nanotechnology introduction

INTRODUCTION TO

NANOTECHNOLOGY

2016/2017

• Nanoscience-Definition

• History

• Lesson from Nature

• Tools‘

• Break

• Nanostructures

• Building nano structures

• Impact

• Applications in different field

• Nano Industry

• Summary

Outline

Look deep into nature, and then you will

understand everything better.

-Albert Einstein

What is nano?

160 –

170 c

m

METRIC

4

Everything in m

5

What is nano?

What sizes can human eye see?

20 – 200 m

http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/Bria

nLey.shtml

6

Visual Acuity – clarity of vision

6-29 m

Electron

Microscope

Light

Microscope Unaided Eye 7

What is nano?

What sizes can human eye see?

What is nano?

Electron

Microscope

Light

Microscope

8

What is nano?

155 c

m =

1.5

5 m

1 550 000 000 nm

Apple ~8cm

80 million nm

Ant ~5mm

5 million nm

hair 75m

75,000 nm

E. Coli bacterium ~2m

2,000 nm

DNA

2 nm

Buckyball

~1 nm

MWCN

~12 nm

9

What is Nanoscience?

When people talk about Nanoscience, many start by describing things

Physicists and Material Scientists point to things like new nanocarbon materials

They elaborate about nanocarbon’s strength and electrical properties

Graphene Carbon Nanotube C60

Buckminster

Fullerene

10

Biologists have used things in nanosize.

They have been studying DNA and RNA

11

Chemists have synthesized things for over a century: complex molecules

First OLED material:

tris 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum

(OLED = organic light emitting diode)

Polypyrrole

Nitro oligo phenylene ethynylene

Molecular electronic switch 12

Nano Defined All these things are about the size of a nanometer:

Nano = 10-9 m = 1/ 1,000,000,000 = 1 / Billion

A nanometer is about the size of ten atoms in a row

Nanoscience is study of nanometer size things and

processes

Nanotechnology is the application of nanoscience to produce

devices and products

Why are focusing on nanometer? What is so special about a

nanometer?

A micrometer: Micro = 10-6 m = 1/1,000,000 = 1 / Million

A micrometer (or "micron") is ~ size of light's

wavelength 13

by Moore, his Fairchild/Intel colleagues, and Texas Instrument's Jack Kilby

Microtechnology has gotten

smaller EVERY year

MOORE'S LAW: Gordon Moore, Intel co-founder,

in 1965 observed that the transistor

count for integrated circuits seemed to be

doubling every 18-24 months

In the 1950s a computer filled rooms, now it fit on your lap.

The more transistors on a chip, the smaller their size and closer their spacing.

His "law" has since been followed for forty five years:

(Source: www.intel.com/technology/mooreslaw/index.htm)

14

So is Nanoscience/technology

really new & unique?

• Micro is also VERY small

• Micro has been around for a long time

• Micro has steadily shrunk to the point that it is

now almost NANO anyway!

• Leading to a LOT of confusion about the

distinction between Micro & Nano

• Nanotechnology will be built UPON

Microtechnology

• Microfabrication techniques

• assembled ATOP Microstructures 15

NANO "revolution" ?

Just about making things incrementally smaller?

Just about a simple shift in the most convenient

unit of measure?

There is something very unique about Nano

Nano is about boundaries where

BEHAVIOR radically changes

BEHAVIOR OF THE OBJECTS SUDDENLY

CHANGES

OUR BEHAVIOR MUST CHANGE

to make those things 16

Quantum Mechanics Electron Waves Separate

NanoSCIENCE from MicroSCIENCE weird,

new,

counter intuitive,

non-Newtonian understanding of electrons:

Electrons => Waves

How do you figure out an electron’s wavelength?

electron = h / p “De Broglie’s Relationship”

( = electron wavelength, h = Planck’s Constant,

p = electron’s momentum)

This relationship was based on series of experiments late

1800’s / early 1900’s

To put the size of an electron’s wavelength in perspective:

