nasa/faa/rld/nlr free flight study
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Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-1A
• “Free Flight with Airborne Separationwill result in an uncontrolled, dangerous jungle
without a firm central controlling elementsuch as ATC.”
• “Pilots haven’t got the time, the training nor the mental resources available to
function as ATC on top offlying the aircraft.”
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-2A
NASA/FAA/RLD/NLRFree Flight study
Jacco Hoekstra (hoekstra@nlr.nl)
Ronald van Gent
Rob Ruigrok
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-3A
Free Flight goals
Reduce Costs via user preferred routing– Horizontally
• direct to destination• optimum speed
– Vertically • optimum level• cruise climb
More capacity
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-4A
Operational concept
No ATC – Probe the limits for HF problems
All aircraft fully equipped– Linked via e.g. ADS-B– EFIS-CDTI
Full user preferred routing– Direct routing– Optimal cruise altitude
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-5A
1997: Three sub-studies: CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
Tool: Traffic Manager: Off-line simulations– Find a suitable base-line concept
SAFETY ANALYSISTool: TOPAZ (Traffic Organization and Perturbation AnalyZer)– Compare safety of Airborne Separation with
safety ATC
MAN-IN-THE-LOOP EXPERIMENT phase ITool: Research Flight Simulator– Validation of concept with Man-in-the-Loop– Man Machine Interface Validation
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-6A
1998: Four sub-studies: CONFLICT GEOMETRY STUDY
Tool: Traffic Manager: Off-line simulations– Check critical geometries: wall, etc.
AVIONICS STUDYLiterature survey– Check requirements for RNP, ADS-B etc.
COST-BENEFITS & PERFORMANCETool: Traffic Manager: Off-line simulations– Costs of conflict resolution
MAN-IN-THE-LOOP EXPERIMENT phase IITool: Research Flight Simulator– Validation of PredASAS & mixed equipage
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-7A
1999: Three activities:
DISSEMINATIONConferences, Web site, Contract report, RTCA, ICAO– Explain results obtained so far
DATA ANALYSIS phase II trials- Analysing data generated in phase II trials
DEVELOPMENT HUMAN INTERACTION EXPTool: Traffic Manager, Freesim & internet– Effect of competition
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-8A
2000+: Current and future activities
HUMAN INTERACTION EXPERIMENTTraffic Manager, FreeSim, internet- High number of participants, humans vs models, competition
PHASE III FLIGHT SIMULATOR TRIALSNLR simulator, NASA Langley Simulations, HIE cfg(?)- How low can you go? From cruise to final incl. SUA, weather, RTA
Continue dissemination effortsWeb site, symposia, conferences, RTCA, SAE, (IF)ALPA
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-9A
Traffic & Experiment Manager
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-10A
Resolution advisoriesSeveral concepts studied:– Altitude step– Cross product of speed vectors– Extended VFR rules (not implemented)– Variations of TCAS manoeuvres – Voltage potential
Co-operative manoeuvring vs. priority
Minimal bandwidth/HF: no intent in Conflict Detection
Result Traffic Manager simulations
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-11A
Conflict Detection & Resolution
Intruder’s protected
zone
Heading distance
Speed change
Avoidance vector
Minimum distance
Ownship
Intruder
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-12A
Complex Conflict geometries
‘Wall’ scenarios, ‘super conflict’ (n = 4,8,10,12,16) and ‘crossing the street’
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-13A
Man-in-the-loop Simulation Configuration
AIRSIM
RFS
TEM
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-14A
Traffic Symbol added to ND Symbology on Navigation display based on data
available via ADS-B
Track indicated with arrow shaped symbol instead of track line to avoid clutter
Label text selectable with de-clutter switches
Call sign added to label of traffic symbol for inter-trafficand crew communication
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-15A
Conflict Detection & Resolution
Symbology based on resolution algorithm
Provides insight into resolution
Colour indicates urgency:Amber = 3 - 5 minRed = 0 - 3 min(time to loss of separation)
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-16A
Navigation Display
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-17A
Man-in-the-Loop experimentHypotheses
First explorative HF experiment, so probably using ‘simple’ Mk 1 system would yield:
Less than acceptable
