horizon)
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Coniferous Vegetation
• Acidic
• Highly leached by organic acids
• Low fertility
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Mixed Forest Vegetation
• In general more fertile
• In general less acidic
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Climate
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Humid Climate
•High rainfall
•Obvious horizons
•Illuviation/eluviation process dominant
•Organic matter accumulation at surface
•Clay accumulation
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Arid Climate
•Low rainfall
•Little organic accumulation
•Salts or carbonates may accumulate
•Horizons less obvious
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
TimePast, present, and future
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Newly Deposited Material
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
Undisturbed to DisturbedUndisturbed to Disturbed
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
NC STATENC STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT of DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCESOIL SCIENCE
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