17

Size of Things Millimeters Microns Nanometers

Ball of a ball point pen 0.5

Thickness of paper 0.1 100

Human hair 0.02 - 0.2 20 – 200

Talcum Powder 40

Fiberglass fibers 10

Carbon fiber 5

Human red blood cell 4 – 6

E-coli bacterium 2

Size of a modern transistor 0.25 250

Size of Smallpox virus 0.2 – 0.3 200 – 300

Electron wavelength: ~10 nm or less

Diameter of Carbon Nanotube 3

Diameter of DNA spiral 2

Diameter of C60 Buckyball 0.7

Diameter of Benzene ring 0.28

Size of one Atom ~0.1 18

Atoms Molecules Classical

Physics

& Chemistry

0.1 nm 0.2 – 100 nm 10-3 m 10-3 – 1 m

1 – 100 nm

The Nano World—its science and technology—is at the boundary between the

everyday world of classical science and the unusual world of Quantum Mechanics

Some Nano aspects can be handled with everyday physics & chemistry, and some

nano devices can only be understood with quantum concepts

Micro World Nano World Quantum World Everyday World

19

• “Magical Point on Length Scale, for this is the point where the smallest man-made devices meet atoms and molecules of the natural world.” – Eugene Wong, Knight Rider Newspapers, Kansas City Star,

Monday Nov. 8th, 1999

• “Just wait, the next century is going to be incredible. We are about to be able to build things that work at the smallest possible length scales, atom by atom. These little nanothings will revolutionize our industries and our lives.” – R. Smalley, Congressional Hearings, Summer 1999.

Nanometer Scale →

Unknown Behavior

20

“A biological system can be

exceedingly small. Many of the cells

are very tiny, but they are very active; they

manufacture various substances; they walk around;

they wiggle; and they do all kinds of marvelous

things – all on a very small scale. Also, they store

information. Consider the possibility that we too can

make a thing very small that does what we want—

that we can manufacture an object that maneuvers

at that level.”

(From the talk “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom,” delivered by

Richard P. Feynman at the annual meeting of the American Physical

Society at the California institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, on

December 29, 1959.)

http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html

21

HISTORY OF

NANOTECHNOLOGY

History of Nanomaterials

• 1974 The word Nanotechnology first used by Nario Taniguchi, Univ. of Tokyo – production technology to get ultra fine accuracy and precision ~ 1nm

• 1981 IBM (Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer) invented STM scanning tunneling microscope which can move single atoms around

• 1985 new form of carbon discovered C60 buckminister fullerene 60 carbon atoms arranged in a sphere made of 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons

23

2000 Years Ago – lead sulfide nanocrystals

used by Greeks and Romans to dye hair

History of Nanomaterials

Nano Lett., 6, 2006, 2215

24

1000 Years Ago (Middle Ages) – Gold nanoparticles of different sizes used to produce different colors in stained glass windows.

History of Nanomaterials

Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 357 (2011) 1342–1349

25

Lycurgus chalice 4th Century A.D.

Appears green in reflected light and red if light is directed through it.

70 nm particles of silver and gold in the glass!

Lycrugus cup

with diffused

light

Lycrugus cup

with focused

light

History of Nanomaterials

26

• 1991 carbon nanotubes discovered

“graphitic carbon needles ranging from

4 nm – 30 nm and up to 1 micron in

length”

(Sumino Iijima)

• 1993 First high quality quantum

dots prepared. Small particles

with controlled diameters of CdS,

CdSe, CdTe

History of Nanomaterials

27

http://www.nanosysinc.com/what-we-do/quantum-dots/

• 2000 First DNA motor made similar to

motorized tweezers may make computers 1000

more powerful.

Nature 406 (6796) 2000, 605-608.

DNA motors can be

attached to electrically

conducting molecules –

act as basic switches

History of Nanomaterials

28

• 2001 prototype fuel cell made with

nanotubes

• 2002 Nanomaterials make stain

repellant trousers Nano-Care®

Stressfree Khakis have

nanowhiskers (10-100 nm in length)

History of Nanomaterials

29 http://nanotex.com/

LESSON FROM NATURE

• Nano airborne particles (100 -1000 nm)

cause water to condense and form

raindrops or snowflakes

• Plankton – varies in sizes from (1- 100 nm)

Marine bacteria and viruses

Lesson from Nature

31

Glucose and Glucose oxidase

All cells require glucose

(0.6 nm) as a fuel for

metabolism

Energy is released from

glucose when it is precisely

positioned relative to the

glucose oxidase enzyme

( 5 nm)

Lock and key mechanism

common in biology

Lesson from Nature

32

Actin and Myosin

Actin and myosin

molecules form the

system responsible for

muscle contraction.