Subjectively less safe
More workload
Result: MMI problem areas
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-18A
Man-in-the-Loop experimentResults - Acceptability
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
su
bje
cti
ve
rati
ng
acce
pta
bilty
in
pe
rce
nta
ge
s
single
double
triple
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-19A
Man-in-the-Loop experimentResults- Subjective Safety
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
ATC muchsafer
ATC safer Same FF safer FF muchsafer
Su
bje
ctiv
e r
atin
gs
saf
ety
in p
erc
en
tag
es
set 1
set2
set3
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-20A
Man-in-the-Loop experimentResults
Subjective Workload
33.85 35.4228.76
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
first second third
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-21A
Task comparison Controlled vs. Free Flight
Fly
Navigate
Communicate with ATC
Fly
Navigate
Separation
Controlled Flight Free Flight
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-22A
Predictive ASAS
• Calculates which track, vertical speed and speed selections will result in a conflict within the look ahead time
• Predicts a conflict by the red/amber zone moving to the actual values
• Indications do not require pilot actions
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-23A
Predictive ASAS
Don’t go indications:• Track• Vertical speed• Speed
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-24A
Preliminary conclusions PASAS
With predictive ASAS even conflict alerts could be avoided
Enhances situational awareness
Might provide solution without use of intent information for Free Flight!
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-25A
Mixed equipage ATM concepts
Flight Level division:Above FF level only equipped aircraft
Protected Airways:Controlled aircraft should stay on airways and have right of way
Fully Mixed:ATC uses longer ‘look ahead’ time, so equipped aircraft have effectively ‘right of way’
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-26A
1998 NASA / FAA / RLD Results: Workload Airborne
Subjective: Objective:
Pilot objective workloadTwo-way interaction of ATC condition and
equipage (p<0.044)
-1-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2
00.20.40.60.8
1
ProtectedAirways
Full Mix Flight Level
ATC condition
Sca
n r
and
om
nes
s (Z
sco
re)
Equipage 25% Equipage 75%
Pilot subjective workloadTwo-way interaction of ATC condition
and equipage (p<0.16)
-1-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2
00.20.40.60.8
1
ProtectedAirways
Full Mix Flight Level
ATC condition
RS
ME
(Z
sco
re)
Equipage 25% Equipage 75%
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-27A
1998 NASA / FAA / RLD Results: Workload Ground
F(2,8)= 9.7, P< .008
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-28A
1998 Man-in-the-loop Conclusions
The future ATM design has to be chosen very carefully:– Full Mixed ATM condition is best from the pilot’s perspective– Protected Airways ATM condition is sensitive to equipage
level (transition in time)– Flight Level ATC condition is most optimal from Air Traffic
Controller’s perspective (Hilburn, Pekela)
The flight deck crew was able to handle higher traffic densities than the ground controller
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-29A
Current men-in-the-loop experiment:human interaction experiment
Logging into Traffic Manager via internet using downloadable FreeSim flight simulation program
Goal: Test effect of• humans vs models• competition
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-30A
Airport on FF perspective: bad news(?)
Dramatic airspace capacity increase in FF airspace (en-route) => airports will be bottleneck (again)
European ATC delays (Eurocontrol)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Year 98 Year 99
Norm 98 (%)Other
En-route
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-31A
Airport perspective on FF: good news
ASAS equipment (especially traffic display) could facilitate more efficient use under IMC of:
– airspace (curved, merging, station keeping)– runways (concurrent use of parallel and crossing runways)– taxiways (showing other a/c and ground vehicles)
=> potential to increase sustained capacity
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-32A
More information
Web site: http://www.nlr.nl/public/hosted-sites/freeflight
Comprehensive report on overall studies 1997-1999Will soon be published. Check web site for downloads!
Demo sessions of human interaction experiment configuration will be announced on the website
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