national and global trends in graduate education
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National and Global Trends in Graduate Education
ASEE Workshop on Graduate Education and Research Trends
Les SimsSenior Scholar in Residence, CGS
(Graduate Dean Emeritus, University of Iowa)
lsims@cgs.nche.edu
Dimensions of the Graduate Education Enterprise
2000-2001• 1,700 institutions• 1.9 million students• Over ½ million degrees annually
– 468,000 master’s degrees– 45,000 doctoral degrees
• CGS institutions enroll 2/3 of students, grant 75% of master’s degrees, and nearly all doctorate degrees
Graduate Enrollment Trends
0200400600800
1,0001,2001,4001,600
TotalWomen
Source: CGS/GRE Survey of Graduate EnrollmentSource: CGS/GRE Survey of Graduate Enrollment
Thousands
Graduate Enrollmentby Ethnicity
0
20
40
60
80
100
Thousands
1986 1992 1998 2002
American IndianAsianHispanicAfrican American
Source: CGS/GRE Survey of Graduate Enrollment
Degrees Awardedrelative to 1985-86
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
85-86
86-87
87-88
88-89
89-90
90-91
91-92
92-93
93-94
94-95
95-96
96-97
97-98
98-99
99-00
00-01
All BAAll MAAll Doctoral
U.S. Engineering Degrees as a % of Total
5%
7%
9%
11%
13%
15%
85-86
86-87
87-88
88-89
89-90
90-91
91-92
92-93
93-94
94-95
95-96
96-97
97-98
98-99
99-00
00-01
BSMSPhD
Growth in S & E Ph.D. Degrees(Three-year averages: US Citizens and Permanent Residents)
-50%
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
Total S&E White Afr Amer Hispanic Native Am
1999 Degrees
Native Amer 117
Hispanic 658
African-Amer 715
TOTAL 17,428
White 13,656
S & E Graduate Enrollmentby race/ethnicity
(U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents)
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
White Asian/P.I. Black Hispanic Native Amer ? Ethnic
International Student Enrollment
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1979/80 1984/85 1989/90 1994/95 1999/00
UndergraduateGraduateOther
Source: IIE, Open DoorsSource: IIE, Open Doors
ThousandsThousands
U.S. Science and Engineering Doctorate Degrees Earned by
International Students
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
Int'l S&E Int'l Engr
Doctoral S&E Degreesby World Region
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
U.S
. S &
E P
h.D
. Deg
rees
50%
55%
60%
65%
70%
75%
80%
U.S
. Citi
zens
and
Per
m R
es
USA Europe Asia % US Citizens
U.S. Ph.D. Deg
Europe
Asia % Citizens/Perm Res
Engineering Doctorate Degrees
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
AsiaEUUS
Graduate Enrollment Projections
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
2000 2004 2008 2012
Thou
sand
s
TotalMenWomen
Source: NCES, Middle Alternative Projections to 2012Source: NCES, Middle Alternative Projections to 2012
Projections: graduate degrees
430
450
470
490
510
2000 2004 2008 2012
Mas
ter'
s Deg
rees
43
45
47
49
51
Doc
tora
te D
egre
es
Master's Doctorate
Source: NCES, Projections to 2012Source: NCES, Projections to 2012
Thousands Thousands
Projected International GRE Test Takers, FY03-04*
-60%
-50%
-40%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%China India Korea Taiwan Japan Other
*Source: CGS Discussion List - ETS 1/16/04 Estimate
InternationalGraduate Applications Fall 2003 - Fall 2004
ACE, AAU, CGS, NAFSA, AIE, NASULGC Survey
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
All
Gra
d
Res
/Doc
Top-
25 I
ntl
Ove
r 10
%
All
PRC
Top-
25 I
ntl
-30-
49%
> -5
0%
All
UG
To
p-25
Int
l
PR
C U
G
Decrease No Change Increase
All Grad Applications PRC Grad Applications UG Applications
Graduate Programs: Trends and Changes
• Certificates – growing rapidly (both stand alone and as degree add-ons)
• Content –related to career needs• Preparing Future Faculty• Preparing Future Professionals• Professional Master’s Degrees
Composition – diversity challenges: ethnic/racial, gender, other enrollment
Graduate Programs: Research Content+
• Content – diverse, global, interdisciplinary• Career considerations – publicize jobs of
recent graduates; early career information; continuous career planning
• Skills development – communications, presentation, interpersonal/teamwork, technical/computer, project management
• Environment – employer expectations, roles/responsibilities, experiential/interns
Graduate Education Issues:Graduate Stipends and Funding
• NSF fellowships stipends: $27,500 (F2003); $30,000 (F2004); and . . .
• NIH, other agencies will follow suit.• Funding for master’s education is miniscule
compared to that for Ph.D.• Tuition continues to rise at well above CPI;
remissions/waivers needed.• Reauthorization if HEA: an opportunity to
increase priority of graduate education.
Graduate Education Issues:International issues: post-9/11
• SEVIS• International Visitors• Restrictions on research areas/materials• Bologña Accord – EU Higher Education
3 + 2 proposed as common structure:3 yrs equivalent to U.S. B.S. (?)+ 2 yrs = equivalent of US M.S. (?)
Graduate Education Issues:Completion/Attrition and ttd
• Doctoral completion rate (50% lore); varies widely; most agree is too low.
• Attrition rates still significant in years 2, 3, 4, … of doctoral programs.
• Time to degree continues to increase.• Similar problems, less extent, in master’s
programs.
Graduate Education Issues:Diversity/Participation/access
• Participation of underrepresented groups increasing, but slowly; still low.
• Strategies need to reflect new realities of court decisions, public policy.
• Curricula should reflect cultural, historical, societal, global diversity.
Graduate Education Issues:Responsible Conduct of Research
• Ethical issues• Human/Animal research subjects;
informed consent• Intellectual property issues• Industry/university interactions• Commercialization of research results
Graduate Education Issues:Mismatch: education/employers
• PFF – balanced instruction in T,R,S, skills, faculty roles/responsibilities.
• PFP – balanced instruction in R, skills, teamwork, non-academic work environments, project management.
• Professional Master’s – core MS, skills, teamwork, non-academic internship; business principles.
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