The system operates by

a series of steps where

the head of myosin

molecule pulls the actin

past itself by 10–28 nm

each step.

Lesson from Nature

33

Gecko Power

Gecko foot hairs typically have

diameters of 200 – 500 nm. Weak

chemical interaction between each

hair and surface (each foot has over

1 million of these hairs) provides a

force of 10 N/cm2

Lesson from Nature

34

Bucky Balls (C60) were discovered in soot!

Nanoparticles in Smoke from Fires

Lesson from Nature

35

Nanoscience Is Everywhere

in Nature

Living cells have been using their own nanoscale devices to create structures one atom or molecule at a time for millions of years.

To be specific, DNA is copied, proteins are formed, and complex hormones are manufactured by cellular devices far more complex than the most advanced manufacturing processes we have today.

http://dallas.bizjournals.com/dallas/stories/2001/09/10/focus2.html?page=3

Lesson from Nature

36

HOW DID WE GET TO

NANOSCIENCE?

New Tools!

As tools change → What we can see and do

changes

37

Sources: http://www.cambridge.edu.au/education/PracticeITBook2/Microscope.jpg

http://biology.touchspin.com/Human_Blood.php

• The naked eye can see to about 20 microns

• Light microscopes let us see to about 1 m Light bounces off or goes through and let’s us see images in contrast. Magnification up to 1000x

Using Light to see

38

(400x) red blood cells

Greater resolution to see things like blood cells

in greater detail

(4000x)

Sources: http://www.biotech.iastate.edu/facilities/BMF/images/SEMFaye1.jpg

http://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/video/animation-depicting-a-microscopic-view-of-red-and-white-stock-footage/854-119

• Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs),

invented in the 1930s, let us see objects

as small as 10 nanometers – Bounce electrons off of surfaces to create images

– Higher resolution due to small size of electrons

Using Electrons to see

39

About 25 nanometers

This is about how big atoms are

compared with the tip of the

microscope

Source: Scientific American, Sept. 2001

• Scanning probe microscopes, 1980s, give us a new way to “see” at the nanoscale

• We can now see really small things, like atoms, and move them too!

Touching the Surface to see

40

• Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) – A tiny tip moves up and down in

response to the electromagnetic forces between the atoms of the surface and the tip

– The motion is recorded and used to create an image of the atomic surface

• Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) – A flow of electrical current occurs

between the tip and the surface

– The strength of this current is used to create an image of the atomic surface

Scanning Probe Microscopes

41

2-D network of

4nm nanoAu

Scientific Reports 4, 2014, 6033

http://www.physics.purdue.edu/nanophys/stm.html

Source: http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/GRAPHIC0/GEOMORPH/SurfaceVol0.gif

Cutting down a cube of gold

If you have a cube of pure gold and cut it, what color would the pieces be?

Now you cut those pieces. What color will each of the pieces be?

If you keep doing this, cutting each block in half, will the pieces of gold always look golden?

Is Gold always golden?

42

Source: http://www.nano.uts.edu.au/pics/au_atoms.jpg

Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 1547-1562

Chem. Commun.,5, 2008, 544-557

If you keep cutting until the gold pieces

are in the nanoscale range, they don’t

look gold anymore…

They look RED!

In fact, depending on size, they can

turn red, blue, yellow, and other colors

Why?

Different thicknesses of materials reflect and absorb light differently

12 nm gold particles

Nanogold

43

What kind of nanostructures can

we make?

What kind of nanostructures exist

in nature?

NANOSTRUCTURES

44

Source: http://faculty.abe.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/lect_06.htm

http://www.zephyr.dti.ne.jp/~john8tam/main/Library/influenza_site/influenza_virus.jpg

Life begins and happens at the NANOSCALE

Ion pumps move potassium ions into and sodium ions out of a cell

Ribosomes translate RNA sequences into proteins

Viruses infect cells in biological organisms and reproduce in the host cell

Biological Nanomachines

45

The Morpho didius butterfly

Microelectronic Engineering 95 (2012) 42–48

Sensors and Actuators A 213 (2014) 63–69

46

Source: http://www.library.utoronto.ca/engineering-computer-science/news_bulletin/images/nanotube.jpeg

Model of a carbon nanotube

Using new techniques, we’ve created amazing structures like carbon nanotubes

• 100 time stronger than steel but still very flexible

• If added to materials like car bumpers, increases strength and flexibility

Carbon Nanotubes

47

Model of Buckminster fullerene

Source: http://digilander.libero.it/geodesic/buckyball-2Layer1.jpg

Incredible strength due to their bond structure and “soccer ball” shape

Could be useful “shells” for drug delivery

Can penetrate cell walls

Are nonreactive (move safely through blood stream)

Carbon Buckyballs (C60)

48

HOW DO YOU BUILD THINGS

THAT ARE SO SMALL?

49

Building Nanostructures

50

Atom-by-atom assembly Like bricklaying, move atoms into place one at a time using tools like the AFM and STM

Notch away atoms Like a sculptor, chisel out material from a surface until the desired structure emerges

Self assembly Set up an environment so atoms assemble automatically. Cell membranes

IBM logo assembled

from individual xenon

atoms

Polystyrene

spheres self-

assembling

Source: http://www.phys.uri.edu/~sps/STM/stm10.jpg; http://www.nanoptek.com/digitalptm.html

Fabrication Methods

51

Self Assembly Crystal Growth

Grow nanotubes like trees – Put iron nanopowder

crystals on a silicon surface

– Put in a chamber

– Add natural gas with carbon (vapor deposition)

– Carbon reacts with iron and forms a precipitate of carbon that grows up and out

Because of the large number of structures you can create quickly, self-assembly is an important fabrication technique

Source: http://www.chemistry.nmsu.edu/~etrnsfer/nanowires/

Example I

52

• Selforganized, cost effective, and suitable for large area

deposition, does not require sophisticated instruments.

• Aqueous reduction of metal salts (Ag, Au) in the

presence of citrate ions

– Chemisorption of organic ligands

– Distribution varies > 10%

• MX nanocrystals (NCs)

(M = Zn, Cd, Hg; X= S, Se, Te)

– Metal alkyls + organophosphine

chalcogenides

– Phosphine binding to M controlled

by temperature

– Allows for size-selective aliquots; growth time for 1-2 nm NCs in

minutes

53

Arrested Precipitation Technique

Example II

C. B. Murray and C. R. Kagan and M. G. Bawendi Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 2000. 30:545–610

New J. Chem., 2014, 38, 5964--5974

Arrested Precipitation

Example II

54 C. B. Murray and C. R. Kagan and M. G. Bawendi Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 2000. 30:545–610

New J. Chem., 2014, 38, 5964--5974

• CdSe nanocrystals

• CdO + oleic acid + octadecene

• Heat to 250° C to dissolve the CdO

• Selenium + octadecene +

tributylphosphine

• Heat to 150° C to dissolve the selenium

• Transfer Se solution to the Cd solution

• Take aliquots

Synthesis of Nanomaterials

55

HOW IMPORTANT IS

NANOTECHNOLOGY?

Look where is the money? • The US formed the US

National Nanotechnology

Initiative (NNI) in 2000

• Roco: “Industry input the

market for products

incorporating nanotechnology

could reach $1 trillion

worldwide by 2015”

• by 2008 the worldwide

government support of

nanotechnology <$6.3 billion

• Germany and France each

about $3 billion in 2005–2010,

• the EU allocated $1.9 billion

during 2002–2006 and $3.2

billion during 2007–10

• Russia $3.5 billion 2007–10,

57 www.nano.gov

Roco, M. C., Handbook on nanoscience, engineering and technology 2007, pp. 3.1

Scientometrics 2016 DOI 10.1007/s11192-016-2062-7

Publications

58

Publications

59

• Impact Factor is a measure

of a journal’s impact in a

discipline

• Thompson Scientific's ISI

Web of Knowledge

database.

• Published annually

• Available for journals that

are indexed in ISI

databases.

• Average number

of citations to recent articles

published in that journal

Citations of recent items Number of recent items

Impact factor=

60

Publications

Russian Publications Turkish Publications

Nanotechnology can

create unique materials and products which are:

Stronger Lighter Cheaper Durable Precise

Computers can become a billion times faster and a million times smaller

Automatic Pollution Cleanup

Manufacturing at almost no cost

End of Illnesses (i.e. cancer, heart disease)

Universal Immunity (i.e. aids, flu)

Body Sculpting (i.e. change your appearance)

Industrial Medical Material

61

Advantages of Nanotechnology

•Carbon NanoTubes

•Medicine

•Information Technology

•Nano Robots

•Energy

Targeted Drug Delivery

Nano Transistor

OLED

Nanorobot

Aerogel Nano Filters

62

Nanotechnology Applications

Strength Carbon nanotubes are the strongest and stiffest

materials yet discovered in terms of tensile trength and elastic

modulus. Young’s modulus ~1 TeraPascal. (steel ~200 GPa)

Hardness Compressed SWNTs is 460–550 GPa (diamond

420 Gpa)

Electrical High electrical conductivity. The resistivity of the

SWNT ropes is in the order of 10–4 -cm (copper 1.7×10−3 -

cm)

Thermal SWNT very good thermal conductors along the tube,

the temperature stability of carbon nanotubes is estimated to

be up to 2800 °C in vacuum and about 750 °C in air.

63

Example: Nano Tubes

Solar cells Flexible solar cells developed at the New Jersey Institute of

Technology formed by a mixture of polymer, carbon nanotubes and

carbon buckyballs

Ultracapacitors With a nanotube electrode the hollow spaces that store charge may

be tailored to any size so the capacity should be increased

Batteries CNTs have the highest reversible capacity of any carbon material for

use in lithium-ion batteries,

Ceramic materials At UC Davis, ceramic material reinforced with carbon nanotubes.

The new material is far tougher than conventional ceramics,

conducts electricity and can both conduct heat and act as a thermal

barrier, depending on the orientation of the nanotubes.

Other applications Carbon nanotubes have been implemented in

nanoelectromechanical systems, including mechanical memory

elements

Aligned nanotubes

are preferred for

many applications.

64

Applications of Nano Tubes

Chem. Phys. Lett. 327, 2000, 69

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/07/070719011151.htm

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/09/030917072853.htm

Science in China Series E-Technological Sciences 43, 2000, 178

• Materials

– Stain-resistant clothes

• Health Care

– Chemical and biological sensors, drugs and delivery devices

Potential Impacts of Nanotechnology

Thin layers of gold are used

in tiny medical devices

Nano-Carbon can be used for

storage Possible entry point for

nanomedical device

• Technology

- Better data storage and

computation

• Environment

- Clean energy, clean air

65

Materials: Stain Resistant Clothes

Nanofibers create cushion of air around

fabric – 10 nm carbon whiskers bond with cotton

– Acts like peach fuzz; many liquids roll off

Sources: http://www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?article_id=218391840&cat=3_5

http://mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/IPSE/educators/activities/nanoTex.html

Nano pants that

refuse to stain Nano-Care fabrics with water,

cranberry juice, vegetable oil, and

mustard after 30 minutes (left) and

wiped off with wet paper towel (right) 66

Water lily Super hydrophobicity

- Self cleaning SEM

Materials: Paint That Doesn’t Chip

Protective nanopaint for cars

– Water and dirt repellent

– Resistant to chipping and scratches

– Brighter colors, enhanced gloss

– In the future, could change color and self-repair?

Mercedes covered with tougher,

shinier nanopaint

Sources: http://www.supanet.com/motoring/testdrives/news/40923/ 67

Environment: Paint That Cleans Air

Nanopaint on buildings could reduce pollution

– When exposed to ultraviolet light, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in paint break down organic and inorganic pollutants that wash off in the rain

– Decompose air pollution particles like formaldehyde

Buildings as air purifiers?

http://english.eastday.com/eastday/englishedition/metro/userobject1ai710823.html 68

Environment: Nano Solar Cells

Nano solar cells mixed in plastic could be

painted on buses, roofs, clothing

– Solar becomes a cheap energy alternative!

Source: http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2002/03/28_solar.html

Nano solar cell: Inorganic nanorods embedded in semiconducting

polymer, sandwiched between two electrodes

] 200 nm

69

Technology: A super DVD

Current CD and DVD media have storage

scale in micrometers

New nanomedia (made when gold self-

assembles into strips on silicon) has a

storage scale in nanometers

– That is 1,000 times more storage along

each dimension

(length, width)…

Source: Images adapted from http://uw.physics.wisc.edu/~himpsel/nano.html

…or 1,000,000 times greater storage density in total!

70

Technology: Shrinking of Chips

Nanolithography to create tiny patterns

– Lay down “ink” atom by atom

Mona Lisa, 8 microns tall, created

by AFM nanolithography

Sources: http://www.ntmdt.ru/SPM-Techniques/Principles/Lithographies/AFM_Oxidation_Lithography_mode37.html

http://www.chem.northwestern.edu/~mkngrp/dpn.htm

Transporting molecules to a surface

by dip-pen nanolithography

71

L’Oreal has used polymer

nanocapsules to deliver active

ingredients, e.g. retinol or Vitamin A,

into the deeper layers of skin.

Nanoemulsions, Nanocapsules,

Nanostructured lipid carriers

72

Health Care: Cosmetics

Health Care: Neuro-electronics

Nerve Tissue Talking to Computers through

neuro-electronic networks interface nerve cells

with semiconductors

– Possible applications in brain research,

neurocomputation, prosthetics, biosensors

Rat neuron grown on a chip that records the neuron’s activity. Noninvasive

monitoring of neuronal systems by semiconductor chips at the level of individual cells

http://www.biochem.mpg.de/mnphys/publications/05voefro/abstract.html 73

Health Care: Detection of Diseases

Quantum dots glow in UV light

– Injected in mice, collect in tumors

– Could locate as few as 10 to 100 cancer cells

Sources: http://vortex.tn.tudelft.nl/grkouwen/qdotsite.html

http://www.whitaker.org/news/nie2.htm

Early tumor detection,

studied in mice

Quantum Dots: Nanometer-sized crystals

that contain free electrons and emit

photons when submitted to UV light

74

Health Care: Growing Tissue

Nanofibers help heart muscle grow in the lab – Filaments ‘instruct’ muscle to grow in orderly way

– Before that, fibers grew in random directions

Source: http://www.washington.edu/admin/finmgmt/annrpt/mcdevitt.htm

Cardiac tissue grown with the help of nanofiber filaments

75

Health Care: Prevention from Viruses

Nanocoatings over proteins on viruses

– Could stop viruses from binding to cells

– Never get another cold or flu?

Sources: http://www.zephyr.dti.ne.jp/~john8tam/main/Library/influenza_site/influenza_virus.jpg

http://pubs.acs.org/cen/topstory/8005/8005notw2.html

Influenza virus: Note proteins on

outside that bind to cells

Gold tethered to the

protein shell of a virus

76

Need for Nanotechnology

• Allows the placement of small structures

with precision, simplicity and low cost

• Leads to economic growth

• Enhances national security

• Improves the quality of life

• Leads to job creation

77

• Health issues

– Nanoparticles could be inhaled, swallowed, absorbed through skin,

or deliberately injected

– Could they trigger inflammation and weaken the immune system?

Could they interfere with regulatory mechanisms of enzymes and

proteins?

– Nanoparticles could cause serious illness or damage human body

– Could be seen as untraceable destructive weapons of mass

destruction

• Environmental issues

– Nanoparticles could accumulate in soil, water, plants; traditional

filters are too big to catch them

• Social and Political issues

– Creates social strife through increasing wealth gap

– New technology creates political dilemma

• New risk assessment methods are needed

– National and international agencies are beginning to study the risk;

results will lead to new regulations

78

Potential Risks of Nanotechnology

Summary:

NanoScience • Nanosicence and nanotechnology

• Nanoscience Is Everywhere in Nature

• An emerging, interdisciplinary science

– Integrates chemistry, physics, biology, materials engineering, earth science, and computer science

• The power to collect data and manipulate particles at such a tiny scale will lead to

– New areas of research and technology design

– Better understanding of matter and interactions

– New ways to tackle important problems in healthcare, energy, the environment, and technology

– A few practical applications now, but most are years or decades away

79

Mother Nature

Mankind has always found inspiration in

Mother Nature. Today developing

technologies allow us to probe and better

understand the nanoscience of Mother Nature.

References

• Some of the slides were adopted from

– A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience:

www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/N

anoscience_class.htm